An optimized reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for evaluating percutaneous absorption of glucosamine hydrochloride

A relatively simple, selective, precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on a reaction of phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) with glucosamine (GL) in alkaline media was developed and validated to determine glucosamine hydrochloride permeating through human skin in vitro. It is usually problematic to develop an accurate assay for chemicals traversing skin because the excellent barrier properties of the tissue ensure that only low amounts of the material pass through the membrane and skin components may leach out of the tissue to interfere with the analysis. In addition, in the case of glucosamine hydrochloride, chemical instability adds further complexity to assay development. The assay, utilising the PITC-GL reaction was refined by optimizing the reaction temperature, reaction time and PITC concentration. The reaction produces a phenylthiocarbamyl-glucosamine (PTC-GL) adduct which was separated on a reverse-phase (RP) column packed with 5 microm ODS (C18) Hypersil particles using a diode array detector (DAD) at 245 nm. The mobile phase was methanol-water-glacial acetic acid (10:89.96:0.04 v/v/v, pH 3.5) delivered to the column at 1 ml min-1 and the column temperature was maintained at 30 degrees C. Galactosamine hydrochloride (Gal-HCl) was used as an internal standard. Using a saturated aqueous solution of glucosamine hydrochloride, in vitro permeation studies were performed at 32+/-1 degrees C over 48 h using human epidermal membranes prepared by a heat separation method and mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells with a diffusional area 2.15+/-0.1 cm2. The optimum derivatisation reaction conditions for reaction temperature, reaction time and PITC concentration were found to be 80 degrees C, 30 min and 1% v/v, respectively. PTC-Gal and GL adducts eluted at 8.9 and 9.7 min, respectively. The detector response was found to be linear in the concentration range 0-1000 microg ml-1. The assay was robust with intra- and inter-day precisions (described as a percentage of relative standard deviation, %R.S.D.) <12. Intra- and inter-day accuracy (as a percentage of the relative error, %RE) was <or=-5.60 and <or=-8.00, respectively. Using this assay, it was found that GL-HCl permeates through human skin with a flux 1.497+/-0.42 microg cm-2 h-1, a permeability coefficient of 5.66+/-1.6x10(-6) cm h-1 and with a lag time of 10.9+/-4.6 h.

Measurements of thermophysical properties of perfluorocarbons and ionic liquids

No presente trabalho propõe-se estudar a tensão superficial de vários perfluorocarbonetos lineares, cíclicos, aromáticos e [alfa]-substituídos bem como líquidos iónicos com o catião imidazolium em comum. Apesar do seu interesse inerente, informação sobre esta propriedade para os compostos seleccionados é escassa e quando disponível apresenta discrepâncias consideráveis entre si. As medições foram realizadas no intervalo de temperaturas (283 to 353) K usando o método do anel de Du Noüy. Para os fluorocarbonetos, os dados experimentais demonstram que a estrutura molecular é o factor primordial no comportamento da superfície uma vez que os fluorocarbonetos aromáticos apresentam a tensão superficial mais elevada, seguida pelos fluorocarbonetos cíclicos e substituídos. Os perfluorocarbonetos lineares apresentam os menores valores de tensão superficial, aumentando ligeiramente com o aumento do número de carbonos. Os líquidos iónicos estudados foram seleccionados com o objectivo de fornecerem um estudo compreensivo sobre a influência do tamanho da cadeia alquílica do catião, o número de substituições no catião e a influência do anião. A influência do conteúdo de água na tensão superficial foi estudada em função da temperatura e da fracção molar de água para o liquido iónico mais hidrofóbico, [omim][PF6], e para o mais higroscópico, [bmim][PF6]. As funções termodinâmicas de superfície, como a entropia e entalpia de superfície, foram derivadas a partir da dependência da tensão superficial com a temperatura. Os dados obtidos para o fluorocarbonetos foram comparados com a correlação proposta por Faizullin, apresentando um desvio inferior a 4 % e demonstrando a sua aplicabilidade para com esta classe de compostos. A metodologia adoptada neste trabalho requer o conhecimento das densidades dos compostos de modo a aplicar a necessária correcção hidrostática. Contudo, para os líquidos iónicos esta informação é limitada ou mesmo inexistente. Por este motivo realizaram-se medições de densidade em função da pressão (0.10 < p/MPa < 10.0) e da temperatura (293.15 < T/K < 393.15). Desta dependência, as propriedades termodinâmicas, tais como compressibilidade isotérmica, expansividade isobárica, coeficiente térmico da pressão e dependência da capacidade calorífica com a pressão foram investigadas. A influência do teor de água na densidade foi também estudada para o líquido iónico mais hidrofóbico, [omim][PF6]. Um modelo simples de volume-ideal foi aplicado de forma preditiva para os volumes molares dos líquidos iónicos, em condições ambientais, descrevendo bem os dados experimentais. ABSTRACT: This work aims at studying the surface tension of some linear, cyclic, aromatic, [alfa]-substituted perfluorocarbons and imidazolium based ionic liquids. Despite its fundamental interest, information about this property for these compounds is scarce and the available data present strong discrepancies among each other. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range (283 to 353) K with the Du Noüy ring method. For the fluorocarbons, the analysis of the experimental data shows that the molecular structure is the main factor in the surface since the aromatic fluorocompounds present the highest surface tensions, followed by the cyclic and substituted fluorocompounds. The linear n-perfluoroalkanes exhibit the lowest surface tension values, slightly increasing with the carbon number. The set of selected ionic liquids was chosen to provide a comprehensive study of the influence of the cation alkyl chain length, the number of cation substitutions and the anion on the properties under study. The influence of water content in the surface tension was studied for several ILs as a function of the temperature as well as a function of water mole fraction, for the most hydrophobic IL investigated, [omim][PF6], and one hygroscopic IL, [bmim][PF6]. The surface thermodynamic functions such as surface entropy and enthalpy were derived from the temperature dependence of the surface tension values. The perfluorocarbons experimental data were compared against the Faizullin correlation, and it is shown that this correlation describes the measured surface tensions with deviations inferior to 4 %. The methodology adopted in this work requires the knowledge of the densities of the compounds under study in order to apply an hydrostatic correction. However, for ionic liquids these information is scarse and in some cases unavailable. Therefore, experimental measurements of the pressure (0.10 < p/MPa < 10.0) and temperature (293.15 < T/K < 393.15) dependence of the density and derived thermodynamic properties, such as the isothermal compressibility, the isobaric expansivity, the thermal pressure coefficient, and the pressure dependence of the heat capacity of several imidazolium-based ionic were determined. The influence of water content in the density was also studied for the most hydrophobic IL used, [omim][PF6]. A simple ideal-volume model was employed for the prediction of the imidazolium molar volumes at ambient conditions, which proved to agree well with the experimental results.

Cinética da transferência de calor em materiais com mudança de fase

É extensa a bibliografia dedicada a potenciais aplicações de materiais com mudança de fase na regulação térmica e no armazenamento de calor ou de frio. No entanto, a baixa condutividade térmica impõe limitações numa grande diversidade de aplicações com exigências críticas em termos de tempo de resposta curto ou com requisitos de elevada potência em ciclos de carga/descarga de calor latente. Foram desenvolvidos códigos numéricos no sentido de obter soluções precisas para descrever a cinética da transferência de calor com mudança de fase, com base em geometrias representativas, i.e. planar e esférica. Foram igualmente propostas soluções aproximadas, sendo identificados correspondentes critérios de validação em função das propriedades dos materiais de mudança de fase e de outros parâmetros relevantes tais como as escalas de tamanho e de tempo, etc. As referidas soluções permitiram identificar com rigor os fatores determinantes daquelas limitações, quantificar os correspondentes efeitos e estabelecer critérios de qualidade adequados para diferentes tipologias de potenciais aplicações. Os referidos critérios foram sistematizados de acordo com metodologias de seleção propostas por Ashby e co-autores, tendo em vista o melhor desempenho dos materiais em aplicações representativas, designadamente com requisitos ao nível de densidade energética, tempo de resposta, potência de carga/descarga e gama de temperaturas de operação. Nesta sistematização foram incluídos alguns dos compósitos desenvolvidos durante o presente trabalho. A avaliação das limitações acima mencionadas deu origem ao desenvolvimento de materiais compósitos para acumulação de calor ou frio, com acentuada melhoria de resposta térmica, mediante incorporação de uma fase com condutividade térmica muito superior à da matriz. Para este efeito, foram desenvolvidos modelos para otimizar a distribuição espacial da fase condutora, de modo a superar os limites de percolação previstos por modelos clássicos de condução em compósitos com distribuição aleatória, visando melhorias de desempenho térmico com reduzidas frações de fase condutora e garantindo que a densidade energética não é significativamente afetada. Os modelos elaborados correspondem a compósitos de tipo core-shell, baseados em microestruturas celulares da fase de elevada condutividade térmica, impregnadas com o material de mudança de fase propriamente dito. Além de visarem a minimização da fração de fase condutora e correspondentes custos, os modelos de compósitos propostos tiveram em conta a adequação a métodos de processamento versáteis, reprodutíveis, preferencialmente com base na emulsificação de líquidos orgânicos em suspensões aquosas ou outros processos de reduzidas complexidade e com base em materiais de baixo custo (material de mudança de fase e fase condutora). O design da distribuição microestrutural também considerou a possibilidade de orientação preferencial de fases condutoras com elevada anisotropia (p.e. grafite), mediante auto-organização. Outros estágios do projeto foram subordinados a esses objetivos de desenvolvimento de compósitos com resposta térmica otimizada, em conformidade com previsões dos modelos de compósitos de tipo core-shell, acima mencionadas. Neste enquadramento, foram preparados 3 tipos de compósitos com organização celular da fase condutora, com as seguintes características e metodologias: i) compósitos celulares parafina-grafite para acumulação de calor, preparados in-situ por emulsificação de uma suspensão de grafite em parafina fundida; ii) compósitos celulares parafina-Al2O3 para acumulação de calor, preparados por impregnação de parafina em esqueleto cerâmico celular de Al2O3; iii) compósitos celulares para acumulação de frio, obtidos mediante impregnação de matrizes celulares de grafite com solução de colagénio, após preparação prévia das matrizes de grafite celular. Os compósitos com esqueleto cerâmico (ii) requereram o desenvolvimento prévio de um método para o seu processamento, baseado na emulsificação de suspensões de Al2O3 em parafina fundida, com adequados aditivos dispersantes, tensioactivos e consolidantes do esqueleto cerâmico, tornando-o auto-suportável durante as fases posteriores de eliminação da parafina, até à queima a alta temperatura, originando cerâmicos celulares com adequada resistência mecânica. Os compósitos desenvolvidos apresentam melhorias significativos de condutividade térmica, atingindo ganhos superiores a 1 ordem de grandeza com frações de fase condutora inferior a 10 % vol. (4 W m-1 K-1), em virtude da organização core-shell e com o contributo adicional da anisotropia da grafite, mediante orientação preferencial. Foram ainda preparados compósitos de armazenamento de frio (iii), com orientação aleatória da fase condutora, obtidos mediante gelificação de suspensões de partículas de grafite em solução aquosa de colagénio. Apesar da estabilidade microestrutural e de forma, conferida por gelificação, estes compósitos confirmaram a esperada limitação dos compósitos com distribuição aleatória, em confronto com os ganhos alcançados com a organização de tipo core-shell.

Treatment of aqueous effluents contaminated with ionic liquids

Ionic liquids are a class of solvents that, due to their unique properties, have been proposed in the past few years as alternatives to some hazardous volatile organic compounds. They are already used by industry, where it was possible to improve different processes by the incorporation of this kind of non-volatile and often liquid solvents. However, even if ionic liquids cannot contribute to air pollution, due to their negligible vapour pressures, they can be dispersed thorough aquatic streams thus contaminating the environment. Therefore, the main goals of this work are to study the mutual solubilities between water and different ionic liquids in order to infer on their environmental impact, and to propose effective methods to remove and, whenever possible, recover ionic liquids from aqueous media. The liquid-liquid phase behaviour of different ionic liquids and water was evaluated in the temperature range between (288.15 and 318.15) K. For higher melting temperature ionic liquids a narrower temperature range was studied. The gathered data allowed a deep understanding on the structural effects of the ionic liquid, namely the cation core, isomerism, symmetry, cation alkyl chain length and the anion nature through their mutual solubilities (saturation values) with water. The experimental data were also supported by the COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), and for some more specific systems, molecular dynamics simulations were also employed for a better comprehension of these systems at a molecular level. On the other hand, in order to remove and recover ionic liquids from aqueous solutions, two different methods were studied: one based on aqueous biphasic systems, that allowed an almost complete recovery of hydrophilic ionic liquids (those completely miscible with water at temperatures close to room temperature) by the addition of strong salting-out agents (Al2(SO4)3 or AlK(SO4)2); and the other based on the adsorption of several ionic liquids onto commercial activated carbon. The first approach, in addition to allowing the removal of ionic liquids from aqueous solutions, also makes possible to recover the ionic liquid and to recycle the remaining solution. In the adsorption process, only the removal of the ionic liquid from aqueous solutions was attempted. Nevertheless, a broad understanding of the structural effects of the ionic liquid on the adsorption process was attained, and a final improvement on the adsorption of hydrophilic ionic liquids by the addition of an inorganic salt (Na2SO4) was also achieved. Yet, the development of a recovery process that allows the reuse of the ionic liquid is still required for the development of sustainable processes.

On the solubility of three disperse anthraquinone dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide: new experimental data and correlation

Solubility measurements of quinizarin. (1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone), disperse red 9 (1-(methylamino) anthraquinone), and disperse blue 14 (1,4-bis(methylamino)anthraquinone) in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) were carried out in a flow type apparatus, at a temperature range from (333.2 to 393.2) K and at pressures from (12.0 to 40.0) MPa. Mole fraction solubility of the three dyes decreases in the order quinizarin (2.9 x 10(-6) to 2.9.10(-4)), red 9 (1.4 x 10(-6) to 3.2 x 10(-4)), and blue 14 (7.8 x 10(-8) to 2.2 x 10(-5)). Four semiempirical density based models were used to correlatethe solubility of the dyes in the SC CO2. From the correlation results, the total heat of reaction, heat of vaporization plus the heat of solvation of the solute, were calculated and compared with the results presented in the literature. The solubilities of the three dyes were correlated also applying the Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state (SRK CEoS) with classical mixing rules, and the physical properties required for the modeling were estimated and reported.

Molecular simulation of gas adsorption equilibria in nanoporous materials

This work is divided into two distinct parts. The first part consists of the study of the metal organic framework UiO-66Zr, where the aim was to determine the force field that best describes the adsorption equilibrium properties of two different gases, methane and carbon dioxide. The other part of the work focuses on the study of the single wall carbon nanotube topology for ethane adsorption; the aim was to simplify as much as possible the solid-fluid force field model to increase the computational efficiency of the Monte Carlo simulations. The choice of both adsorbents relies on their potential use in adsorption processes, such as the capture and storage of carbon dioxide, natural gas storage, separation of components of biogas, and olefin/paraffin separations. The adsorption studies on the two porous materials were performed by molecular simulation using the grand canonical Monte Carlo (μ,V,T) method, over the temperature range of 298-343 K and pressure range 0.06-70 bar. The calibration curves of pressure and density as a function of chemical potential and temperature for the three adsorbates under study, were obtained Monte Carlo simulation in the canonical ensemble (N,V,T); polynomial fit and interpolation of the obtained data allowed to determine the pressure and gas density at any chemical potential. The adsorption equilibria of methane and carbon dioxide in UiO-66Zr were simulated and compared with the experimental data obtained by Jasmina H. Cavka et al. The results show that the best force field for both gases is a chargeless united-atom force field based on the TraPPE model. Using this validated force field it was possible to estimate the isosteric heats of adsorption and the Henry constants. In the Grand-Canonical Monte Carlo simulations of carbon nanotubes, we conclude that the fastest type of run is obtained with a force field that approximates the nanotube as a smooth cylinder; this approximation gives execution times that are 1.6 times faster than the typical atomistic runs.

Optical properties of organic superconductor K-(BETS)2FeBr4 /

K-(BETS)2FeBr4 is a quasi-2D charge transfer organic metal with interesting electronic and magnetic properties. It undergoes a transition to an antiferromagnetic (AF) state at ambient pressure at the Neel temperature (T^^) = 2.5 K, as well as to a superconducting (SC) state at 1.1 K [1]. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity shows a small decrease at T;v indicating the resistivity drops as a result of the onset of the ordering of Fe'*''" spins. A sharp drop in the resistivity at 1.1 K is due to its superconducting transition. The temperature dependence of the susceptibility indicates an antiferromagnetic spin structure with the easy axis parallel to the a-axis. The specific heat at zero-field shows a large peak at about 2.4 K, which corresponds to the antiferromagnetic transition temperature (Tat) and no anomaly is observed around the superconducting transition temperature (1.1 K) demonstrating that the magnetically ordered state is not destroyed by the appearance of another phase transition (the superconducting transition) in the 7r-electron layers [1], [2]. This work presents an investigation of how the low frequency electromagnetic response is affected by the antiferromagnetic and superconducting states, as well as the onset of strong correlation. The location of the easy axis of three samples was determined and polarized thermal reflectance measurements of these «-(BETS)2FeBr4 samples oriented with their vertical axis along the a- and c axes were then carried out using a *He refrigerator cryostat and a Martin-Puplett type polarizing interferometer at various temperatures (T = 0.5 K, 1.4 K. 1.9 K, 2.8 K) above and below the superconducting state and/or antiferromagnetic state. Comparison of the SC state to the normal state along the o- and c-axes indicates a rising thermal reflectance at low frequencies (below 10 cm"' ) which may be a manifestation of the superconducting energy gap. A dip-Hke feature is detected at low frequencies (below 15 cm"') in the thermal reflectance plots which probe the antiferromagnetic state along the two axes, and may be due to the opening of a gap in the excitation spectrum as a result of the antiferromagnetism. In another set of experiments, thermal reflectance measurements carried out along the a- and c-axes at higher temperatures (10 K-80 K) show that the reflectivity decreases with increasing temperature to 60 K (the coherence temperature) above which it increases again. Comparison of the thermal reflectance plots along the a- and c-axes at higher temperatures reveals an anisotropy between these two axes. The Hagen-Rubens thermal reflectance plots corresponding to an average over the ac-plane were calculated using experimental hterature resistivity values. Comparison of the Hagen-Rubens plots with the experimental thermal reflectance along the a- and c-axes indicates that both exhibit the general trend of a decrease in thermal reflectance with increasing frequency, however the calculated Hagen-Rubens thermal reflectance at different temperatures is much lower than the experimental curves.

Far-infrared optical properties of the heavy fermion superconductor UB[E13]

Temperature dependent resistivity, p, magnetic susceptibility, X, and far-infrared reflectance measurements were made on the low Tc superconductor UBe13. Two variants of UBe13 have been proposed, named 'L'- (for low Tc ) and 'H'-type (for high Tc ). Low temperature resistivity measurements confirmed that our sample was of H-type and that the transition temperature was at 0.9 K. This was further confirmed with the observation of this transition in the AC-susceptibility. Low temperature reflectance measurements showed a decrease in the reflectivity as the temperature is lowered from 300 to 10 K, which is in qualitative agreement with the increasing resistivity in this temperature range as temperature is lowered. No dramatic change in the reflectivity was observed between 10 and 0.75 K. A further decrease of the reflectance was observed for the temperature of 0.5 K. The calculated optical conductivity shows a broad minimum near 80 cm-1 below 45 K. Above 45 K the conductivity is relatively featureless. As the temperature is lowered, the optical conductivity decreases. The frequency dependent scattering rate was found to be flat for temperatures between 300 and 45 K. The development of a peak, at around 70 cm-1 was found for temperatures of 45 K and below. This peak has been associated with the energy at which the transition to a coherent state occurs from single impurity scattering in other heavy fermion systems. The frequency dependent mass enhancement coefficient was found to increase at low frequencies as the frequency decreases. Its' magnitude as frequency approaches zero also increased as the temperature decreased.

On the equation of state and atomic mean square displacement of crystals

We have presented a Green's function method for the calculation of the atomic mean square displacement (MSD) for an anharmonic Hamil toni an . This method effectively sums a whole class of anharmonic contributions to MSD in the perturbation expansion in the high temperature limit. Using this formalism we have calculated the MSD for a nearest neighbour fcc Lennard Jones solid. The results show an improvement over the lowest order perturbation theory results, the difference with Monte Carlo calculations at temperatures close to melting is reduced from 11% to 3%. We also calculated the MSD for the Alkali metals Nat K/ Cs where a sixth neighbour interaction potential derived from the pseudopotential theory was employed in the calculations. The MSD by this method increases by 2.5% to 3.5% over the respective perturbation theory results. The MSD was calculated for Aluminum where different pseudopotential functions and a phenomenological Morse potential were used. The results show that the pseudopotentials provide better agreement with experimental data than the Morse potential. An excellent agreement with experiment over the whole temperature range is achieved with the Harrison modified point-ion pseudopotential with Hubbard-Sham screening function. We have calculated the thermodynamic properties of solid Kr by minimizing the total energy consisting of static and vibrational components, employing different schemes: The quasiharmonic theory (QH), ).2 and).4 perturbation theory, all terms up to 0 ().4) of the improved self consistent phonon theory (ISC), the ring diagrams up to o ().4) (RING), the iteration scheme (ITER) derived from the Greens's function method and a scheme consisting of ITER plus the remaining contributions of 0 ().4) which are not included in ITER which we call E(FULL). We have calculated the lattice constant, the volume expansion, the isothermal and adiabatic bulk modulus, the specific heat at constant volume and at constant pressure, and the Gruneisen parameter from two different potential functions: Lennard-Jones and Aziz. The Aziz potential gives generally a better agreement with experimental data than the LJ potential for the QH, ).2, ).4 and E(FULL) schemes. When only a partial sum of the).4 diagrams is used in the calculations (e.g. RING and ISC) the LJ results are in better agreement with experiment. The iteration scheme brings a definitive improvement over the).2 PT for both potentials.

Specific heat of UPdâ Siâ

The specific heat of single-crystal U Pd2 Si2 has been studied using both the step heating and continious heating methods for the temperature range 2 to 250 K. Successive phase transitions at Tl = 136I< and T2 = 108I< are reported, which are consistent with current publications. The transition at 40K, which was previously reported, has not been detected. Recent published elastic neutron scattering data, magnetic susceptibility and resistivity results suggest that U Pd2 Si2 may be a heavy fermion compound, however, the electronic specific heat coefficient I (= 18.97 ;~), obtained from the specific heat Cv measurements, is smaller than that of the conventional heavy fermion system. The Debye temperature of U Pd2Si2 is found to be 116.55K. The possibility is discussed that the maximum in CIT in the low-temperature range 2 to 4K corresponds to Schottky anomaly induced by localized magnetic impurities .

Thermoacclimatory variations in the activities of enzymes implicated in ion transport in the rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri

Two groups of rainbow trout were acclimated to 20 , 100 , and 18 o C. Plasma sodium, potassium, and chloride levels were determined for both. One group was employed in the estimation of branchial and renal (Na+-K+)-stimulated, (HC0 3-)-stimulated, and CMg++)-dependent ATPase activities, while the other was used in the measurement of carbonic anhydrase activity in the blood, gill and kidney. Assays were conducted using two incubation temperature schemes. One provided for incubation of all preparations at a common temperature of 2S oC, a value equivalent to the upper incipient lethal level for this species. In the other procedure the preparations were incubated at the appropriate acclimation temperature of the sampled fish. Trout were able to maintain plasma sodium and chloride levels essentially constant over the temperature range employed. The different incubation temperature protocols produced different levels of activity, and, in some cases, contrary trends with respect to acclimation temperature. This information was discussed in relation to previous work on gill and kidney. The standing-gradient flow hypothesis was discussed with reference to the structure of the chloride cell, known thermallyinduced changes in ion uptake, and the enzyme activities obtained in this study. Modifications of the model of gill lon uptake suggested by Maetz (1971) were proposed; high and low temperature models resulting. In short, ion transport at the gill at low temperatures appears to involve sodium and chloride 2 uptake by heteroionic exchange mechanisms working in association w.lth ca.rbonlc anhydrase. G.l ll ( Na + -K + ) -ATPase and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase seem to provide the supplemental uptake required at higher temperatures. It appears that the kidney is prominent in ion transport at low temperatures while the gill is more important at high temperatures. 3 Linear regression analyses involving weight, plasma ion levels, and enzyme activities indicated several trends, the most significant being the interrelationship observed between plasma sodium and chloride. This, and other data obtained in the study was considered in light of the theory that a link exists between plasma sodium and chloride regulatory mechanisms.

Electronic, magnetic and thermal properties of Pb₂₋x AxCrO₅ (A = K or La)

Lead chromium oxide is a photoconductive dielectric material tha t has great potential of being used as a room temperature photodetector. In this research, we made ceramic pellets of this compound as well as potassium doped compound Pb2-xKxCr05, where x=O, 0.05, 0.125. We also investigate the properties of the lanthanum doped sample whose chemical formula is Pb1.85Lao.15Cr05' The electronic, magnetic and thermal properties of these materials have been studied. Magnetization measurements of the Pb2Cr05 sample indicate a transition at about 310 K, while for the lanthanum doped sample the transition temperature is at about 295 K indicating a paramagnetic behavior. However, the potassium doped samples are showing the transition from paramagnetic state to diamagnetic state at different temperatures for different amounts of potassium atoms present in the sample. We have studied resistivity as a function of temperature in different gas environments from 300 K to 900 K. The resistivity measurement of the parent sample indicates a conducting to insulating transition at about 300 K and upon increasing the temperature further, above 450 K the sample becomes an ionic conductor. As temperature increases a decrease in resistance is observed in the lanthanum/potassium doped samples. Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry experiment an endothermic peak is observed for the Pb2Cr05 and lanthanum/potassium doped samples at about 285 K.

Étude de variabilité photométrique infrarouge de naines brunes

Les naines brunes sont des objets astronomiques de faible masse ( 0.012 - 0.075 M_Sun ) et de basse température ( T < 3,500 K ). Bien qu’elles se forment comme des étoiles, c’est-à-dire par l’effondrement d’un nuage de gaz moléculaire, les naines brunes n’ont pas une masse suffisante pour entretenir des réactions de fusion nucléaire en leur coeur. Les naines brunes relativement chaudes (type L) sont recouvertes de nuages de poussière mais ces derniers disparaissent progressivement de l’atmosphère lorsque la température chute sous les 1,500 K (type T). Les naines brunes près de la transition L/T devraient donc être partiellement recouvertes de nuages. De par leur rotation relativement rapide (2 h - 12 h), le couvert nuageux inhomogène des naines brunes devrait produire une variabilité photométrique observable en bande J (1.2 um), la longueur d’onde à laquelle les nuages ont la plus forte opacité. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d’une recherche de variabilité photométrique infrarouge pour une dizaine de naines brunes de type spectral près de la transition L/T. Les observations, obtenues à l’Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, ont permis le suivi photométrique en bande J de neuf cibles. Une seule d’entre elles, SDSS J105213.51+442255.7 (T0.5), montre des variations périodiques sur une période d’environ 3 heures avec une amplitude pic-à-pic variant entre 40 et 80 mmag. Pour les huit autres cibles, on peut imposer des limites (3 sigma) de variabilité périodique à moins de 15 mmag pour des périodes entre 1 et 6 heures. Ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse qu’un couvert nuageux partiel existe pour des naines brunes près de la transition L/T mais ce phénomène demeure relativement peu fréquent.

Rheological Properties of Short Polyester Fiber-Polyurethane Elastomer Composite with Different Interfacial Bonding Agents

The rheological behavior of a short-polyester-fiber-filled polyurethane elastomer composite containing different bonding agents has been studied in the temperature range 120-160°C and in the shear rate range 63-608 s-'. The composite with and without bonding agents showed a pseudoplastic behavior which decreased with the increase of temperature. Composites containing bonding agents based on polypropyleneglycol and 4,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate showed the lowest viscosity values at a particular shear rate, whereas composites containing a glycerol- (GL) based bonding agent showed the highest viscosity. The viscosity of the composite decreased sharply after a particular temperature (140°C) and the fall was less drastic in the composite containing a GL-based bonding agent.

Dynamic mechanical analysis of binary and ternary polymer blends based on nylon copolymer/EPDM rubber and EPM grafted maleic anhydride compatibilizer

The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus and damping properties of blends of nylon copolymer (PA6,66) with ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber was investigated with special reference to the effect of blend ratio and compatibilisation over a temperature range –100°C to 150°C at different frequencies. The effect of change in the composition of the polymer blends on tanδ was studied to understand the extent of polymer miscibility and damping characteristics. The loss tangent curve of the blends exhibited two transition peaks, corresponding to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of individual components indicating incompatibility of the blend systems. The morphology of the blends has been examined by using scanning electron microscopy. The Arrhenius relationship was used to calculate the activation energy for the glass transition of the blends. Finally, attempts have been made to compare the experimental data with theoretical models.