Table 1: Glacier measurements from air photos 1969 and landsat images 1972 and 1973

The extent of snow cover at the end of the ablation season on glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps in 1972 and 1973 was determined from Landsat-1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images. For snovv mapping the MSS-images with a ground resolution of 80 meters were enlarged to a scale of 1: 100.000 by photographic methods. Different appearance of snow cover in the 4 MSS-channels is discussed in connection with ground truth control. The accuracy of snow and ice mapping from Landsat images was checked on 15 glaciers with an area from 1 to 10 km2 by aerial photography and/or ground truth control. These comparisons imply the usefulness of Landsat images for snow mapping on glaciers of a few square kilometers. The altitude of the equilibrium line was determined from Landsat images for 53 glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps. The regional differences in the equilibrium line altitude correspond to the regional precipitation patterns. The equilibrium line was identical with the snow line at the end of the budget year 1971/1972; therefore it was possible to determine the equilibrium line from satellite images. For 1968/69 the equilibrium line was mapped from aerial photographs for several glaciers. In 1972/73 mass balance was strongly negative and the equilibrimn line was within the firn area of the glaciers. Therefore it was not possible to distinguish between accumulation and ablation areas from the Landsat images of September 1973; however, snow and ice areas could be olearly differentiated. The ratios of accumulation area 01' snow area to the total area of the glaciers were determineel from satellite images and aerial photography separately for aelvancing anel for retreating glaciers and were relateel to the mass balance. In the budget years 1968/69 and 1972/73 with negative mass balance the accumulation area ratios of the advancing glacien; were olearly different from the ratios of the retreating glaciers, in 1971/72 with positive 01' balanced mass budget the differences between advancing and retreating glaciers were not significant.

Central & Eastern Africa, 1887 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Central Africa : on a scale of 1:10,000,000, By Dr. F. Boas. It was published by Hart & Von Arx in 1887. Scale 1:10,000,000 The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Worcester, Massachusetts, ca. 1860 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Worcester, Mass. : from actual surveys under the direction of P. Ball, C.E. It was published by Smith & Mc.Kinney, between 1850 and 1860. Scale [ca. 1:3,600]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, public buildings, schools, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), selected private buildings with names of property owners, town and ward boundaries, cemeteries, and more. Includes also engravings of important buildings and advertisements in margins. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Coast, North Africa, Tunisia and Algeria, 1829 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte comparée des régences d'Alger et de Tunis, dressée par le Chev. Lapie, Géographe du Roi ; les noms anciens ont été revus par ... Hase ; les noms arabes par ... Taubert ; gravé par Flahaut ; écrit par Lallemand. It was published by Chez Ch. Picquet, Quai Conti, no. 17 in 1829. Scale [ca. 1:1,632,653], 16 km=9.8 cm. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map. Covers the coast of North Africa including Tunisia, Algeria, and portions of Morocco and Libya. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Orleans, France, ca. 1680 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville d'Orleans : comme il est aujourd'huy, où sont representées en elevation les églises, palais et autres edifices. It was published by Chez le Sr. Iselin, au bas du Pont au Change between 1680 and 1715. Scale [ca. 1:4,625]. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Selected features shown pictorially. Includes also a brief history of the city.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Queensland, Australia, 1896 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Queensland and British New Guinea : prepared for educational purposes, Survey Deptartment, Brisbane. It was published by The Dept. in 1896. Scale [ca. 1:1,710,720]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing north portion of the map. Covers primarily northeast Australia and a portion of Papua New Guinea.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 Map Grid of Australia Zone 54 projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, coastal features, selected places of interest, administrative boundaries, and more. Relief shown by shading and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Caen, France, ca. 1870 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Caen à vol d'oiseau, plan dessiné et lithé par Arse. Le Cointe. It was published by Alfred Bouchard ca. 1870. Scale [ca. 1:5,900]. Covers the Caen region, France. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 30N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, canals, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also inset of Beaulieu.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Le Havre, Haute-Normandie, France, ca. 1880 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville & du Port du Havre. It was published by Eug. Costey, éditeur ca. 1880. Scale [ca. 1:16,400]. Covers Le Havre region, Haute-Normandie, France. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, selected buildings, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, city districts, fortification, canals, wharves, docks, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Lille, France, ca. 1709 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville et citadelle de Lille, P. v. Call fecit. It was published by chez Anna Beek ca. 1709. Scale [ca. 1:9,281]. Covers Citadelle de Lille and a portion of Lille, France. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, defenses, and lines of fire, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Delft, Netherlands, ca. 1695 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Delfi Batavorum vernacule Delft, F. de Wit excudit. It was published ca. 1695. Scale [ca. 1:3,800]. Covers a portion of Delft, Netherlands. Map in Latin and Dutch. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Dutch National Grid: RD (Rijksdriehoekstelsel) GCS Amersfoort (Bessel 1841) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Includes also index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Dordrecht, Netherlands, ca. 1695 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Dordracum vulgo Dortt, F. de Wit excudit. It was published ca. 1695. Scale [ca. 1:4,830]. Covers a portion of Dordrecht, Netherlands. Map in Latin and Dutch.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Dutch National Grid: RD (Rijksdriehoekstelsel) GCS Amersfoort (Bessel 1841) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Includes also index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Haarlem, Netherlands, ca. 1695 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Harlemum vulgo Haerlem, F. de Wit excudit. It was published ca. 1695. Scale [ca. 1:3,862]. Covers a portion of Haarlem, Netherlands. Map in Latin and Dutch. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Dutch National Grid: RD (Rijksdriehoekstelsel) GCS Amersfoort (Bessel 1841) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, canals, ground cover, and more. Includes also index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Luxembourg and Portions of Belgium, Germany, and France, 1705 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Le Duché de Luxembourg divisé en Quartier Walon, et Allemand : dans chacun desquels sont diviséz, les Seigneuries, Prevostés et Comtés. Le Duché de Bouillon ; le Comté de Namur et le Pays entre Sambre et Meuse, Dedié au Roy par son tres-humble, tres-obeissant, tres-fidele sujet et serviteur Hubert Jaillot, Geographe du Roy. It was published by chez l'auteur, joignant les grands Augustins, aux deux Globes, avec privilége du roy in 1705. Scale [ca. 1:143,370]. Covers Luxembourg and portions of Belgium, Germany, and France. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial and administrative boundaries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Basel, Switzerland, ca. 1850 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville de Basle = Plan der Stadt Basel, tracé par A. Obrist ; A. Zemp sc. It was published by Hasler & Cie. ca. 1850. Scale [ca. 1:2,860]. Covers a portion of Basel, Switzerland. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, parks, ground cover, and more. Includes index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Göttingen, Germany, ca. 1740 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Goettinga, urbs munitissima et splendida electoratus Brunsvico-Luneburgici Academia Georgia Augusta inclyta, accurate aere repraesentata à Matth. Seuttero, Geogr. Caesar, Aug. Vind. It was published by M. Seutter, ca. 1740. Scale [ca. 1:3,500]. Covers Göttingen, Germany. Map in German and Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 3 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Includes indexes, illustrations, and view.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.