(Table 1) Comparison of dive duration and speed of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) equipped with internal and external devices

Bio-logging studies suffer from the lack of real controls. However, it is still possible to compare indirect parameters between control and equipped animals to assess the level of global disturbance due to instrumentation. In addition, it is also possible to compare the behaviour of free-ranging animals between individuals equipped with different techniques or instruments to determine the less deleterious approach. We instrumented Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) with internal or external time-depth recorders and monitored them in parallel with a control group during the first foraging trip following instrumentation. Foraging trip duration was significantly longer in the internally-equipped group. This difference was due to a larger number of dives, reflecting a lower foraging ability or a higher food demand, and longer periods of recovery at the surface. These longer recovery periods were likely to be due to a reduced efficiency to ventilate at the surface, probably because the implanted devices pressurised adjacent organs such as air sacs. Moreover, descent and ascent rates were slightly lower in externally-equipped penguins, presumably because external instrumentation increased the bird drag. Looking at our results, implantation appears more disadvantageous - at least for short-term deployment - than external equipment in Adelie Penguins, while this method has been described to induce no negative effects in long-term studies. This underlines the need to control for potential effects due to methodological aspects in any study using data loggers in free-ranging animals, to minimise disturbance and collect reliable data.

Duration of extreme wave conditions /

Mode of access: Internet.

The elevation and duration of wave crests /

"January 1983."

Shock tube studies of the effects of sharp-rising, long-duration overpressures on biological systems /

Shock tubes have been used successfully by a number of investigators to study the biological effects of variations in environmental pressures (1,2,3). Recently an unusually versatile laboratory pressurization source became available with the capability of consistently reproducing a wide variety of pressure-time phenomena of durations equal to and well beyond those associated with the detonation of nuclear devices (4). Thus it became possible to supplement costly full-scale field research in blast biology carried out at the Nevada Test Site (5,6) by using an economical yet realistic laboratory tool. In one exploratory study employing pressure pulses of 5 to 10 sec duration wherein the times to max overpressure and the magnitudes of the overpressures were varied, a relatively high tolerance of biological media to pressures well over 150 psi was demonstrated (7). In contrast, the present paper will describe the relatively high biological susceptibility to long duration overpressures in which the pressure rises occurred in single and double fast-rising steps.

Louisiana rainfall; intensity, duration, frequency data, and depth, area [and] duration data.

Mode of access: Internet.

Low-flow and flow-duration data for Alabama streams.

Bibliography: p. 164.

Traité du scorbut, divisé en trois parties : contenant des recherches sur la nature, les causes & la duration de cette maladie ; avec un tabbleau chronologique & critique de tout ce qui a paru sur ce sujet /

Mode of access: Internet.

Stimulus pastorum, ex sententiis Patrum concinnatus : in quo agitur de vita & moribus episcoporum alirúmque praelatorum /

Contiene: Explicatio copiosior concionis habitae in consecratione ... Antonij Pinarij : de officio et moribus episcoporum ... / per Ludouicum Granatensem ..., p. 111-207.

Stimulus pastorum ex patribus concinnatus /

Mode of access: Internet.

The application of short-duration techniques to the experimental study of base heating

"Presented at the 2nd Symposium of Rocket Testing in Simulated Space and High-Altitude Environments at Arnold Engineering development Center, Tullahoma, Tennessee."

Base heating investigations on a 1/10 scale model Centaur stage using short-duration high altitude testing techniques. Contract no. NAS 3-3227.

Mode of access: Internet.

The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground water storage /

Mode of access: Internet.

An inquiry into the Scriptural doctrine concerning the devil and Satan : and into the extent of duration expressed by the terms olim, aion, and aionios, rendered everlasting, forever, etc. in the common version, and especially when applied to punishment /

Later eds. have title: Three inquiries ...

An inquiry into the Scriptural doctrine concerning the devil and Satan : and into the extent of duration expressed by the terms olim, aion, and aionios, rendered everlasting, forever, etc. in the common version, and especially when applied to punishment /

Later eds. have title: Three inquiries ...