Non-Linear Wave-Induced Transient Response of Soil Around a Trenched Pipeline

Submarine pipelines are always trenched within a seabed for reducing wave loads and thereby enhancing their stability. Based on Biot’s poroelastic theory, a two-dimensional finite element model is developed to investigate non-linear wave-induced responses of soil around a trenched pipeline, which is verified with the flume test results by Sudhan et al. [Sudhan, C.M., Sundar, V., Rao, S.N., 2002. Wave induced forces around buried pipeline. Ocean Engineering, 29, 533–544] and Turcotte et al. [Turcotte, B.R., Liu, P.L.F., Kulhawy, F.H., 1984. Laboratory evaluation of wave tank parameters for wave-sediment interaction. Joseph H. Defree Hydraulic Laboratory Report 84-1, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University]. Non-linear wave-induced transient pore pressure around pipeline at various phases of wave loading is examined firstly. Unlike most previous investigations, in which only a single sediment layer and linear wave loading were concerned, in this study, the influences of the non-linearity of wave loading, the physical properties of backfill materials and the geometry profile of trenches on the excess pore pressures within the soil around pipeline, respectively, were explored, taking into account the in situ conditions of buried pipeline in the shallow ocean zones. Based on the parametric study, it is concluded that the shear modulus and permeability of backfill soils significantly affect the wave-induced excess pore pressures around trenched pipeline, and that the effect of wave non-linearity becomes more pronounced and comparable with that of trench depth, especially at high wave steepness in shallow water.

Efecto terapeutico del Jicaro Sabanero (Crescentia alata H.B.K.), Madero negro (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) y Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Jus) en dermatopatias de los conejos y diagnostico de las mismas en el Rancho Agropecologico en especies menores ebenezer, Niquinohomo, Nicaragua

Con el objetivo de determinar los principales agentes etiológicos de las dermatopatías en conejos y determinar el efecto terapéutico de tres tratamientos fitoterapéuticos 1) Jícaro Sabanero, 2) madero negro y 3) Neem, sobre las mismas, se realizó un estudio en el Rancho Agropecológico en especies menores, Ebenezer (RAEME), Niquinohomo, Nicaragua. El trabajo se realizó en 59 conejos divididos en cuatro grupos y sometidos a los diferentes tratamientos. Para evaluar la efectividad de los tratamientos se realizaron 3 aplicaciones de cada uno de ellos a sus respectivos grupos, con intervalos de siete días cada uno, durante 21 días; a excepción del jícaro que se aplicó tres días continuos, cada siete días, durante 21 días. Se determinó que los principales agentes etiológicos presentes en el estudio, fueron el ácaro Listrophorus sp, los hongos Mucor sp, Aspergillus sp, zygomices sp, Penicillium sp. De los tres tratamientos aplicados, el tratamiento a base de Neem (Azadirachta indica) fue el que presentó un efecto altamente significativo (P< 0.0001)sobre el control de las dermopatías y permitió un mejor grado de recuperación de los conejos tratados. El tratamiento a base de jícaro (Crescentia alata) presenta algún grado de efectividad para el control de las dermopatías encontradas. El tratamiento a base de madero negro (Gliricidia sepium ), presentó muy poca efectividad en el control de las dermopatías en estudio.

Estudio preliminar de la utilizacion del aceite y resina de Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) en el tratamiento de la sarna Psoroptica equina en la comarca Pilar del municipio de Santo Domingo, departamento de Chontales

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca "El Porvenir" ubicada en los 12°15' de latitud norte y 85"04' de longitud oeste, en el municipio de Santo Domingo departamento de Chontales, el clima es de sabana tropical con temperaturas entre 25 a 27"C. La duración del experimento fue de 18 días a partir de la selección e identificación de los animales bajo los tratamientos evaluados. Con el objetivo de comparar el efecto del aceite y resina de Neem al 40 % versus lvermectina pasta al 1% en el control de la sama Psoróptica equina. Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (D.C.A.). Se seleccionaron 21 equinos con edades promedios de 1O a l 5 años, estos se dividieron en 3 grupos, cada grupo formado por 7 equinos por tratamiento, Tratamiento P: Ivermectina pasta 1% a razón de lg por cada 100 kg de peso vivo, vía oral. Tratamiento A:aceite de Neem acaricida tópico botánico a base de aceite de Neem, se aplicó vía tópica un promedio de 20 mi por cada animal. Tratamiento R: resina de Neem, acaricida tópico botánico a base de resina de Neem, se aplicó vía tópica, un promedio de 20 mi por cada equino. A los equinos se les realizó un examen clinico al inicio del ensayo y a los 14 días post aplicación, se utilizó el diagnóstico clínico y sintomatológico para evaluar el comportamiento de los tratamientos. Para cuantificar las reducciones de las lesiones se utilizaron tres variables: detención, reducción y control de las lesiones. Los tratamientos con Neem aceite y resina al 400/o arrojaron los siguientes resultados: Aceite 40% logró alcanzar un 100% del control de las lesiones y la resina alcanzó 86%. La Ivermectina pasta 1% sólo alcanzó la reducción de las lesiones en un 100%. Entre los tres tratamientos, el que dio mejores resultados fue el aceite de Neem al 40% con un porcentaje de eficiencia en el control de la sama equina en un 100%.

The instability analysis of saturated soil under shear load

A theoretical description of shear instability is presented in a system of equations. It is shown that two types of instability may exist. One of them is dominated by pore pressure softening while the other by strain softening. A criterion combining pore pressure softening, strain hardening, and volume strain coefficient is obtained and practical implications are discussed.

Stochastic Structural Model of Rock and Soil Aggregates by Continuum-Based Discrete Element Method

This paper first presents a stochastic structural model to describe the random geometrical features of rock and soil aggregates. The stochastic structural model uses mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape to construct the microstructures of aggregates,and introduces two types of structural elements (block element and jointed element) and three types of material elements (rock element, soil element, and weaker jointed element)for this microstructure. Then, continuum-based discrete element method is used to study the deformation and failure mechanism of rock and soil aggregate through a series of loading tests. It is found that the stress-strain curve of rock and soil aggregates is nonlinear, and the failure is usually initialized from weaker jointed elements. Finally, some factors such as mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape are studied in detail. The numerical results are in good agreement with in situ test. Therefore, current model is effective for simulating the mechanical behaviors of rock and soil aggregates.

Influences of slope gradient on soil erosion

The main factors influencing soil erosion include the net rain excess, the water depth, the velocity, the shear stress of overland flows, and the erosion-resisting capacity of soil. The laws of these factors varying with the slope gradient were investigated by using the kinematic wave theory. Furthermore, the critical slope gradient of erosion was driven. The analysis shows that the critical slope gradient of soil erosion is dependent on grain size, soil bulk density, surface roughness, runoff length, net rain excess, and the friction coefficient of soil, etc. The critical slope gradient has been estimated theoretically with its range between 41.5 degrees similar to 50 degrees.

Efecto de Neem (Azadirachta indica J.) y Curater sobre meloidogyne y Rotylenchulus spp en tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum M.) a nivel de invernadero

Este experimento fue conducido en la Universidad Nacional Agraria (U.N.A.) a nivel de Invernadero, durante los meses de julio a octubre de 1991, con el objetivo de conocer a través de la evaluación el efecto de neem (Azadirachta indica J.) como nematicida en relación a la aplicación de curater 10G. Se utilizó un Diseño de Parcelas Divididas con dos factores: factor tratamiento con 4 niveles y el factor tiempo con 6 diferentes fechas, esto se realizó para la variable nematodos de suelo. Para el variable número de nematodos de raíz y número de nódulos se utilizó un Diseño de Bloques Completamente Aleatorizado (B. C.A.) Con 4 niveles del factor tratamiento y 6 diferentes fechas. Se realizaron muestreos semanales de suelo y raiz para evaluar las poblaciones de Rotylenchulus y Meloidogyne spp por un periodo de seis semanas. En los resultados neem mostró un índice de efectividad de un 60 a 75% y curater 10G mostró un índice de un 30 a 40%.

Relationships Between Initial Unloading Slope, Contact Depth, and Mechanical Properties for Conical Indentation in Linear Viscoelastic Solids

Using analytical and finite element modeling, we examine the relationships between initial unloading slope, contact depth, and mechanical properties for spherical indentation in viscoelastic solids with either displacement or load as the independent variable. We then investigate whether the Oliver-Pharr method for determining the contact depth and contact radius, originally proposed for indentation in elastic and elastic-plastic solids, is applicable to spherical indentation in viscoelastic solids. Finally, the analytical and numerical results are used to answer questions raised in recent literature about measuring viscoelastic properties from instrumented spherical indentation experiments.

The effect of inclined soil layers on surface vibration from underground railways using a semi-analytical approach

Ground vibration due to underground railways is a significant source of disturbance for people living or working near the subways. The numerical models used to predict vibration levels have inherent uncertainty which must be understood to give confidence in the predictions. A semi-analytical approach is developed herein to investigate the effect of soil layering on the surface vibration of a halfspace where both soil properties and layer inclination angles are varied. The study suggests that both material properties and inclination angle of the layers have significant effect ( ± 10dB) on the surface vibration response. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Improved Analysis Method for Wave-Induced Pipeline Stability on Sandy Seabed

The existing Det Norske Veritas DNV Recommended Practice RP E305 for pipeline on-bottom stability is mainly based on the pipe–soil interaction model reported by Wagner et al. in 1987, and the wake model reported by Lambrakos et al. in 1987, to calculate the soil resistance and the hydrodynamic forces upon pipeline, respectively. Unlike the methods in the DNV Practice, in this paper, an improved analysis method is proposed for the on-bottom stability of a submarine pipeline, which is based on the relationships between Um/ gD 0.5 and Ws / D2 for various restraint conditions obtained by the hydrodynamic loading experiments, taking into account the coupling effects between wave, pipeline, and sandy seabed. The analysis procedure is illustrated with a detailed flow chart. A comparison is made between the submerged weights of pipeline predicted with the DNV Practice and those with the new method. The proposed analysis method may provide a helpful tool for the engineering practice of pipeline on-bottom stability design.