Frequency of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp. from Brazil

A total of 296 Shigella spp. were received from State Public Health Laboratories, during the period from 1999 to 2004, by National Reference Laboratory for Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NRLCED) - IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The frequency of Shigella spp. was: S. flexneri (52.7%), S. sonnei (44.2%), S. boydii (2.3%), and S. dysenteriae (0.6%). The most frequent S. flexneri serovars were 2a and 1b. The highest incidence rates of Shigella isolation were observed in the Southeast (39%) and Northeast (34%) regions and the lowest rate in the South (3%) of Brazil. Strains were further analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion method as part of a surveillance program on antimicrobial resistance. The highest rates of antimicrobial resistance were to trimethoprim-sulfamethozaxole (90%), tetracycline (88%), ampicillin (56%), and chloramphenicol (35%). The patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates pose a major difficulty in the determination of an appropriate drug for shigellosis treatment. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Shigella spp. through a surveillance system is thus essential for effective therapy and control measures against shigellosis.

Automated systems in the identification and determination of methicillin resistance among coagulase negative staphylococci

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are an important cause of nosocomial bacteremia, specially in patients with indwelling devices or those submitted to invasive medical procedures. The identification of species and the accurate and rapid detection of methicillin resistance are directly dependent on the quality of the identification and susceptibility tests used, either manual or automated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of two automated systems MicroScan and Vitek - in the identification of CoNS species and determination of susceptibility to methicillin, considering as gold standard the biochemical tests and the characterization of the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. MicroScan presented better results in the identification of CoNS species (accuracy of 96.8 vs 78.8%, respectively); isolates from the following species had no precise identification: Staphylococcus haemolyticus, S. simulans, and S. capitis. Both systems were similar in the characterization of methicillin resistance. The higher discrepancies for gene mec detection were observed among species other than S. epidermidis (S. hominis, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. cohnii), and those with borderline MICs.

Determination of nicotine and nicotine metabolites in urine by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Potential use of smokeless tobacco products by ice hockey players.

Consumption of nicotine in the form of smokeless tobacco (snus, snuff, chewing tobacco) or nicotine-containing medication (gum, patch) may benefit sport practice. Indeed, use of snus seems to be a growing trend and investigating nicotine consumption amongst professional athletes is of major interest to sport authorities. Thus, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the detection and quantification of nicotine and its principal metabolites cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, nicotine-N'-oxide and cotinine-N-oxide in urine was developed. Sample preparation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) operated in electrospray positive ionization (ESI) mode with selective reaction monitoring (SRM) data acquisition. The method was validated and calibration curves were linear over the selected concentration ranges of 10-10,000 ng/mL for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine and 10-5000 ng/mL for nicotine-N'-oxide and cotinine-N-oxide, with calculated coefficients of determination (R(2)) greater than 0.95. The total extraction efficiency (%) was concentration dependent and ranged between 70.4 and 100.4%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for all analytes was 10 ng/mL. Repeatability and intermediate precision were ?9.4 and ?9.9%, respectively. In order to measure the prevalence of nicotine exposure during the 2009 Ice Hockey World Championships, 72 samples were collected and analyzed after the minimum of 3 months storage period and complete removal of identification means as required by the 2009 International Standards for Laboratories (ISL). Nicotine and/or metabolites were detected in every urine sample, while concentration measurements indicated an exposure within the last 3 days for eight specimens out of ten. Concentrations of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, nicotine-N'-oxide and cotinine-N-oxide were found to range between 11 and 19,750, 13 and 10,475, 10 and 8217, 11 and 3396, and 13 and 1640 ng/mL, respectively. When proposing conservative concentration limits for nicotine consumption prior and/or during the games (50 ng/mL for nicotine, cotinine and trans-3-hydroxycotinine and 25 ng/mL for nicotine-N'-oxide and cotinine-N-oxide), about half of the hockey players were qualified as consumers. These findings significantly support the likelihood of extensive smokeless nicotine consumption. However, since such conclusions can only be hypothesized, the potential use of smokeless tobacco as a doping agent in ice hockey requires further investigation.

Added Value of Deep Sequencing Relative to Population Sequencing in Heavily Pre-Treated HIV-1-Infected Subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential of deep HIV-1 sequencing for adding clinically relevant information relative to viral population sequencing in heavily pre-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. METHODS: In a proof-of-concept study, deep sequencing was compared to population sequencing in HIV-1-infected individuals with previous triple-class virological failure who also developed virologic failure to deep salvage therapy including, at least, darunavir, tipranavir, etravirine or raltegravir. Viral susceptibility was inferred before salvage therapy initiation and at virological failure using deep and population sequencing genotypes interpreted with the HIVdb, Rega and ANRS algorithms. The threshold level for mutant detection with deep sequencing was 1%. RESULTS: 7 subjects with previous exposure to a median of 15 antiretrovirals during a median of 13 years were included. Deep salvage therapy included darunavir, tipranavir, etravirine or raltegravir in 4, 2, 2 and 5 subjects, respectively. Self-reported treatment adherence was adequate in 4 and partial in 2; one individual underwent treatment interruption during follow-up. Deep sequencing detected all mutations found by population sequencing and identified additional resistance mutations in all but one individual, predominantly after virological failure to deep salvage therapy. Additional genotypic information led to consistent decreases in predicted susceptibility to etravirine, efavirenz, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and indinavir in 2, 1, 2 and 1 subject, respectively. Deep sequencing data did not consistently modify the susceptibility predictions achieved with population sequencing for darunavir, tipranavir or raltegravir. CONCLUSIONS: In this subset of heavily pre-treated individuals, deep sequencing improved the assessment of genotypic resistance to etravirine, but did not consistently provide additional information on darunavir, tipranavir or raltegravir susceptibility. These data may inform the design of future studies addressing the clinical value of minority drug-resistant variants in treatment-experienced subjects.

Central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and degree of myopia in an adult myopic population aged 20 to 40 years in southeast Spain: determination and relationships

Objective: To determine the values of, and study the relationships among, central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and degree of myopia (DM) in an adult myopic population aged 20 to 40 years in Almeria (southeast Spain). To our knowledge this is first study of this kind in this region. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was done in which a sample of 310 myopic patients (620 eyes) aged 20 to 40 years was selected by gender- and age-stratified sampling, which was proportionally fixed to the size of the population strata for which a 20% prevalence of myopia, 5% epsilon, and a 95% confidence interval were hypothesized. We studied IOP, CCT, and DM and their relationships by calculating the mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval for the mean, median, Fisher’s asymmetry coefficient, range (maximum, minimum), and the Brown-Forsythe’s robust test for each variable (IOP, CCT, and DM). Results: In the adult myopic population of Almeria aged 20 to 40 years (mean of 29.8), the mean overall CCT was 550.12 μm. The corneas of men were thicker than those of women (P = 0.014). CCT was stable as no significant differences were seen in the 20- to 40-year-old subjects’ CCT values. The mean overall IOP was 13.60 mmHg. Men had a higher IOP than women (P = 0.002). Subjects over 30 years (13.83) had a higher IOP than those under 30 (13.38) (P = 0.04). The mean overall DM was −4.18 diopters. Men had less myopia than women (P < 0.001). Myopia was stable in the 20- to 40-year-old study population (P = 0.089). A linear relationship was found between CCT and IOP (R2 = 0.152, P ≤ 0.001). CCT influenced the IOP value by 15.2%. However no linear relationship between DM and IOP, or between CCT and DM, was found. Conclusions: CCT was found to be similar to that reported in other studies in different populations. IOP tends to increase after the age of 30 and is not accounted for by alterations in CCT values.

Relative adrenal insufficiency and hemodynamic status in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery patients. A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for relative adrenal insufficiency in cardiopulmonary bypass patients and the impact on postoperative vasopressor requirements. METHODS: Prospective cohort study on cardiopulmonary bypass patients who received etomidate or not during anesthetic induction. Relative adrenal insufficiency was defined as a rise in serum cortisol Relative adrenal insufficiency (Deltacortisol relative adrenal insufficiency, (P < 0.001). Controlling for clinical characteristics with a propensity analysis, etomidate was the only independent risk factor associated with relative adrenal insufficiency (OR 6.55, CI 95%: 2.47-17.4; P < 0.001). Relative adrenal insufficiency patients showed more vasopressor requirements just after surgery (P = 0.04), and at 4 hours after surgery (P = 0.01). Pre and post-test plasma cortisol levels were inversely associated with maximum norepinephrine dose (rho = -0.22, P = 0.02; rho = -0.18, P = 0.05; rho = -0.21, P = 0.02; and rho = -0.22, P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Relative adrenal insufficiency in elective cardiopulmonary bypass patients may induce postoperative vasopressor dependency. Use of etomidate in these patients is a modifiable risk factor for the development of relative adrenal insufficiency that should be avoided.

Determination of chlorzoxazone and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone in plasma by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method is presented which allows the determination of chlorzoxazone and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone after derivatization with the reagent N-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide. No interference was observed from endogenous compounds following the extraction of plasma samples from six different human subjects. The standard curves were linear over a working range of 20 to 4000 ng/ml and of 20 to 1000 ng/ml for chlorzoxazone and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 65 to 97% for the two compounds and intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were always less than 9%. The limit of quantitation of the method was found to be 5 ng/ml for the two compounds, hence allowing its use for single low dose pharmacokinetics.

Non-invasive dry mass determination and monitoring at the single cell level with digital holographic microscopy

Digital holography microscopy (DHM) is an optical microscopy technique which allows recording non-invasively the phase shift induced by living cells with nanometric sensitivity. Here, we exploit the phase signal as an indicator of dry mass (related to the protein concentration). This parameter allows monitoring the protein production rate and its evolution during the cell cycle. ©2008 COPYRIGHT SPIE

Association of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) population density with climate variables in Montes Claros, an area of American visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

In the present paper, we evaluate the relationship between climate variables and population density of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Montes Claros, an area of active transmission of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Brazil. Entomological captures were performed in 10 selected districts of the city, between September 2002-August 2003. A total of 773 specimens of L. longipalpiswere captured in the period and the population density could be associated with local climate variables (cumulative rainfall, average temperature and relative humidity) through a mathematical linear model with a determination coefficient (Rsqr) of 0.752. Although based on an oversimplified statistical analysis, as far as the vector is concerned, this approach showed to be potentially useful as a starting point to guide control measures for AVL in Montes Claros.

Rhumatotogie. Les coxibes augmentent-ils les risques cardiovasculaires [Rheumatology. Do coxibs pose a cardiovascular risk?]

There is ongoing controversy regarding the cardiovascular safety of coxibes. Inhibition of COX-2 may have a pro-coagulant effect though available data does not support a class effect in human use. In clinical practice, prudence with its prescription is recommended. In cases which require treatment beyond one week, the individual cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks need to be assessed. If the risk is predominantly gastrointestinal, a COXIB is indicated. If the cardiovascular risk is major, then a classical NSAID with gastric protection may be more appropriate.

In vivo quantification of neuro-glial metabolism and glial glutamate concentration using 1H-[13C] MRS at 14.1T.

Astrocytes have recently become a major center of interest in neurochemistry with the discoveries on their major role in brain energy metabolism. An interesting way to probe this glial contribution is given by in vivo (13) C NMR spectroscopy coupled with the infusion labeled glial-specific substrate, such as acetate. In this study, we infused alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats with [2-(13) C]acetate and followed the dynamics of the fractional enrichment (FE) in the positions C4 and C3 of glutamate and glutamine with high sensitivity, using (1) H-[(13) C] magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 14.1T. Applying a two-compartment mathematical model to the measured time courses yielded a glial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle rate (Vg ) of 0.27 ± 0.02 μmol/g/min and a glutamatergic neurotransmission rate (VNT ) of 0.15 ± 0.01 μmol/g/min. Glial oxidative ATP metabolism thus accounts for 38% of total oxidative metabolism measured by NMR. Pyruvate carboxylase (VPC ) was 0.09 ± 0.01 μmol/g/min, corresponding to 37% of the glial glutamine synthesis rate. The glial and neuronal transmitochondrial fluxes (Vx (g) and Vx (n) ) were of the same order of magnitude as the respective TCA cycle fluxes. In addition, we estimated a glial glutamate pool size of 0.6 ± 0.1 μmol/g. The effect of spectral data quality on the fluxes estimates was analyzed by Monte Carlo simulations. In this (13) C-acetate labeling study, we propose a refined two-compartment analysis of brain energy metabolism based on (13) C turnover curves of acetate, glutamate and glutamine measured with state of the art in vivo dynamic MRS at high magnetic field in rats, enabling a deeper understanding of the specific role of glial cells in brain oxidative metabolism. In addition, the robustness of the metabolic fluxes determination relative to MRS data quality was carefully studied.

Les troubles alimentaires atypiques : recherche qualitative auprès d'adolescentes suivies dans un groupe thérapeutique

RESUMELes troubles des conduites alimentaires atypiques (TCAA) représentent une catégorie diagnostique émergente, relativement peu décrite. Ils regroupent des tableaux cliniques ne satisfaisant pas entièrement aux critères des troubles alimentaires typiques anorexie et boulimie. Désignés par le terme de EDNOS' dans le DSM-IV2 (American Psychiatrie Association, 1994), ils sont appelés troubles atypiques dans la CIM-103 (World Health Organization, 1993).Les TCAA représentent la majorité des demandes dans les consultations pour troubles alimentaires, concernent une grande proportion de la population non-consultante et constituent un enjeu de santé publique prioritaire.Cette étude se penche sur le parcours de 24 jeunes filles présentant de tels troubles, qui ont été suivies dans le cadre d'un groupe thérapeutique à l'UMSA (Unité Multidisciplinaire de Santé des Adolescents, CHUV, Lausanne). Elle a pour but de mieux connaître ces troubles alimentaires atypiques.Deux axes de questions de recherche organisent ce travail: le premier, orienté autour du trouble alimentaire atypique, de sa définition (avec les questions de classification diagnostique) et de son évolution (avec les questions de passages d'une catégorie à une autre), le second autour du groupe thérapeutique, de son utilité et de ses indications.1. Résultats cliniquesLes résultats de l'analyse thématique décrivent un trouble important, qui induit une souffrance plus intense que ne tendraient à le laisser penser la relative banalité de la présentation clinique en comparaison des troubles typiques ainsi que la catégorisation en tant que troubles résiduels. Des moyens compensatoires -qui visent au maintien d'un poids stable en dépit des crises alimentaires ainsi qu'à la perte de poids, soit par des méthodes non-purgatives (restrictions massives, diètes, jeûnes, pratique du sport à outrance), soit par des méthodes purgatives (vomissements auto-induits, usage de laxatifs, diurétiques) - sont présents chez 15 participantes, sous forme de vomissements chez 6 d'entre elles. Seize participantes ont présenté des troubles des menstruations. Des difficultés de la lignée anxio-dépressive sont relevées chez la moitié des participantes, alliées à un perfectionnisme important. L'estime de soi apparaît globalement basse, excessivement influencée par l'insatisfaction attachée au poids et aux formes corporelles. L'analyse fait clairement apparaître le lien complexe unissant les attitudes face à l'alimentation et le désir de maigrir aux crises de frénésie alimentaire. Les crises permettent aux patientes de moduler leurs émotions, tant .positives que négatives. Le vécu de la maladie et des préoccupations pour le corps et l'alimentation semble généralisable. et «transcatégorique», bien que les troubles alimentaires de l'ordre de l'anorexie atypique restrictive, du fait de l'absence de crises de frénésie, semblent appartenir à un registre différent des troubles avec perte de contrôle sur l'alimentation et crises, notamment en termes d'implications dans la vie quotidienne.Lorsque les participantes sont revues (au minimum un an après la sortie du groupe thérapeutique), 15 d'entre elles sont indemnes de tout symptôme, 5 présentent encore un TCAA type boulimie atypique, et 4 ont parfois des crises résiduelles. Des préoccupations pour l'alimentation et le poids subsistent. Le pronostic d'évolution n'apparaît lié ni à la durée de participation au groupe, ni uniquement à la catégorie diagnostique ou aux seuls éléments de co-morbidité, mais davantage à un investissement rapidement positif du groupe, ainsi qu'à la qualité des prises en charge parallèles en présence d'éléments de co-morbidité importants ou d'antécédents d'autres troubles alimentaires.Notre collectif atteste de passages d'une catégorie de trouble à une autre (anorexie puis boulimie, comme décrit dans la littérature) et de changements d'intensité (trouble typique puis atypique) au cours de la maladie, confirmant un continuum possible, tant entre les troubles typiques, qu'entre les troubles typiques et atypiques. Néanmoins, la multiplicité des parcours possibles dans la maladie, ainsi que l'existence de formes stables, sans passages d'une catégorie à une autre, incite à la prudence et ne permet pas de confirmer en tout point l'hypothèse de la nature dimensionnelle (même nature, intensité différente) des troubles alimentaires.Le trouble atypique représente parfois une étape dans l'évolution à partir d'un trouble typique, pouvant être envisagé comme moment sur le chemin de la guérison, ce qui pose la question des critères de guérison.2. Nature des troubles alimentaires atypiquesDu collectif émergent 4 catégories diagnostiques de troubles alimentaires atypiques: hyperphagie boulimique, boulimie atypique non-purgative, boulimie atypique purgative et anorexie atypique restrictive. Le tableau clinique.de l'hyperphagie boulimique comporte des crises de boulimie, mais peu de préoccupations concernant le poids et les formes corporelles en compá= raison des 3 autres catégories, et pas de moyens de compensation des crises, ce qui induit fréquemment un surpoids voire une obésité pour les patientes concernées. Les moyens de compensation des crises de boulimie demeurent non-purgatives (jeûne, sport) dans la boulimie atypique non-purgative, alors que vomissements et usage de laxatifs suite aux crises caractérisent la boulimie atypique purgative. Le tableau clinique de l'anorexie atypique restrictive ne présente ni crises de boulimie ni moyens de compensation purgatifs type vomissements. Ces catégories sont retrouvées dans la littérature.Nos résultats rejoignent la littérature actuelle qui envisage la nécessité d'une reclassification des troubles alimentaires en vue du DSM-V. Dans l'intervalle, adopter la classification de la CIM et parler d'anorexie atypique, de -type restrictif ou avec crises, de boulimie atypique, purgative ou non, et y ajouter l'hyperphagie boulimique, rendrait mieux compte de la réalité clinique des troubles alimentaires atypiques que ne le fait la classe des EDNOS du DSM, peu différenciée, mêlant des tableaux très divers et au final insatisfaisante.3. Utilité et indication du groupeLe groupe recèle un fort pouvoir thérapeutique pour les patientes qui s'y impliquent. L'étayage sur les autres émerge comme facteur thérapeutique principal, ainsi que le décrit la littérature. Cette prise en charge thérapeutique convient particulièrement à des patientes présentant un trouble alimentaire sur le versant boulimique, comprenant l'hyperphagie boulimique, la boulimie atypique, purgative ou non, ainsi que certaines boulimies de moyenne gravité. Les patientes du collectif qui présentent des difficultés de l'ordre de l'anorexie atypique restrictive bénéficient moins du groupe que les participantes qui expérimentent des pertes de contrôle sur la nourriture.4. ImplicationsL'intensité de la souffrance, la complexité des tableaux symptomatiques, la diversité des parcours et les multiples répercussions sur la vie sociale démontrent l'importance de repérer et prendre en charge ces troubles alimentaires qui demeurent souvent banalisés. Dans cette perspective, la formation au dépistage, à l'évaluation et à la prise en charge des divers intervenants confrontés à ces troubles représente un enjeu majeur. .Enfin, dénoncer les pressions socioculturelles à la minceur et le dictat des régimes, promouvoir une notion de bien-être et une bonne estime de soi qui ne soient pas liées à l'apparence contribuera à prévenir les troubles alimentaires atypiques.

High-mobility group box-1 protein determination in postmortem samples.

The aims of this study were to assess whether high-mobility group box-1 protein can be determined in biological fluids collected during autopsy and evaluate the diagnostic potential of high-mobility group box-1 protein in identifying sepsis-related deaths. High-mobility group box-1 protein was measured in serum collected during hospitalization as well as in undiluted and diluted postmortem serum and pericardial fluid collected during autopsy in a group of sepsis-related deaths and control cases with noninfectious causes of death. Inclusion criteria consisted of full biological sample availability and postmortem interval not exceeding 6h. The preliminary results indicate that high-mobility group box-1 protein levels markedly increase after death. Concentrations beyond the upper limit of the calibration curve were obtained in undiluted postmortem serum in septic and traumatic control cases. In pericardial fluid, concentrations beyond the upper limit of the calibration curve were found in all cases. These findings suggest that the diagnostic potential of high-mobility group box-1 protein in the postmortem setting is extremely limited due to molecule release into the bloodstream after death, rendering antemortem levels difficult or impossible to estimate even after sample dilution.

A high corticosterone/DHEA-s ratio in young rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi is associated with increased susceptibility

We have previously established that young male rats are more susceptible to the effects of Trypanosoma cruzi infection than adult rats. To explore underlying age-associated differences in disease outcome, we simultaneously assessed hormone levels and cytokine release throughout the acute infection period in young and adult rats infected with T. cruzi. Young rats were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) and adult rats with 7 x 10(6) blood trypomastigotes, according to their relative body weight. At zero, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after infection, blood was collected for the determination of gonadal and adrenal hormones, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10 and specific IgM and IgG subtypes. Young animals displayed significantly higher parasitaemia values and an endocrine pattern that was characterised by elevated values in corticosterone (CT) and the CT/dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate ratio, which favours immunosuppression and susceptibility. In contrast, adult male rats were able to restrict the parasite burden, which likely resulted from increased IgG antibody synthesis and oestradiol levels. Adult rats also showed a reduced TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and less tissue damage. We conclude that young animals exhibited increased vulnerability to T. cruzi infection compared with adults and this is associated with an unsuitable immunoendocrine milieu.