Phosphorylation of ubiquitin-activating enzyme in cultured cells.

Ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E1, is the first enzyme in the pathway leading to formation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. E1 exists as two isoforms in human cells which are separable by electrophoresis. These isoforms migrate with apparent molecular sizes of 110 kDa and 117 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels. Immunoprecipitation of E1 from lysates of HeLa cells metabolically labeled with [32P]phosphate indicated the presence of a phosphorylated form of E1 which migrates at 117 kDa. Phospho amino acid analysis identified serine as the phosphorylated residue in E1. Phosphorylated E1 was also detected in normal and transformed cells from another human cell line. Phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation of E1 in vitro did not eliminate the 117-kDa E1 isoform detected by Coomassie staining after SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, thereby demonstrating that phosphorylation is not the sole structural feature differentiating the isoforms of E1. These observations suggest new hypotheses concerning mechanisms of metabolic regulation of the ubiquitin conjugation pathway.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor.

The monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor (MNSF) is a lymphokine product of a murine T-cell hybridoma that inhibits the generation of lipopolysaccharide-induced immunoglobulin-secreting cells in an antigen-nonspecific manner. A cDNA clone encoding MNSF beta (an isoform of MNSF) was isolated and expressed in bacteria. The sequence obtained is virtually identical to the Fau protein, a product of the ubiquitously expressed fau gene with unknown function. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a single, 0.6-kb transcript. Specific polyclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides corresponding to the deduced amino acid sequences were elicited in rabbits. Immunoprecipitation experiments with these antibodies showed that MNSF beta is released extracellularly in an aggregate form, albeit it lacks a signal peptide sequence. The anti-MNSF beta affinity eluate from the MNSF-producing murine hybridoma (E17) and concanavalin A-activated splenocyte culture supernatants inhibited the immunoglobulin production by lipopolysaccharide-activated splenocytes. Recombinant MNSF beta also showed a similar biologic activity. Thus, ubiquitin-like protein(s) may be involved in the regulation of the immune responses.

Estudo do exossomo de Archaea e de sua interação com a proteína reguladora PaNip7

O exossomo é um complexo multiproteico conservado evolutivamente de archaea a eucariotos superiores que desempenha funções celulares essenciais tais como: atividade exoribonucleolítica 3\'→5\', regulação dos níveis de mRNA, maturação de RNAs estruturais e controle de qualidade de RNAs durante os vários estágios do mecanismo de expressão gênica. Em Archaea, o exossomo é composto por até quatro subunidades diferentes, duas com domínios de RNase PH, aRrp41 e aRrp42, e duas com domínios de ligação a RNAs, aCsl4 e aRrp4. Três cópias das proteínas aRrp4 e/ou aCsl4 se associam com o núcleo hexamérico catalítico do anel de RNase PH e completam a formação do complexo. A proteína PaNip7 é um cofator de regulação do exossomo da archaea Pyrococcus abyssi e atua na inibição do complexo enzimático ligando-se simultaneamente ao exossomo e a RNAs. Neste projeto, a reconstituição in vitro do exossomo da archaea Pyrococcus abyssi formado pela proteína de topo PaCsl4 foi obtida. Para tanto foram realizadas análises de interação proteica usando as técnicas de cromatografia de afinidade, gel filtração e SDS-PAGE. Em adição à formação da isoforma PaCsl4-exossomo, um fragmento peptídico correspondente à região C-terminal da PaNip7 foi sintetizado pelo método da fase sólida, purificado por RP-HPLC e o purificado foi caracterizado por LC/ESI-MS almejando realizar futuros experimentos de interação com o exossomo.

Structural Polymorphism in Tau Filaments: An Implication for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Tau filaments are the pathological hallmark of >20 neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. In the adult human brain, six isoforms of tau are expressed that differ by presence or absence of the second of the four semiconserved repeats. As a consequence, half of the tau isoforms have three repeats (3R tau), whereas the other half has four repeats (4R tau). Site-directed spin labeling of recombinant tau in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to obtain structural insights into tau filaments. The studies showed that the filaments of 4R tau and 3R tau share a highly ordered core structure in the third repeat with parallel, in-register arrangement of beta-strands. This structure in 3R and 4R is conserved regardless of whether full-length isoforms (htau40 and htau23) or truncated constructs (K18 and K19) are used. When mixed, 3R tau and 4R tau coassembled into heterogeneous filaments. Hence, these findings indicate that there are at least three compositionally distinct types of filaments: homogeneous 3R tau, homogeneous 4R tau, and heterogeneous 3R/4R tau. In vitro experiments show that the seeded filament growth, a prerequisite for tau spreading in tissue culture and brain, is crucially dependent on the isoform composition of individual seeds. Seeds of 3R tau and 3R/4R tau recruit both types of isoforms whereas seeds of 4R tau can recruit 4R tau, but not 3R tau, establishing an asymmetric barrier. Conformational templating of 4R tau onto 3R tau seeds eliminates this barrier, giving rise to a new type of tau filament. Conformational studies at the molecular level of tau filaments were done using Double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, which allows the determination of distances between pairs of spin labels. These studies revealed structural differences between filaments of 3R tau and 4R tau. Furthermore, they indicated that 4R tau assumed the conformation of 3R tau when templated on 3R tau seeds. Our measurements have also provided insights into the heterogeneity of tau filament structure. Conformational differences due to variation in filament composition and seeding properties of tau filaments have shown that they are structurally polymorphic in nature. This structural polymorphism of tau filaments has widespread implications in understanding and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Applications of EPR with an Emphasis on Tau Fibril Structure

Substances containing unpaired electrons have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for nearly 70 years. With continual development and enhancement of EPR techniques, questions have arisen regarding optimum method selection for a given sample based on its properties. In this work, radiation defects, natural lattice defects, solid organic radicals, radicals in solution, and spin-labeled proteins were analyzed using CW, pulse, and rapid scan EPR to compare methods. Studies of solid BDPA, EOe in quartz, Ns0 in diamond, and a-Si:H, showed that rapid scan could overcome many obstacles presented by other techniques, cementing rapid scan as an effective alternative to CW and pulse methods. Relaxation times of six nitroxide radicals were characterized from 0.25-34 GHz, guiding synthesis of improved nitroxides for in vivo imaging experiments. Processes contributing to T1 of DPPH in polystyrene were found through variable temperature measurements at X- and Q-band, resolving previously-reported discrepancies in relaxation properties and providing new insight into this commonly-used standard. In the history of EPR, the study of proteins is relatively new. Double electron-electron resonance (DEER) has emerged as a powerful technique for the study of amyloid fibrils, a class of protein aggregates implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Microtubule-associated protein tau forms fibrils linked to Alzheimerfs disease through seeded conversion of monomer. Self-assembly is mediated by the microtubule binding repeats in tau, and there are either three or four repeats present depending on the isoform. DEER was used to show that filaments of 3R and 4R tau are conformationally distinct and that 4R fibrils adopt a heterogeneous mixture of conformations. Populations of 4R fibril conformations, which were independently validated using a model system, can be modulated by introduction of mutations to the primary sequence or by varying fibril growth conditions. These findings provided unprecedented insights into the seed selection of tau monomers and established conformational compatibility as an important driving force in tau fibril propagation. Lastly, DEER acquisition was improved through addition of paramagnetic metal to spin-labeled protein, decreasing collection time, and through use of a novel spin label with increased T2, thereby lengthening the available acquisition window.

Dissection moléculaire de la sénescence cellulaire induite par le stress et la thérapie dans le cancer de l’ovaire et son impact sur la réponse des patientes

Le cancer de l’ovaire (COv) est le cancer gynécologique le plus létal chez la femme et les traitements existants, chirurgie et chimiothérapie, ont peu évolué au cours des dernières décennies. Nous proposons que la compréhension des différents destins cellulaires tels que la sénescence que peuvent choisir les cellules du cancer de l’ovaire en réponse à la chimiothérapie pourrait conduire à de nouvelles opportunités thérapeutiques. La sénescence cellulaire a été largement associée à l’activité de la protéine TP53, qui est mutée dans plus de 90% des cas de cancer de l’ovaire séreux de haut grade (COv-SHG), la forme la plus commune de la maladie. Dans nos travaux, à partir d’échantillons dérivés de patientes, nous montrons que les cultures primaires du cancer de l’ovaire séreux de haut grade exposées au stress ou à des drogues utilisées en chimiothérapie entrent en senescence grâce à l’activité d’un isoforme du gène CDKN2A (p16INK4A). Dans ces cellules, nous avons évalué les caractéristiques fondamentales de la sénescence cellulaire tels que les altérations morphologiques, l’activité béta galactosidase associée à la sénescence, les dommages à l’ADN, l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire et le phénotype sécrétoire associé à la sénescence. En utilisant des micromatrices tissulaires construites à partir d’échantillons humains de COv-SHG pré- et post-chimiothérapie, accompagnées de leurs données cliniques, nous avons quantifié des marqueurs de sénescence incluant une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire quelques semaines après chimiothérapie. De façon intéressante, l’expression de p16INK4A dans les échantillons de COv-SHG prétraitement corrèle avec une survie prolongée des patientes suite au traitement. Ceci suggère ainsi pour la première fois un impact biologique bénéfique pour la présence de cellules cancéreuses qui sont capable d’activer la sénescence, particulièrement pour le traitement du cancer de l’ovaire. Dans le but de complémenter les thérapies actuelles avec des approches de manipulation pharmacologique de la sénescence, nos résultats suggèrent qu’il serait important de déterminer l’impact positif ou négatif de la sénescence induite par la thérapie sur la progression de la maladie et la survie, pour chaque type de cancer de façon indépendante.

The Ets domain transcription factor Erm distinguishes rat satellite glia from Schwann cells and is regulated in satellite cells by neuregulin signaling

Distinct glial cell types of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system (PNS) are derived from the neural crest. Here we show that the expression of the Ets domain transcription factor Erm distinguishes satellite glia from Schwann cells beginning early in rat PNS development. In developing dorsal root ganglia (DRG), Erm is present both in presumptive satellite glia and in neurons. In contrast, Erm is not detectable at any developmental stage in Schwann cells in peripheral nerves. In addition, Erm is downregulated in DRG-derived glia adopting Schwann cell traits in culture. Thus, Erm is the first described transcription factor expressed in satellite glia but not in Schwann cells. In culture, the Neuregulin1 (NRG1) isoform GGF2 maintains Erm expression in presumptive satellite cells and reinduces Erm expression in DRG-derived glia but not in Schwann cells from sciatic nerve. These data demonstrate that there are intrinsic differences between these glial subtypes in their response to NRG1 signaling. In neural crest cultures, Erm-positive progenitor cells give rise to two distinct glial subtypes: Erm-positive, Oct-6-negative satellite glia in response to GGF2, and Erm-negative, Oct-6-positive Schwann cells in the presence of serum and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. Thus, Erm-positive neural crest-derived progenitor cells and presumptive satellite glia are able to acquire Schwann cell features. Given the in vivo expression of Erm in peripheral ganglia, we suggest that ganglionic Erm-positive cells may be precursors of Schwann cells.

Caractérisation de l’activité Nur77 et de ses complexes en essais BRET par complémentation

Dans le système nerveux central, la dopamine joue un rôle crucial dans de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques telles que : l’apprentissage, le mouvement volontaire, la motivation, la cognition et la production hormonale. Il a été aussi démontré que le système de signalisation dopaminergique est altéré dans plusieurs maladies neurologiques et psychiatriques comme la maladie de Parkinson et la schizophrénie. Des études, effectuées dans le laboratoire du Dr.Daniel Lévesque (laboratoire d’accueil), ont montré que les récepteurs nucléaires Nur77 (NR4A1, NGFI-B) et RXRγ (retinoid X receptors γ) sont impliqués dans la régulation des effets de la dopamine dans le système nerveux central. De plus, ces données suggèrent que le complexe Nur77 et RXR joueraient un rôle crucial dans l’effet des médicaments antipsychotiques et antiparkinsoniens. Toutefois, très peu de médicaments ciblant Nur77 ont été identifiés à ce jour et les médicaments agissant sur RXRγ restent mal caractérisés. En outre, les analyses actuellement disponibles ne peuvent pas résumer la complexité des activités des NRs et génèrent des mesures indirectes des activités des drogues. Afin de mieux comprendre comment est régulée l’interaction Nur77/RXRγ dans ces processus, mon projet a été de mettre au point un essai BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer) et PCA-BRET (Protein Complementation Assay-BRET) basé sur le recrutement d'un motif mimant un co-activateur fusionné avec la YFP. Nos différents essais ont été validés par courbes dose-réponse en utilisant différents composés RXR . Les EC50 (concentration efficace médiane, qui permet de mesurer l'efficacité d'un composé) obtenues étaient très semblables aux valeurs précédemment rapportées dans la littérature. Nous avons aussi pu identifier un composé le SR11237 (BMS649) qui semble posséder une sélectivité pour le complexe Nur77/RXRγ par rapport aux complexes Nurr1/RXRγ et RXRγ /RXRγ. Nos résultats indiquent que ces essais de BRET peuvent être utilisés pour évaluer la sélectivité de nouveaux composés pour les complexes Nur77/RXRγ, Nurr1/RXRγ et RXRγ /RXRγ. Un autre aspect de mon projet de doctorat a été de mettre en évidence par BRET l’importance de la SUMOylation dans la régulation de l'activité de Nur77 dans sa forme monomèrique, homodimèrique et hétérodimèrique. Nous avons ainsi identifié que Nur77 recrute principalement SUMO2 sur sa lysine 577. Il est intéressant de noté que le recrutement de la SUMO2 à Nur77 est potentialisé en présence de la SUMO E3 Ligase PIASγ. Aussi, la perte de la SUMOylation sur la lysine 577 entraîne l'incapacité de Nur77 de recruter divers motifs de co-activation mais pas pour ses formes homo- et hétérodimèrique. Cependant, la présence de PIASγ ne potentialise pas le recrutement du co-activateur, suggérant que cette SUMO E3 Ligase est seulement impliqué dans le processus de recrutement de la SUMO mais pas dans celui du co-activateur. Nous avons ainsi déterminé une nouvelle modification post-traductionnelle sur Nur77 régulant spécifiquement son activité monomérique Ces projets pourraient donc apporter de nouvelles données cruciales pour l’amélioration du traitement de la maladie de Parkinson ou de la schizophrénie, ainsi que d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension sur les mécanismes permettant la régulation de la fonction de Nur77

Conservation of the oligomeric state of native VDAC1 in detergent micelles.

The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) is an intrinsic β-barrel membrane protein located within the mitochondrial outer membrane where it serves as a pore, connecting the mitochondria to the cytosol. The high-resolution structures of both the human and murine VDACs have been resolved by X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in 2008. However, the structural data are not completely in line with the findings that were obtained after decades of research on biochemical and functional analysis of VDAC. This discrepancy may be related to the fact that structural biology studies of membrane proteins reveal specific static conformations that may not necessarily represent the physiological state. For example, overexpression of membrane proteins in bacterial inclusion bodies or simply the extraction from the native lipid environment using harsh purification methods (i.e. chaotropic agents) can disturb the physiological conformations and the supramolecular assemblies. To address these potential issues, we have developed a method, allowing rapid one step purification of endogenous VDAC expressed in the native mitochondrial membrane without overexpression of recombinant protein or usage of harsh chaotropic extraction procedures. Using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoform 1 of VDAC as a model, this method yields efficient purification, preserving VDAC in a more physiological, native state following extraction from mitochondria. Single particle analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated conservation of oligomeric assembly after purification. Maintenance of the native state was evaluated using functional assessment that involves an ATP-binding assay by micro-scale thermophoresis (MST). Using this approach, we were able to determine for the first time the apparent KD for ATP of 1.2 mM.

Effects of pathophysiological concentrations of albumin on NHE3 activity and cell proliferation in primary cultures of human proximal tubule cells

The progression of renal disease correlates strongly with hypertension and the degree of proteinuria, suggesting a link between excessive Na+ reabsorption and exposure of the proximal tubule to protein. The present study investigated the effects of albumin on cell growth and Na+ uptake in primary cultures of human proximal tubule cells (PTC). Albumin (1.0 mg/ml) increased cell proliferation to 134.1 +/- 11.8% (P < 0.001) of control levels with no change in levels of apoptosis. Exposure to 0.1 and 1.0 mg/ml albumin increased total Na-22(+) uptake to 119.1 &PLUSMN; 6.3% (P = 0.005) and 115.6 &PLUSMN; 5.3% (P < 0.006) of control levels, respectively, because of an increase in Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) activity. This was associated with an increase in NHE3 mRNA to 161.1 +/- 15.1% (P < 0.005) of control levels in response to 0.1 mg/ml albumin. Using confocal microscopy with a novel antibody raised against the predicted extracellular NH2 terminus of human NHE3, we observed in nonpermeabilized cells that exposure of PTC to albumin (0.1 and 1.0 mg/ml) increased NHE3 at the cell surface to 115.4 &PLUSMN; 2.7% (P < 0.0005) and 122.4 +/- 3.7% (P < 0.0001) of control levels, respectively. This effect was paralleled by significant increases in NHE3 in the subplasmalemmal region as measured in permeabilized cells. These albumin-induced increases in expression and activity of NHE3 in PTC suggest a possible mechanism for Na+ retention in response to proteinuria.

Cofilin interacts with ClC-5 and regulates albumin uptake in proximal tubule cell lines

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a constitutive high capacity pathway for the reabsorption of proteins from the glomerular filtrate by the renal proximal tubule. ClC-5 is a voltage-gated chloride channel found in the proximal tubule where it has been shown to be essential for protein uptake, based on evidence from patients with Dent's disease and studies in ClC-5 knockout mice. To further delineate the role of ClC-5 in albumin uptake, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen with the C-terminal tail of ClC-5 to identify any interactions of the channel with proteins involved in endocytosis. We found that the C-terminal tail of ClC-5 bound the actin depolymerizing protein, cofilin, a result that was confirmed by GST-fusion pulldown assays. In cultured proximal tubule cells, cofilin was distributed in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and microsomal fractions and co-localized with ClC-5. Phosphorylation of cofilin by overexpressing LIM kinase 1 resulted in a stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton. Phosphorylation of cofilin in two proximal tubule cell models (porcine renal proximal tubule and opossum kidney) was also accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of albumin uptake. This study identifies a novel interaction between the C-terminal tail of ClC-5 and cofilin, an actin-associated protein that is crucial in the regulation of albumin uptake by the proximal tubule.

D-Tyrosine as a chiral precusor to potent inhibitors of human nonpancreatic secretory phospholipase A(2) (IIa) with antiinflammatory activity

Few reported inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A(2) enzymes inhibit the IIa human isoform (hnpsPLA(2)-IIa) noncovalently at submicromolar concentrations. Herein, the simple chiral precursor D-tyrosine was derivastised to give a series of potent new inhibitors of hnpsPLA(2)-IIa. A 2.2-Angstrom crystal structure shows an inhibitor bound in the active site of the enzyme, chelated to a Ca2+ ion through carboxylate and amide oxygen atoms, H bonded through an amide NH group to His48, with multiple hydrophobic contacts and a T-shaped aromatic-group-His6 interaction. Antiinflammatory activity is also demonstrated for two compounds administered orally to rats.

Genes and gene expression in the brain of the alcoholic

Chronic alcoholism leads to localized brain damage, which is prominent in superior frontal cortex but mild in motor cortex. The likelihood of developing alcohol dependence is associated with genetic markers. GABA(A) receptor expression differs between alcoholics and controls, whereas glutamate receptor differences are muted. We determined whether genotype differentiated the localized expression of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors to influence the severity of alcohol-induced brain damage. Cerebrocortical tissue was obtained at autopsy from alcoholics without alcohol-related disease, alcoholics with cirrhosis, and matched controls. DRD2A, DRD2B, GABB2, EAAT2, and 5HTT genotypes did not divide alcoholic cases and controls on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor parameters. In contrast, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)3 genotype interacted significantly with NMDA receptor efficacy and affinity in a region-specific manner. EAAT2 genotype interacted significantly with local GABAA receptor subunit mRNA expression, and GABB2 and DRD2B genotypes with p subunit isoform protein expression. Genotype may modulate amino acid transmission locally so as to mediate neuronal vulnerability. This has implications for the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions aimed at ameliorating brain damage and, possibly, dependence. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

GABAA receptor beta subunit mRNA expression in the human alcoholic brain

A competitive RT-PCR assay was used to quantify the expression of the GABA(A) receptor beta(1), beta(2) and beta(3) isoform mRNA transcripts in the superior frontal cortex and motor cortex of 21 control and 22 alcoholic cases. A single set of primers was designed that permitted amplification of all three transcripts and the internal standard simultaneously; differentiation of the individual transcripts was achieved by restriction enzyme digestion. Construction of a standard curve, using the internal standard and a concentration range of beta(2) cRNA-enabled quantitation of mRNA expression levels. No significant difference in mRNA expression was found between the control and alcoholic case groups in either the superior frontal or motor cortex for the beta(2) or beta(3) isoforms. A significant interaction was found between isoform and area, although, the two case groups did not partition on this measure. The interaction was due to a significant difference between superior frontal and motor cortex for the beta(3) isoform; this regional comparison was not significant for beta(2) mRNA. Age at death and post-mortem delay (PMD) had no significant effect on beta mRNA expression in either case group in either region. A beta(1) signal could not be detected in the RT-PCR assay. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

E2F6: a member of the E2F family that does not modulate squamous differentiation

The inhibition of E2F has been demonstrated to be important in the initiation of squamous differentiation by two independent manners: promotion of growth arrest and the relief of the differentiation-suppressive properties of E2Fs. E2F6 is reported to behave as a transcriptional repressor of the E2F family. In this study, we examined the ability of E2F6 to act as the molecular switch required for E2F inhibition in order for keratinocytes to enter a terminal differentiation programme. Results demonstrated that whilst E2F6 was able to suppress E2F activity in proliferating keratinocytes, it did not modulate squamous differentiation in a differentiated keratinocyte. Furthermore, inhibition of E2F, by overexpressing E2F6, was not sufficient to sensitise either proliferating keratinocytes or the squamous cell carcinoma cell line, KJD-1/SV40, to differentiation-inducing agents. Significantly, although E2F6 could suppress E2F activity in proliferating cells, it could not inhibit proliferation of KJD-1/SV40 cells. These results demonstrate that E2F6 does not contain the domains required for modulation of squamous differentiation and imply isoform-specific functions for individual E2F family members. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.