Service innovation: Inward and outward related activities and cooperation mode

Knowledge of how customers co-create value, the way that suppliers and providers co-produce services, and how research and development centers and universities transfer technologies is becoming increasingly important to scholars' understanding of service innovation. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between inward and outward innovation activities in service organizations and their modes of innovation, using network innovation premises and an extended innovation model. Empirical data from retail, health and education sector service organizations show the existence of a relationship between the degree of development of the inward innovation process and the degree of development of outward innovation activities. The majority of service organizations have innovation processes with an orientation toward customers and suppliers rather than other service network members, and leading service organizations follow a path that the literature defines as oriented toward the service value network. Findings lead to implications of how innovation managers could develop their internal innovation capacity to balance inward and outward activities properly.

Multidimensional, multislaces, and multiscale MRI for quality evaluation in food.

InsideFood explicitly aims at measuring food microstructure, the spatial distribution of food components within foods, with state of the art tomographic, spectroscopic and texture measurement techniques including X-ray micro-and nano CT, MRI,OCT, NMR, TRS and SRS, and acoustic emission. Nutritional quality (sugar and gluten free cereal products), sensory quality (texture of all foods) and safety (foreign material detection in cereal products) are considered. Online and inline techniques including NMR, MRI, TRS, SRS and X-ray imaging to visualise and monitor structure will be developed.

1H HR MAS NMR metabolomic and non-destructive 2D NMR relaxometry to assess internal quality in apples.

NMR can be considered a multi-scale multidimensional technology in the sense that it provides both spatial insight at macroscopic (MRI) or microscopic level (relaxometry), together with chemical characterization (HR-MAS). In this study 296 apples (from 4 cultivars) were MRI screened (20 slices per fruit) among which 7 fruits were used for metabolomic study by 1H HR MAS in order to assess various chemical shifts: malic acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose and ethanol. On the first season, tissue samples were taken from the sound and affected apples (near the core, centre and outer part of the mesocarp) belonging to sound and affected locations, while on the second season, tissue samples were focused on the comparison between sound and affected tissue. Beside, MRI and 2D non-destructive relaxometry (on whole fruits, and localized tissue) where performed on 72 and 12 apples respectively in order to compare features at macroscopic (tissue) and microscopic (subcellular) level. HR MAS shows higher content of ?-glucose, ?-glucose, malic acid and aromatic compounds in watercore affected tissues from both seasons, while sound tissue reflects higher sucrose. Microscopic (subcellular) degradation of tissue varies according to disorder development and is in good accordance with macroscopic characterization with MRI.

Modelo explicativo de la relación entre productividad y valores organizacionales, en la PYME del sector metalúrgico y minero de Venezuela

Como consecuencia de los procesos de globalización el mundo empresarial está sometido a constantes cambios que han originado la necesidad en las empresas de evaluar su funcionamiento, con el objeto de adecuar su gestión a las mejores prácticas gerenciales y operativas, en función de adaptarse a las exigencias presentes en los escenarios en que están inmersas. La presente investigación tiene como propósito desarrollar un modelo explicativo de la relación entre la productividad y los valores organizacionales, teniendo como premisa los distintos planteamientos o teorías que destacan la importancia que tienen los valores organizacionales para que las empresas logren sus metas. Específicamente se tomó como referencia la clasificación de los valores organizacionales, que contempla el modelo de gestión de Dirección por Valores (DPV), de García y Dolan (2001). Las PYMES, al considerar el efecto que tienen los valores organizacionales en la productividad, pueden apoyar su gestión a través del compromiso de las personas para lograr los resultados de productividad que quieren o necesitan alcanzar. El abordaje del estudio se ha basado en la investigación explicativa, a través de la cual se exponen las razones de ocurrencia de un fenómeno o se muestran los mecanismos por los que se relacionan dos o más variables, lo que permitió conjugar definiciones y supuestos de las relaciones encontradas entre los valores organizacionales identificados de acuerdo a la opinión de los entrevistados y que resultaron ser significativos con los resultados de productividad que presentan las empresas que fueron objeto de esta investigación La población estuvo conformada por 40 empresas activas del sector metalúrgico y minero de Ciudad Guayana, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, pertenecientes a la Asociación de Industriales Metalúrgicos y de Minería de la región Guayana (AIMM) y al directorio de la Cámara de Industriales y Mineros de Guayana. La muestra estudiada corresponde a 25 empresas que representan el 62% de la población. El proceso que se siguió para generar el modelo explicativo contempla tres etapas. La primera consiste en la fase descriptiva donde se recogió la información referente a la productividad de las empresas y a la determinación de los valores organizacionales identificados a través del análisis cualitativo de las entrevistas que se realizaron a los informantes de las empresas de la muestra. Para ello se utilizó el software Atlas ti 6.0. La segunda etapa, denominada comparativa, consistió en determinar la relación entre la productividad y los valores organizacionales, a través de las tablas de contingencias, de acuerdo con el grado de significancia que mostró el estadístico Chi- cuadrado. La tercera y última etapa del proceso es la fase explicativa que consistió en estimar la magnitud de la relación entre las variables productividad y valores organizacionales utilizando el coeficiente de contingencia de Pearson, y en establecer las asociaciones de acuerdo a las proximidades observadas que resultaron del análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Entre los hallazgos del estudio desarrollado se encontró que la productividad de las empresas puede fijarse en tres categorías: alta, media y baja y entre los factores que afectan a la productividad destacan, en el contexto externo: el gobierno, los clientes y los proveedores y en el contexto interno: la mano de obra, los materiales y los suministros. Según la opinión de los gerentes entrevistados, los valores organizacionales que caracterizan a las empresas del sector estudiado se agrupan en veintisiete categorías, que se clasifican en los siguientes componentes: entorno mercado, clientes, proveedores y otras empresas aliadas, medio ambiente, forma de tratar la Dirección al resto de empleados, forma de trabajar cotidiana y gestión de los recursos económicos. Los valores organizacionales que resultaron ser significativos fueron la innovación, la honestidad y el orden y limpieza. La magnitud de la relación encontrada del valor innovación fue moderadamente fuerte. Se infiere que las empresas, al tener una Productividad baja, deciden innovar en el desarrollo de nuevos productos. El valor honestidad arrojó una relación moderadamente fuerte, determinando que las empresas de Productividad alta basan sus relaciones con los proveedores en la honestidad. Finalmente, el valor orden y limpieza muestra una relación moderadamente débil, lo que hace suponer que las empresas de Productividad media tienen alguna preferencia por mantener el orden y limpieza en las áreas de trabajo. El modelo explicativo de la relación entre productividad y valores organizacionales, en las PYMES del sector metalúrgico y minero de Ciudad Guayana, quedó conformado por los siguientes componentes: mercado, clientes, proveedores y otras empresas aliadas, y medio ambiente. No se encontraron relaciones en los componentes forma de tratar la Dirección al resto de empleados, forma de trabajar cotidiana y gestión de los recursos económicos. ABSTRACT As a result of globalization processes, the business world is subject to constant change. This has resulted in the need for companies to evaluate their performance in order to adjust their processes to the best managerial and operational practices, with the goal to adapt to the demands present in the scenarios in which they are embedded. This research aimed to develop an explanatory model of the relationship between productivity and organizational values. In addition, it was based on the different approaches or theories that relate the importance for enterprises of the organizational values to achieve their goals. Specifically, reference was made to the classification of organizational values, which includes the model of Management by Values (DPV) following García and Dolan (1997). The SMEs, considering the effect of organizational values on productivity, can support their management through the commitment of their people to achieve productivity results that they want or need to accomplish. The study approach was based on explanatory research, which presents the reasons for occurrence of a phenomenon and the mechanisms through which two or more variables are related. This allowed to combine definitions and assumptions about the relationship found between organizational values and the productivity results of the companies that took part in this research. Organizational values were identified in the opinion of the managers interviewed, and were found to be significant with the productivity results. The population consisted of 40 active enterprises of the metallurgical and mining industry of Ciudad Guayana, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela. These enterprises were members of the Association of Metallurgical and Mining Industry of the Guayana Region (AIMM, by its acronym in Spanish) and the Directory of the Chamber of Industrial and Mining of Guayana. The sample of the study is comprised of 25 enterprises, which represent 62% of the total population. The process which has been followed to generate the explanatory model involves three stages. The first stage is the descriptive phase where the information about enterprises productivity and the determination of organizational values is gathered. These organizational values were identified by a qualitative analysis of the interviews conducted with managers of each enterprise. This analysis was performed using the Atlas ti 6.0 software. The second stage, denominated comparative, consisted in determining the relationship between productivity and organizational values through contingency tables, and according to the degree of significance showed by the Chi-Square, statistic. The third, and final stage of the process, is the explanatory phase. This consisted in estimating the magnitude of the relationship between productivity and organizational values variables using the Pearson's contingency coefficient. In addition, this stage comprises the establishment of the associations according to the observed proximities that resulted from the multiple correspondence analysis. Among the findings of this study, it was found that the productivity of enterprises can be set in three categories: high, medium and low. Additionally, it was found that in the external context the factors that stand out affecting productivity are: government policy, customers and suppliers, while in the domestic context they are: labor, materials and supplies. According to the opinion of the managers interviewed the organizational values that characterize the companies that were studied are grouped into twenty seven categories. These categories are classified into the following components: market environment, customers, suppliers and other allied companies, the environment, how Management deals with of the employees, way to work every day, and management of economic resources. Organizational values that were found to be significant were innovation, honesty and order and cleanliness. The magnitude of the relation of the innovation value was found to be moderately strong. It is inferred that companies that have low productivity decide to innovate in the development of new products. The honesty value showed a moderately strong relation, determining that high productivity enterprises base their relationships with suppliers on honesty. Lastly, the order and cleanliness value showed a moderately weak relation, which suggests that average productivity enterprises have a preference to maintain order and cleanliness in the work areas. The explanatory model of the relationship between productivity and organizational values, in the SMEs of the metallurgical and mining sector of Ciudad Guayana, was composed of the following components: market, customers, suppliers and other allied companies, and the environment. No relationships were found in the following components: how Management deals with employees, way to work every day, and management of economic resources.

Conformational changes couple Na+ and glucose transport

The mechanism by which cotransport proteins couple their substrates across cell membranes is not known. A commonly proposed model is that cotransport results from ligand-induced conformational transitions that change the accessibility of ligand-binding sites from one side of the membrane to the other. To test this model, we have measured the accessibility of covalent probes to a cysteine residue (Q457C) placed in the putative sugar-translocation domain of the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). The mutant protein Q457C was able to transport sugar, but transport was abolished after alkylation by methanethiosulfonate reagents. Alkylation blocked sugar translocation but not sugar binding. Accessibility of Q457C to alkylating reagents required external Na+ and was blocked by external sugar and phlorizin. The voltage dependence of accessibility was directly correlated with the presteady–state charge movement of SGLT1. Voltage-jump experiments with rhodamine-6-maleimide-labeled Q457C showed that the time course and level of changes in fluorescence closely followed the presteady–state charge movement. We conclude that conformational changes are responsible for the coupling of Na+ and sugar transport and that Q457 plays a critical role in sugar translocation by SGLT1.

El futuro de la regulación del sector del abastecimiento en España

La gestión del servicio de abastecimiento de agua es un tema de muy relevante y de plena actualidad, no solo en España sino a nivel mundial. En España, desde la forma de prestación del servicio a través de la gestión directa o la gestión indirecta, o el tipo en sí de gestión indirecta que se desarrolle –empresa privada, pública o mixta- dan como resultado prácticamente tantas situaciones como ayuntamientos existen ya que la competencia es municipal, según reconoce la Ley de Bases de Régimen Local. La heterogeneidad de circunstancias de gestión de los recursos hídricos, la fragmentación de un sector clave y la falta de indicadores comparables entre diferentes opciones para la prestación de este servicio, parece indicar la necesidad de apostar por la creación de un ente regulador independiente dada la naturaleza monopolística del sector del abastecimiento y el saneamiento, junto con el carácter esencial del bien que se gestiona. Mientras que las instituciones gubernamentales dictan las políticas generales a través de leyes y reglamentos, los operadores -públicos, privados o mixtos- son los responsables de prestar los servicios a la población, y sería el órgano regulador quien velaría por el cumplimiento de las normas. El MAGRAMA está estudiando la posibilidad de elaborar una Ley sobre el Ciclo Integral del Agua de Uso Urbano con las dificultades que esto tiene en consideración a las competencias de las Comunidades Autónomas, lo que sin duda ayudaría a homologar la gestión del agua urbana en España, regulando un monopolio natural, ahora en manos de más de 8.100 municipios y un reducido número de empresas concesionarias, auténticas detentadoras de estos servicios. En este trabajo tratamos de analizar las ventajas que supondría para España contar con una agencia de regulación similar a las existentes en numerosos países, tanto europeos como de América Latina.

Coltan from Central Africa, International Trade and Implications for Any Certification. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) 23/2012

The exploitation of coltan in Central Africa can be considered a case of conflict minerals due to its nature. Many international organizations and bodies, national governments and private sector organizations seek to address this conflict, in particular via transparency, certification and accountability along the material supply chain. This paper analyses the international trade dimension of coltan and gives evidence on the dimension of illicit trade of coltan. The authors start from the hypothesis that illicit trade of coltan sooner or later will enter the market and will be reflected in the statistics. The paper is structured in the following manner: first, a short section gives a profile of coltan production and markets; second, an overview of the mining situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and related actors. The third section addresses mechanisms, actors and measurement issues involved in the international trade of coltan. The final part draws lessons for certification and conflict analysis and offers some guidance for future research. The paper identifies two main possible gateways to trace illegal trade in coltan: the neighbouring countries, especially Rwanda, and the importing countries for downstream production, in particular China. Our estimation is that the value of such illicit trade comes close to $ 27 million annually (2009), roughly one fifth of the world market volume for tantalum production. With regard to any certification the paper concludes that this will become challenging for business and policy: (a) Central Africa currently is the largest supplier of coltan on the world market, many actors profit from the current situation and possess abilities to hide responsibility; (b) China will need to accept more responsibility, a first step would be the acceptance of the OECD guidelines on due diligence; (c) better regional governance in Central Africa comprises of resource taxation, a resource fund and fiscal coordination. An international task force may provide more robust data, however more research will also be needed.

Ownership and Investment Behaviour in Transition Countries: A Case Study of Collective and Corporate Farms in the Czech Republic. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 17, February 2012

Cooperative and corporate farms have retained an important role for agricultural production in many transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Despite this importance, these farms' ownership structure, and particularly the ownership's effect on their investment activity, which is vital for efficient restructuring and the sector's future development, are still not well understood. This paper explores the ownership-investment relationship using data on Czech farms from 1997 to 2008. We allow for ownership-specific variability in farm investment behaviour analyzed by utilizing an error-correction accelerator model. Empirical results suggest significant differences in the level of investment activity, responsiveness to market signals, investment lumpiness, as well as investment sensitivity to financial variables among farms with different ownership characteristics. These differences imply that the internal structure of the Czech cooperative and corporate farms will be developing in the direction of a decreasing number of owners and an increasing ownership concentration.

Mixed Public-Private Enterprises in Europe: Economic Theory and an Empirical Analysis of Italian Water Utilities. Bruges European Economic Research (BEER) Papers 4/July 2006

Mixed enterprises, which are entities jointly owned by the public and private sector, are spreading all over Europe in local utilities. Well aware that in the vast majority of cases the preference of local authorities towards such governance structure is determined by practical reasons rather than by the ambition to implement new regulatory designs (an alternative to the typical “external” regulation), our purpose is to confer some scientific value to this phenomenon which has not been sufficiently investigated in the economic literature. This paper aims at proposing an economic analysis of mixed enterprises, especially of the specific configuration in which the public partner acts as controller and the private one (or “industrial” partner) as service provider. We suggest that the public service concession to mixed enterprises could embody, under certain conditions, a noteworthy substitute to the traditional public provision and the concession to totally private enterprises, as it can push regulated operators to outperform and limit the risk of private opportunism. The starting point of the entire analysis is that ownership allows the (public) owner to gather more information about the actual management of the firm, according to property rights theory. Following this stream of research, we conclude that under certain conditions mixed enterprises could significantly reduce asymmetric information between regulators and regulated firms by implementing a sort of “internal” regulation. With more information, in effect, the public authority (as owner/controller of the regulated firm, but also as member of the regulatory agency) can stimulate the private operator to be more efficient and can monitor it more effectively with respect to the fulfilment of contractual obligations (i.e., public service obligations, quality standards, etc.). Moreover, concerning the latter function, the board of directors of the mixed enterprise can be the suitable place where public and private representatives (respectively, welfare and profit maximisers) can meet to solve all disputes arising from incomplete contracts, without recourse to third parties. Finally, taking into account that a disproportionate public intervention in the “private” administration (or an ineffective protection of the general interest) would imply too many drawbacks, we draw some policy implications that make an equitable debate on the board of the firm feasible. Some empirical evidence is taken from the Italian water sector.

Compilation of Mg/Ca ratios of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) and SST estimates from the northern North Atlantic

A map of estimated calcification temperatures of the planktic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral (TNps) for the Nordic Seas and the northern North Atlantic for the Last Glacial Maximum was produced from oxygen isotopes with support of Mg/Ca ratios. To arrive at the reconstruction, several constraints concerning the plausible salinity and ?18O-fields were employed. The reconstruction indicates inflow of temperate waters in a wedge along the eastern border of the Nordic Seas and at least seasonally ice-free waters. The reconstruction from oxygen isotopes shows similarities with Mg/Ca based paleotemperatures in the southern and southeastern sector, while unrealistically high Mg/Ca values in the central Nordic Seas prevent the application of the method in this area. The oxygen isotope based reconstruction shows some agreement with temperature reconstructions based on the modern analogue technique, but with somewhat lower temperatures and a stronger internal gradient inside the Nordic Seas. All told, our results suggest a much more ice-free and dynamic high latitude ocean than the CLIMAP reconstruction.

Direct fermentation of potato starch wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus

The biochemical kinetic of direct fermentation for lactic acid production by fungal species of Rhizopus arrhizus 3,6017 and Rhizopus oryzae 2,062 was studied with respect to growth pH, temperature and substrate. The direct fermentation was characterized by starch hydrolysis, accumulation of reducing sugar, and production of lactic acid and fungal biomass. Starch hydrolysis, reducing sugar accumulation, biomass formation and lactic acid production were affected with the variations in pH, temperature, and starch source and concentration. A growth condition with starch concentration approximately 20 g/l at pH 6.0 and 30 degrees C was favourable for both starch saccharification and lactic acid fermentation, resulting in lactic acid yield of 0.87-0.97 g/g starch associated with 1.5-2.0 g/l fungal biomass produced in 36 h fermentation. R. arrhizus 3,6017 had a higher capacity to produce lactic acid, while R. oryzae 2,062 produced more fungal biomass under similar conditions.

Relating the stickiness property of foods undergoing drying and dried products to their surface energetics

Stickiness is a common problem encountered in food handling and processing, and also during consumption. Stickiness is observed as adhesion of the food to processing equipment surfaces or cohesion within the food particulate or mass. An important operation where this undesirable behavior of food is manifested is drying. This occurs particularly during drying of high-sugar and high-fat foods. To date, the stickiness of foods during drying or dried powder has been investigated in relation to their viscous and glass transition properties. The importance of contact surface energy of the equipment has been ignored in many analyses, despite the fact that some drying operations have reported using low-energy contact surfaces in drying equipment to avoid the problems caused by stickiness. This review discusses the fundamentals of adhesion and cohesion mechanisms and relates these phenomena to drying and dried products.

On the equilibrium and dynamic behavior of alcohol vapors in activated carbon

As alcohol molecules such as methanol and ethanol have both polar and non-polar groups, their adsorption behavior is governed by the contributions of dispersion interaction (alkyl group) and hydrogen bonding (OH group). In this paper, the adsorption behavior of alcohol molecules and its effect on transport processes are elucidated. From the total permeability (B-T) of alcohol molecules in activated carbon, an adsorption mechanism is proposed, describing well the experimental data, by taking combination effects of clustering, entering micropores, layering and pore filling processes. Unlike the case of non-polar compounds, it was found that at low pressures there are two rises in the BT of alcohol molecules in activated carbon. The first rise is due to the major contribution of surface diffusion to the transport (which is the case of non-polar molecules) and the second one may be associated with cluster formation at the edge of micropores and entering micropores when the clusters are sufficiently large enough to induce a dispersive energy. In addition the clusters formed may enhance surface diffusion at low pressures and hinder gas phase diffusion and flow in meso/macropores. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All fights reserved.

Festival attendance and the development of social capital

Festivals are emerging worldwide as a growing and vibrant sector of the tourism and leisure industries and are seen to have significant economic, socio-cultural, and political impacts on the destination area and host groups. While there are a number of scholars working on developing valid models to determine the economic impact of festivals on host communities, there are few studies published which focus on the social, cultural, and/or political impacts of festivals and events. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to determine the degree to which festival attendance facilitates the augmentation of social capital by drawing upon the literature from various disciplines in order to conceptualize the synergy between festivals and social capital. To achieve this, the paper will (1) examine the relevant literature on the key characteristics of ‘festivals’ as distinct from other events and (2) investigate the current uses of the notion of ‘social capital’ within the academic debates in a variety of disciplinary contexts

Human resource management in the Indian public and private sectors:an empirical comparison

This study compares human resource management (HRM) practices in Indian public- and private-sector organizations. The investigation is based on a questionnaire survey of 137 large manufacturing firms (public sector = 81: private sector = 56). The key areas of analysis include the structure of human resource (HR) department, the role of HR function in corporate change, recruitment and selection, pay and benefits, training and development, employee relations and emphasis on key HRM strategies. Internal labour markets (ILMs) are used to make the comparative analysis. The statistical results show a number of similarities and differences in the HRM systems of Indian public-and private-sector organizations. Against the established notion, the results of this study reveal that the gap between Indian private- and public-sector HRM practices is not very significant. Moreover, in a few HR functional areas (for example, compensation and training and development), Indian private-sector firms have adopted a more rational approach than their public-sector counterparts. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.