Turbulent flux and meteorological measurements during ARCTEX-2006 campaign

This dataset present result from the DFG- funded Arctic-Turbulence-Experiment (ARCTEX-2006) performed by the University of Bayreuth on the island of Svalbard, Norway, during the winter/spring transition 2006. From May 5 to May 19, 2006 turbulent flux and meteorological measurements were performed on the monitoring field near Ny-Ålesund, at 78°55'24'' N, 11°55'15'' E Kongsfjord, Svalbard (Spitsbergen), Norway. The ARCTEX-2006 campaign site was located about 200 m southeast of the settlement on flat snow covered tundra, 11 m to 14 m above sea level. The permanent sites used for this study consisted of the 10 m meteorological tower of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research (AWI), the international standardized radiation measurement site of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN), the radiosonde launch site and the AWI tethered balloon launch sites. The temporary sites - set up by the University of Bayreuth - were a 6 m meteorological gradient tower, an eddy-flux measurement complex (EF), and a laser-scintillometer section (SLS). A quality assessment and data correction was applied to detect and eliminate specific measurement errors common at a high arctic landscape. In addition, the quality checked sensible heat flux measurements are compared with bulk aerodynamic formulas that are widely used in atmosphere-ocean/land-ice models for polar regions as described in Ebert and Curry (1993, doi:10.1029/93JC00656) and Launiainen and Cheng (1995). These parameterization approaches easily allow estimation of the turbulent surface fluxes from routine meteorological measurements. The data show: - the role of the intermittency of the turbulent atmospheric fluctuation of momentum and scalars, - the existence of a disturbed vertical temperature profile (sharp inversion layer) close to the surface, - the relevance of possible free convection events for the snow or ice melt in the Arctic spring at Svalbard, and - the relevance of meso-scale atmospheric circulation pattern and air-mass advection for the near-surface turbulent heat exchange in the Arctic spring at Svalbard. Recommendations and improvements regarding the interpretation of eddy-flux and laser-scintillometer data as well as the arrangement of the instrumentation under polar distinct exchange conditions and (extreme) weather situations could be derived.

Mechanical behavior of ODP Hole 137-504B basalts

Core samples of basalt collected from Hole 504B during Leg 137 were investigated regarding their mechanical behavior. The rock samples were measured for hardness, compression strength, and modulus of elasticity. Abrasion loss of weight and Shore sclerometer methods were used for determining hardness. Static and dynamic methods were used for calculating modulus of elasticity. Test results were compared with shipboard measurements of ultrasonic velocity and dry-bulk density. Test results were interpreted statistically to provide data not only on mechanical behavior changes of the rock but also on the precision of the methods used.

Diagenetic development of deep-sea carbonate sediments from DSDP Holes 30-228, 30-289 and 33-316

Laboratory measurements of ultrasonic velocity (VP, VS) and attenuation (QP**-1, QS**-1) in deep-sea carbonate sequences at DSDP Sites 288, 289 and 316 in the equatorial Pacific were made in conjunction with studies of sediment density, porosity and pore geometry in order to investigate the role of diagenesis in the development of physical properties. Bulk porosity decrease appears to be related more significantly to depth of burial than to age of strata. Both depth of burial and age, however, are important factors controlling the modal pore diameter. In deep-burial diagenesis the modification of pore geometry is influenced by the presence of silica during diagenesis. In carbonate sequences at the three DSDP sites studied, shear wave attenuation anisotropy (QSHH**-1/QSHV**-1) correlates with the shear wave velocity anisotropy. Pore orientation, resulting from overburden pressure and other deep-burial diagenetic processes, is an important factor controlling the increase of VP anisotropy with age and depth of burial. On the basis of observed minor changes in anisotropy values with increasing pressure for some samples, other contributions to VP anisotropy such as grain orientation and bedding lamination cannot be ruled out.

Physical properties and sedimentology on core GeoB1510-1

Detailed information about the sediment properties and microstructure can be provided through the analysis of digital ultrasonic P wave seismograms recorded automatically during full waveform core logging. The physical parameter which predominantly affects the elastic wave propagation in water-saturated sediments is the P wave attenuation coefficient. The related sedimentological parameter is the grain size distribution. A set of high-resolution ultrasonic transmission seismograms (ca. 50-500 kHz), which indicate downcore variations in the grain size by their signal shape and frequency content, are presented. Layers of coarse-grained foraminiferal ooze can be identified by highly attenuated P waves, whereas almost unattenuated waves are recorded in fine-grained areas of nannofossil ooze. Color-encoded pixel graphics of the seismograms and instantaneous frequencies present full waveform images of the lithology and attenuation. A modified spectral difference method is introduced to determine the attenuation coefficient and its power law a = kfn. Applied to synthetic seismograms derived using a "constant Q" model, even low attenuation coefficients can be quantified. A downcore analysis gives an attenuation log which ranges from ca. 700 dB/m at 400 kHz and a power of n = 1-2 in coarse-grained sands to few decibels per meter and n ? 0.5 in fine-grained clays. A least squares fit of a second degree polynomial describes the mutual relationship between the mean grain size and the attenuation coefficient. When it is used to predict the mean grain size, an almost perfect coincidence with the values derived from sedimentological measurements is achieved.

Physical properties, velocity and attenuation characteristics, and mineralogy of gabbros from ODP Hole 176-735B

Laboratory compressional wave (Vp) and shear wave (Vs) velocities were measured as a function of confining pressure for the gabbros from Hole 735B and compared to results from Leg 118. The upper 500 m of the hole has a Vp mean value of 6895 m/s measured at 200 MPa, and at 500 meters below seafloor (mbsf), Vp measurements show a mean value of 7036 m/s. Vs mean values in the same intervals are 3840 m/s and 3857 m/s, respectively. The mean Vp and Vs values obtained from log data in the upper 600 m are 6520 and 3518 m/s, respectively. These results show a general increase in velocity with depth and the velocity gradients estimate an upper mantle depth of 3.32 km. This value agrees with previous work based on dredged samples and inversion of rare element concentrations in basalts dredged from the conjugate site to the north of the Atlantis Bank. Laboratory measurements show Vp anisotropy ranging between 0.4% and 8.8%, with the majority of the samples having values less than 3.8%. Measurements of velocity anisotropy seem to be associated with zones of high crystal-plastic deformation with predominant preferred mineral orientations of plagioclase, amphiboles, and pyroxenes. These findings are consistent with results on gabbros from the Hess Deep area and suggest that plastic deformation may play an important role in the seismic properties of the lower oceanic crust. In contrast to ophiolite studies, many of the olivine gabbros show a small degree of anisotropy. Log derived Vs anisotropy shows an average of 5.8% for the upper 600 m of Hole 735B and tends to decrease with depth where the overburden pressure and the age of the crustal section suggests closure of cracks and infilling of fractures by alteration minerals. Overall the results indicate that the average shear wave splitting in Hole 735B might be influenced by preferred structural orientations and the average value of shear wave splitting may not be a maximum because structural dips are <90°. The maximum fast-wave orientation values could be influenced by structural features striking slightly oblique to this orientation or by near-field stress concentrations. However, flexural wave dispersion analyses have not been performed to confirm this hypothesis or to indicate to what extent the near-field stresses may be influencing shear wave propagation. Acoustic impedance contrasts calculated from laboratory and logging data were used to generate synthetic seismograms that aid in the interpretation of reflection profiles. Several prominent reflections produced by these calculations suggest that Fe-Ti oxides and shear zones may contribute to the reflective nature of the lower oceanic crust. Laboratory velocity attenuation (Q) measurements from below 500 m have a mean value of 35.1, which is consistent with previous vertical seismic profile (VSP) and laboratory measurements on the upper 500 m.

Methane measurements in the Laptev Sea, Arctic Ocean

In der Wassersäule der Laptew See haben die Bildungs- und Verteilungsbedingungen vielfliltige Ursachen. Für die südliche Lapt ew See konnte eine Methananomalie innerhalb des Lenaausstrorns nachgewiesen werden, die im direkten Zusammenhang mit dem Flußwasser stehen muß. Mit den hohen Konzentrationen am Kontinentalhang ergab sich ein Hinweis auf eventuell vorhandene Gashydrate an der Sole eines zum Hang hin auskeilenden Permafrosts oder auf Gashydrate in den Sedimenten des Kontinentalhangs selbst. Ob es entlang der reliktisch vorhandenen, ehemaligen Flußläufe auf dem Schel f ebenfalls zu Entgasungen kommt, bleibt allerdings weiter unklar, da dieses Phänomen nicht beobachtet wurde oder die Anomalien nicht eindeutig diesem Prozeß zuzuordnen waren. Sicherlich ist die COz-Reduktion im Sediment in der Laptew See eine Hauptquelle für marines, bodennahes Methan. Die Ergebnisse. zeigen, daß dieser Bildungsprozeß vor allem für die küstennahen Bereiche wahrscheinlich ist. Dennoch gibt es auch Bereiche, wo die Zuordnung zu einer expliziten Methanquelle nicht eindeutig ist. Für eine genauere Bewertung der Herkunft der Gase sollten in künftigen Untersuchungen die Methankonzentrationen des Sediments einbezogen werden. Aber auch die Isotopensignaturen des Gases im Sediment können wertvolle Hinweise auf die Genese geben, vor allem wenn die Wasserstoffisotopie mituntersucht wird. Dies erscheint sinnvoll, da sich dur ch leichtes, bodennahes, Methan in der Wassersäule Hinweise auf biogene Bildungen ergaben, dieser Befund könnte durch weitere Untersuchungen präzisiert werden. Dies gilt aber auch für die CH4-Anomalien des OberfIächenwassers. Auch hier ergaben sich durch leicht KohIenstoffsignaturen Hinweise auf biogene in situ-Produktion. Mit detaillierteren Methankonzentrations- und d13C- CH4-Isotopenprofilen der Wassersäule könnte dieser Bildungspfad eindeutiger beschrieben werden. Es konnte ferner gezeigt werden, daß die Lapt ew See während der Sommermonate eine Quelle für atmosphärisches CI L darstellt. Das emittierte Gas geht neben vereinzelten Bodenquellen auch auf in situ-Produktion in der Wassersäule zurück. Abgesehen von der nördlichen Region geht das Methan bodennaher Anomalien innerhalb der Wassersäule sehr schnell zurück und nur ein kleiner Teil gelangt so schließlich in die Atmosphäre. Der während der ARK-XIV Expedition getestete Methansensor hat sich als ungeeignet für den Einsatz gemeinsam mit der CTD erwiesen. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß der Sensor unter diesen Bedingungen nicht genügend Zeit hat, um sein Meßsignal zu stabilisieren. Möglicherweise kann er aber in modifizierter For m und mit einer Kalibration für niedrigere Konzentrationsbereiche als stationäres Meßgerät eingesetzt werden. Für hohe CH4-Konzentrationen, wie man sie an Pockmarks antrifft, ist die Methansensormessung sicherlich auch jetzt schon eine geeignete Methode.

Physical properties and velocity measurement comparison for sediments from DSDP Holes 92-597B and 92-597C

The bulk and grain densities, porosity, water content, and ultrasonic compressional- and shear-wave velocities of 25 basalt samples from DSDP Holes 597B and 597C were measured. The velocities were measured at in situ pore and confining pressures. The bulk densities of the samples vary between 2.690 and 3.050 g/cm**3. Porosities of selected samples vary between 2.4 and 9.3%. The grain densities vary between 2.993 and 3.117 g/cm3, a range that suggests that bulk density differences are due primarily to variations in porosity. Compressional-wave velocities range from 5.70 to 6.81 km/s, and shear-wave velocities range from 1.66 to 3.84 km/s. The variation in compressional velocity appears to be due primarily to variations in grain size and the associated greater density of grain-boundary cracks for samples with a smaller average grain size. On the basis of these results we would expect compressional and shear velocities to increase with increasing depth in the shallow crust, primarily as the result of the effects of confining pressure on crack density.