967 resultados para Stevenson, Adlai E. (Adlai Ewing), 1900-1965


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Der Islam hält die Welt in Atem – die zerfallenden Staaten im Nahen und Mittleren Osten, die Flüchtlingsströme aus den Kriegsgebieten und der blutige Vormarsch des IS sorgen täglich für neue Schlagzeilen. Doch die Verkürzung des Islam auf Religion plus Terrorismus gehört zu den grundlegenden Irrtümern des Westens. Sie durch ein differenzierteres Bild der islamischen Welt und ihrer unterschiedlichen Gesellschaften zu überwinden, das ist die große Leistung dieses Buches. Reinhard Schulze schildert und erklärt die islamische Geschichte vom Beginn der Entkolonialisierung am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts bis zur dramatischen Situation in unseren Tagen. Er erörtert alle wichtigen politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Entwicklungen und beschränkt sich dabei nicht nur auf den Nahen Osten, sondern geht auch auf die Regionen der islamischen Peripherie ein, wo Millionen von Muslimen leben. Seine glänzende Analyse der Geschehnisse seit dem 11. September 2001 macht vor allem eines deutlich – wir können die Ursachen der heutigen islamischen Mobilisierung nicht verstehen, wenn wir uns nicht mit den historischen Bedingungen vertraut machen, aus denen sie entstanden ist.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that caused several large outbreaks in Europe in the last century. The last important outbreak in Switzerland took place in 1965/66 and affected more than 900 premises and more than 50,000 animals were slaughtered. Large-scale emergency vaccination of the cattle and pig population has been applied to control the epidemic. In recent years, many studies have used infectious disease models to assess the impact of different disease control measures, including models developed for diseases exotic for the specific region of interest. Often, the absence of real outbreak data makes a validation of such models impossible. This study aimed to evaluate whether a spatial, stochastic simulation model (the Davis Animal Disease Simulation model) can predict the course of a Swiss FMD epidemic based on the available historic input data on population structure, contact rates, epidemiology of the virus, and quality of the vaccine. In addition, the potential outcome of the 1965/66 FMD epidemic without application of vaccination was investigated. Comparing the model outcomes to reality, only the largest 10% of the simulated outbreaks approximated the number of animals being culled. However, the simulation model highly overestimated the number of culled premises. While the outbreak duration could not be well reproduced by the model compared to the 1965/66 epidemic, it was able to accurately estimate the size of the area infected. Without application of vaccination, the model predicted a much higher mean number of culled animals than with vaccination, demonstrating that vaccination was likely crucial in disease control for the Swiss FMD outbreak in 1965/66. The study demonstrated the feasibility to analyze historical outbreak data with modern analytical tools. However, it also confirmed that predicted epidemics from a most carefully parameterized model cannot integrate all eventualities of a real epidemic. Therefore, decision makers need to be aware that infectious disease models are useful tools to support the decision-making process but their results are not equal valuable as real observations and should always be interpreted with caution.