L'accueil des enfants immigrants en classe ordinaire.

Depuis quelques années, le Québec accueille de nombreux immigrants. En effet, le Québec est la deuxième province du Canada qui accueille le plus d'immigrants (Gouvernement du Canada 2007). Notre province doit donc faire en sorte d'établir des moyens pour faciliter leur intégration. Parmi ceux-ci, nous pouvons nommer des programmes d'aide aux immigrants, les différents organismes communautaires, les politiques d'accueil des immigrants, entre autres, ainsi que les classes d'accueil dans nos écoles québécoises, qui ont pour objectif d'intégrer les enfants immigrants dans leur communauté d'accueil. Par ailleurs, avec l'arrivée de la Réforme du ministère de l'Éducation du Québec, un nouveau concept voit le jour : l'intégration d'élèves présentant des problématiques particulières dans les classes ordinaires. Souvent, les enfants concernés reçoivent de l'aide d'éducateurs et d'éducatrices en éducation spécialisée, de psychologues, même de travailleurs sociaux. Par contre, trop souvent, les ressources manquent. On privilégie donc les enfants ayant des problématiques plus graves. Qu'en est-il des enfants immigrants? Comment un enseignant, titulaire d'un groupe de plusieurs élèves, peut-il réussir à intégrer un enfant immigrant dans sa classe tout en le faisant progresser au plan scolaire? Comment faire cheminer un élève qui ne parle pas notre langue ou qui a plusieurs années de scolarité de retard? Le cadre théorique de Dasen (2003), la niche de développement écoculturelle, explique le développement de l'enfant immigrant qui évolue dans une communauté d'accueil. Ce cadre théorique nous servira de référence tout au long de cet essai, donc l'objectif est de produire un outil didactique pour guider les enseignants qui accueillent un enfant immigrant dans leur classe ordinaire. Cet outil se divisera en deux parties distinctes : les recommandations d'experts en la matière concernant les aspects à prendre en considération pour bien intégrer un enfant immigrant en milieu scolaire ainsi que des idées d'activités qui favorisent l'acceptation de la diversité ethnique en classe ordinaire. Une fois réalisé, ce guide sera soumis à des collègues, enseignants et professionnels du milieu scolaire, afin de recueillir leurs commentaires et d'améliorer notre outil en conséquence.

Les états et les stratégies qui favorisent le maintien professionnel de gestionnaires de la fonction publique du Québec.

Les problèmes de santé mentale liés au travail connaissent une forte croissance dans notre société. Les entreprises sont de plus en plus axées vers la performance autant individuelle qu'organisationnelle (Brun, 2003) en raison des conditions socio-économiques actuelles, du développement de nouvelles technologies et de la mondialisation. Ainsi, on demande de produire davantage avec moins. Cet état de fait entraîne alors une augmentation de l'apparition de ces troubles. Les gens sont appelés à se surpasser, à constamment aller au-delà de leurs capacités afin d'être concurrentiels. Les emplois sont également précaires, instables et les conditions de travail sont parfois difficiles. Autrefois, les hommes et les femmes ne connaissaient pas cette réalité. Ils pouvaient occuper même un emploi, au sein de la même entreprise et ce , tout au long de leur carrière. Leurs parcours étaient habituellement stables et linéaires (Bourdon, 2006). Toutefois, de nos jours, notre société axée sur l'économie du savoir amène les individus à s'adapter aux changements continuels et à acquérir de nouvelles connaissances pour assurer leur compétence en emploi. De ce fait, une conséquence majeure de la transformation du travail est la rupture du contrat psychologique traditionnel entre les personnes et les organisations. Le concept d'employabilité repose maintenant sur la sécurité en emploi et la responsabilité personnelle face à sa gestion de carrière (Lamoureux, 2000). Par conséquent, les individus n'ont plus les mêmes attentes envers leur organisation. Aujourd'hui, ils ne peuvent qu'espérer acquérir de l'expérience et avoir l'opportunité d'apprendre (Ibid.). Par ailleurs, une autre problématique qui découle de cette transformation est que la précarité et par le fait même, la pauvreté, peuvent désormais toucher tout individu, peu importe le niveau de scolarisation ou le secteur d'emploi (Bourdon, 2006). Ainsi, peu de gens sont à l'abri des changements pouvant survenir dans leur emploi, ce qui engendre parfois des effets néfastes sur la santé mentale des individus. Par conséquent, dans la littérature, certains chercheurs et chercheures (Brun, Biron et Ivers, 2007 ; Dion et Tessier, 1994 ; Maslach, Schaufeli et Leiter, 2001 ; Vézina et Bourbonnais, 2001) croient que les organisations et l'environnement de travail sont les principaux responsables des problèmes de santé psychologique au travail. Comme il a été mentionné précédemment, les technologies qui évoluent sans cesse, les modifications au travail, les fusions et les réorganisations internes font partie du quotidien des gestionnaires, des travailleuses et des travailleurs (Brun, 2003). Les individus doivent composer avec ces changements, qui engendrent parfois des problèmes de santé psychologique. Ils peuvent également vivre des tensions au travail, notamment par la surcharge de travail, par le manque de reconnaissance et par le manque de sollicitation dans la prise de décisions (Ibid.). Outre les changements organisationnels, certaines caractéristiques personnelles viennent influencer la manière dont un idividu réagit face à des situations difficiles. Le type de personnalité, le sexe et l'âge sont des caractéristiques qui peuvent rendre un individu plus vulnérable qu'un autre (Brun, 2003). Certaines personnes vivent également des problèmes personnels, conjugaux, financiers ou familiaux qui affectent leur travail. Ces différents facteurs sont alors susceptibles d'avoir un impact sur la santé mentale des individus. Face à cette problématique, Limoges (2001) et ses collaboratrices et ses collaborateurs (Caron, 1999 ; Cordeau, 1999 ; Lamarche, 2006 ; Langouche, 2004) ont voulu étudier le phénomène sous la forme préventive, du point de vue de la psychologie positive. Ils ont remarqué que malgré le fait que les problèmes de santé psychologique sont en hausses, bon nombre de travailleuses et travailleurs réussissaient quand même à se maintenir sainement au travail. Par conséquent, des chercheures et chercheurs (Caron, 1999 ; Cordeau, 1999 ; Lamarche, 2006 ; Langouche, 2004 ; Limoges, 2001) ont voulu connaître les stratégies de maintien des individus en bonne santé afin d'aider les plus souffrants à adopter de saines habitudes au travail. Pour ce faire, Caron (1999) a mené une recherche sur les stratégies utilisées par un groupe d'enseignants et d'enseignantes favorisant leur maintien professionnel. Cette étude a donné lieu à une taxinomie jusqu'à lors inexistante, représentant les stratégies utilisées par les individus afin de gérer les deux pôles du maintien, soit l'épuisement et l'obsolescence. Ensuite, Limoges (2001) a développé le paradigme du maintien professionnel, illustrant l'opposition entre ces deux pôles. Le modèle a également permis de décrire trois types de profils au travail, soit le maintien, l'épuiisement et l'obsolescence. Puis Langouche (2004) a repris le paradigme de Limoges dans son étude auprès d'un échantillon de travailleuses et de travailleurs belges afin d'estimer la répartition de ces sujets selon quatre profils de maintien (maintien, épuisement, obsolescence de Limoges (2001) et "double-profil" de Caron (1999)). Cette étude avait également pour objectif d'approfondir la réflexion sur l'amélioration du bien-être au travail des employées et des employés au sein de l'organisation dans laquelle la recherche a eu lieu (Ibid.). Par ailleurs, les recherches de Caron (1999), Langouche (2004) et Lamarche (2006) ont soulevé la présence d'un quatrième état, soit le "double-profil". Le "double-profil" résulte d'une combinaison des manifestations de l'épuisement et l'obsolescence. Suite à ces constatations, Lamarche (2006) a construit et validé un instrument psychométrique, le Questionnaire de la gestion du maintien au travail (QGMT), mesurant les états ainsi que les stratégies utilisés par les travailleuses et les travailleurss dans le but de connaître le profil de maintien des individus. À l'aide de cet outil, il est possible d'identifier le niveau de maintien d'un individu ainsi que le profil dans lequel il se situe (maintien, épuisement, obsolescence ou "double-profil") et d'autres états jusque-là inexplorés. Nous constatons que le maintien professionnel suscite un intérêt grandissant auprès de chercheurs et de chercheures. Puisque nous partageons également cet intérêt, ce présent essai porte sur ce concept. Notre préoccupation de recherche est alors de connaître la qualité du maintien au travail d'un groupe de gestionnaires de la fonction publique du Québec. Pour ce faire, nous allons examiner un groupe de gestionnaires tiré de la banque de données de la thèse doctorale de Lamarche (2006). Cette banque de données avait initialement pour but de procéder à la construction et à la validation d'un instrument psychométrique (QGMT). Conséquemment, la chercheure n'a pas réalisé d'analyses à partir de groupes d'appartenance. Nous trouvons alors intéressant de s'attarder à ce groupe précis de gestionnaires. Nous pourrons soumettre les sujets à des analyses stastistiques et examiner les états ainsi que les stratégies qu'ils utilisent afin de se maintenir au travail. Par ailleurs, nous avons ciblé ces individus en raison du peu de recherches consacrées à cette clientèle (Leclerc et Delmas, 2006). Nous constatons que ces individus sont susceptibles de vivre autant de problèmes de maintien au travail que les autres groupes de travailleurs et de travailleuses et qu'il est important de leur porter une attention particulière. Dans le premier chapitre, nous nous attarderons aux auteures et auteurs ayant traités de la problématique de santé psychologique au travail. Nous évoquerons également le rôle qu'ont les conseillers et les conseillères d'orientation face à la problématique de la santé mentale au travail. Au deuxième chapitre, nous examinerons les quatre profils de maintien au travail (maintien, épuisement, obsolescence et "double-profil") à l'aide de recherches menées à ce sujet. Nous exposerons également le paradigme du maintien professionnel de Limoges (2001) dans notre cadre théorique. Puis, le troisième chapitre sera consacré à la méthodologie de recherche, incluant la description de l'échantillon, l'outil de recherche (QGMT) et les procédures de traitement de données. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre exposera les résultats de notre recherche. Il comprendra également une discussion suite aux résultats obtenus ainsi que les limites à cette étude.

[access To Basic Health Services And Associated Factors: A Population-based Study].

This study sought to identify factors involved in access to the services of a basic health unit. It is a cross-sectional, population-based study involving 101 randomly-selected families residing in the area covered by the health unit. An adult resident of each household was interviewed. The response variable was whether or not the resident frequented the health unit if he/she or anyone in the family required assistance to resolve a health issue. The independent variables investigated were service provision aspects, demographic and socio-economic characteristics, individual habits, morbidities and use of the health unit. In addition to descriptive and univariate analysis, logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis. The results show that access to the basic health unit is associated with the treatment received previously (OR = 3,224) with accessibility (OR = 0,146) and micro-area of residence (OR = 10,918). These findings suggest that access is related to the impressions created by the care received at the health unit and is based on experiences with the service, but can also be strongly modulated by individual aspects and factors related to the territory.

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 3. Serra district - area of hostels for tourists who visit the Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), state of São Paulo, Brazil

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 3. Area of hostels for tourists who visit the Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study characterizes some ecological aspects of the phlebotomine fauna in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) situated in the Serra district, Iporanga municipality where the hostels for tourists visiting the PETAR are located. Captures were undertaken on a smallholding and a small farm situated near the hostels, monthly between January/2001 and December/2003 with automatic light traps (ALT) in pigsty, hen-house and veranda of a domicile at the two sites, and in peridomicile of the small farm also with black/white Shannon traps. With the ALT a total of 87,224 phlebotomines representing 19 species and also two hybrids of Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) and two anomalous specimens were captured. The standardized index species abundance was for Ny. intermedia = 1.0 and Ny. neivai = 0.935. The highest frequencies of the smallholding occurred in the pigsty, the Williams' mean/capture for Ny. intermedia being 63.7 specimens and for Ny. neivai 29.2, and on the small farm, in the hen-house, Ny. intermedia 402.6 and Ny. neivai 116.2. A total of 863 phlebotomines (Ny. intermedia: 75.4%; Ny. neivai: 24.3%) were captured with black/white Shannon traps; females of both species being predominant in the white trap. The high frequencies of Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, both implicated in CL transmission, indicate the areas presenting risk of the disease.

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 2. Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), São Paulo State, Brazil

The Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) with about 250 caves, in an Atlantic forest reserve, is an important ecotourist attraction in the Ribeira Valley, an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). With the purpose of investigating Leishmania vector species bothersome to humans the sandfly fauna was identified and some of its ecological aspects in the Santana nucleus, captures were undertaken monthly with automatic light traps in 11 ecotopes, including caves, forests, a camping site and domiciliary environments, and on black and white Shannon traps, from January/2001 to December/2002. A total of 2,449 sandflies representing 21 species were captured. The highest values of abundance obtained in the captures with automatic light traps were for Psathyromyia pascalei and Psychodopygus ayrozai. A total of 107 specimens representing 13 species were captured on black (12 species) and white (6 species) Shannon traps set simultaneously. Psychodopygus geniculatus females predominated on the black (43.75%), and Psathyromyia lanei and Ps. ayrozai equally (32.4%) on the white. Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai, both implicated in the transmission of ACL in the Brazilian Southeastern region, were also captured. Ny. intermedia predominated in the open camping area. Low frequencies of phlebotomines were observed in the caves, where Evandromyia edwardsi predominated Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of the American visceral leishmaniasis, was aslo present. This is its most southernly reported occurrence in the Atlantic forest.

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Ribeira Valley Speleological Province - 1. Parque Estadual Intervales, state of São Paulo, Brazil

The identification of the sandfly fauna and investigation of some ecological aspects of its populations in areas frequented by tourists of the PEI, an Atlantic forest reserve with many caves, were the objective of this study. Captures were undertaken monthly from January 2001 to December 2002, with automatic light traps installed in 13 ecotopes, including caves, forests, domiciliary and peridomiciliary environments, and by aspiration in armadillo burrows. Additionally, although not at regular intervals, Shannon traps were installed in forests and anthropic environments, aspirations were made on cave walls, among roots and fallen leaves, and some insects were captured while biting researchers. A total of 891 sandflies belonging to 21 species were captured. Six hundred specimens representing 19 species were captured with light traps, 215 in anthropic (2.24 insects/trap) and 385 in extra-domiciliary (1.46 insects/trap) environments. Brumptomyia troglodytes was the most abundant species (the Standardised Index of Species Abundance = 0.705). Pintomyia monticola predominated in the Shannon traps and showed anthropophilic and diurnal activity. Psathyromyia pascalei predominated in the aspirations; the largest number being in armadillo burrows. Eleven species were captured in caves; although some might be troglophiles, the majority used these ecotopes as resting places. Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia neivai and Migonemyia migonei, implicated in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Southeastern Brazilian region, were all found, though in such low densities as to suggest minimal risk of the disease in the PEI.

Dispersal and survival of Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area of the speleological province of the Ribeira Valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil

The dispersal and survival of the phlebotomines Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai (both implicated as vectors of the cutaneous leishmaniasis agent) in an endemic area was investigated using a capture-mark-release technique in five experiments from August-December 2003 in municipality of Iporanga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 1,749 males and 1,262 females of Ny. intermedia and 915 males and 411 females of Ny. neivai were marked and released during the five experiments. Recapture attempts were made using automatic light traps, aspiration in natural resting places and domestic animal shelters and Shannon traps. A total of 153 specimens (3.48%) were recaptured: 2.59% (78/3,011) for Ny. intermedia and 5.35% (71/1,326) for Ny. neivai. Both species were recaptured up to 144 h post-release, with the larger part of them recaptured within 48 h. The median dispersion distances for Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, respectively, were 109 m and 100 m. The greatest dispersal range of Ny. intermedia was 180 m, while for Ny. neivai one female was recaptured in a pasture at 250 m and another in a pigsty at 520 m, showing a tendency to disperse to more open areas. The daily survival rates calculated based on regressions of the numbers of marked insects recaptured on the six successive days after release were 0.746 for males and 0.575 for females of Ny. intermedia and 0.649 for both sexes of Ny. neivai. The size of the populations in the five months ranged from 8,332-725,085 for Ny. intermedia males, 2,193-104,490 for Ny. intermedia females, 1,687-350,122 for Ny. neivai males and 254-49,705 for Ny. neivai females.

Inequalities in access and utilization of dental services: a cross-sectional study in an area covered by the Family Health Strategy

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the presence of inequalities in the access and use of dental services for people living in the coverage area of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil, and to assess individual determinants related to them. The sample consisted of 747 individuals who answered a pre-tested questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by chi-square test and Poisson regression analysis, obtaining explanatory models for recent use and, by limiting the analysis to those who sought dental care, for effective access. Results showed that 41% of the sample had recent dental visits. The lowest visit rates were observed among preschoolers and elderly people. The subjects who most identified the FHS as a regular source of dental care were children. Besides age, better socioeconomic conditions and the presence of a regular source of dental care were positively associated to recent dental visits. We identified inequalities in use and access to dental care, reinforcing the need to promote incentives to improve access for underserved populations.

Influence of self-perceived oral health and socioeconomic predictors on the utilization of dental care services by schoolchildren

The influence of socioeconomic factors and self-rated oral health on children's dental health assistance was assessed. This study followed a cross-sectional design, with a multistage random sample of 792 12-year-old schoolchildren from Santa Maria, a city in southern Brazil. A dental examination provided information on the prevalence of dental caries (DMFT index). Data about the use of dental service, socioeconomic status, and self-perceived oral health were collected by means of structured interviews. These associations were assessed using Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio; 95% confidence interval). The prevalence of regular use of dental service was 47.8%. Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those who rated their oral health as "poor" used the service less frequently. The distribution of the kind of oral healthcare assistance used (public/private) varied across socioeconomic groups. The better-off children were less likely to have used the public service. Clinical, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors were strong predictors for the utilization of dental care services by schoolchildren.

Health services performance for TB treatment in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Background: Researches to evaluate Primary Health Care performance in TB control in Brazil show that different cities aggregate local specificities in the dynamics of coping with the disease. This study aims to evaluate health services' performance in TB treatment in cities across different Brazilian regions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in five cities that are considered priorities for TB control in Brazil: Itaborai (ITA), Ribeirao Preto (RP) and Sao Jose do Rio Preto (SJRP) in the Southeast; Campina Grande (CG) and Feira de Santana (FS) in the Northeast. Data were collected through interviews with 514 TB patients under treatment in 2007, using the Primary Care Assessment Tool adapted for TB care in Brazil. Indicators were constructed based on the mean response scores (Likert scale) and compared among the study sites. Results: ""Access to treatment"" was evaluated as satisfactory in the Southeast and regular in the Northeast, which displayed poor results on 'home visits' and 'distance between treatment site and patient's house'. ""Bond"" was assessed as satisfactory in all cities, with a slightly better performance in RP and SJRP. ""Range of services"" was rated as regular, with better performance of southeastern cities. 'Health education', 'DOT' and 'food vouchers' were less offered in the Northeast. ""Coordination"" was evaluated as satisfactory in all cities. ""Family focus"" was evaluated as satisfactory in RP and SJRP, and regular in the others. 'Professional asking patient's family about other health problems' was evaluated as unsatisfactory, except in RP. Conclusions: Two types of obstacles are faced for health service performance in TB treatment in the cities under analysis, mainly in the Northeast. The first is structural and derives from difficulties to access health services and actions. The second is organizational and derives from the way health technologies and services are distributed and integrated. Incentives to improve care organization and management practices, aimed at the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary services, can contribute towards a better performance of health services in TB treatment.

The variability and predictors of quality of AIDS care services in Brazil

Background: Since establishing universal free access to antiretroviral therapy in 1996, the Brazilian Health System has increased the number of centers providing HIV/AIDS outpatient care from 33 to 540. There had been no formal monitoring of the quality of these services until a survey of 336 AIDS health centers across 7 Brazilian states was undertaken in 2002. Managers of the services were asked to assess their clinics according to parameters of service inputs and service delivery processes. This report analyzes the survey results and identifies predictors of the overall quality of service delivery. Methods: The survey involved completion of a multiple-choice questionnaire comprising 107 parameters of service inputs and processes of delivering care, with responses assessed according to their likely impact on service quality using a 3-point scale. K-means clustering was used to group these services according to their scored responses. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of high service quality. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 95.8% (322) of the managers of the sites surveyed. Most sites scored about 50% of the benchmark expectation. K-means clustering analysis identified four quality levels within which services could be grouped: 76 services (24%) were classed as level 1 (best), 53 (16%) as level 2 (medium), 113 (35%) as level 3 (poor), and 80 (25%) as level 4 (very poor). Parameters of service delivery processes were more important than those relating to service inputs for determining the quality classification. Predictors of quality services included larger care sites, specialization for HIV/AIDS, and location within large municipalities. Conclusion: The survey demonstrated highly variable levels of HIV/AIDS service quality across the sites. Many sites were found to have deficiencies in the processes of service delivery processes that could benefit from quality improvement initiatives. These findings could have implications for how HIV/AIDS services are planned in Brazil to achieve quality standards, such as for where service sites should be located, their size and staffing requirements. A set of service delivery indicators has been identified that could be used for routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS service delivery for HIV/AIDS in Brazil (and potentially in other similar settings).

E-contracting with price configuration for Web services and QoS

The large amount of information in electronic contracts hampers their establishment due to high complexity. An approach inspired in Software Product Line (PL) and based on feature modelling was proposed to make this process more systematic through information reuse and structuring. By assessing the feature-based approach in relation to a proposed set of requirements, it was showed that the approach does not allow the price of services and of Quality of Services (QoS) attributes to be considered in the negotiation and included in the electronic contract. Thus, this paper also presents an extension of such approach in which prices and price types associated to Web services and QoS levels are applied. An extended toolkit prototype is also presented as well as an experiment example of the proposed approach.

Monitoring Services for Industrial Applications

Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) in Brazil

Improvement of radiology services based on the process management approach

The health sector requires continuous investments to ensure the improvement of products and services from a technological standpoint, the use of new materials, equipment and tools, and the application of process management methods. Methods associated with the process management approach, such as the development of reference models of business processes, can provide significant innovations in the health sector and respond to the current market trend for modern management in this sector (Gunderman et al. (2008) [4]). This article proposes a process model for diagnostic medical X-ray imaging, from which it derives a primary reference model and describes how this information leads to gains in quality and improvements. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

A New Approach for Video Adaptation through Overlay Services Networks

Video adaptation is an extensively explored content providing technique aimed at appropriately suiting several usage scenarios featured by different network requirements and constraints, user`s terminal and preferences. However, its usage in high-demand video distribution systems, such as CNDs, has been badly approached, ignoring several aspects of optimization of network use. To address such deficiencies, this paper presents an approach for implementing the adaptation service by exploring the concept of overlay services networks. As a result of demonstrate the benefits of this proposal, it is made a comparison of this proposed adaptation service with other strategies of video adaptation.