987 resultados para Reforma, regímenes, pensiones, Costa Rica, solidaridad.


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The conflicts of the past decade in Central America have produced substantial refugee movements into neighboring nations. Costa Rica has had to cope with an influx of refugees and migrants as large as 10 percent of its population. This work presents a case study of the situation in Costa Rica, focusing on the issue of refugee integration into the host society. It draws on qualitative field research conducted in that country during 1986. The study discusses the evolution of the Costa Rican state's response to the refugee crisis and analyzes the characteristics and impact of policies undertaken by various state bureaucracies. It also describes the assistance efforts of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and private voluntary organizations, along with their interaction with the Costa Rican state. The study concludes that the government's need to maintain firm control of refugee programs has overshadowed its commitment to refugee integration. In so doing, the humanitarian purpose of refugee assistance has been compromised.

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This qualitative study, based on interviews to 17 refugee families, attempts to identify the reasons behind the lack of integration of Colombian refugees in Costa Rica. The model of Immigrant Modes of Incorporation and the studies of Alejandro Portes and Julia Sensenbrenner about the sources of social capital on migrant communities provided the theoretical framework used to identify the roots of the integration challenges. The findings suggest that Costa Rican policies towards the reception and integration of Colombian refugees are exclusionary. The host labor market is marked by sentiments of xenophobia towards the sample population while reported cases of persecution in the country also inhibit this population's economic integration. The lack of social capital sources contributes to inhibit this community's development, despite their participation in informal networks. There were signs of collective action. Yet, the refugee community fails to come together, while it also seems alienated from the community of Colombian entrepreneurs in Costa Rica.

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In order to explore the conservation ecology of frogs and lizards in the Sarapiqui region of Costa Rica, I compared populations and communities among forest fragments and La Selva Biological Station, as well as across 35 years of sampling at La Selva. Species richness in nine fragments combined was 85% of that found in La Selva, and community composition varied among sites and by fragment size class. Although communities in fragments differed fundamentally from those in intact forest, the high diversity observed across all fragments indicates that preserving a network of small forest patches may be of great conservation value to the herpetofauna of this region. According to data from past studies at La Selva, most common species of leaf-litter frogs and lizards demonstrated significant decreases in density over the 35-year period. My findings may represent either natural population fluctuations or sweeping faunal declines at this site.

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Marine Areas for Responsible Artisanal Fishing (AMPR) have emerged as a new model for co-managing small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies and NGOs. This thesis aims to examine the context for collective action and co-management by small-scale fishers; evaluate the design, implementation, and enforcement of AMPRs; and conduct a linguistic analysis of fisheries legislation. The present work relies on the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with 23 key informants, rapid rural assessments, and legal documents. Findings demonstrate the strong influence of economic factors for sustaining collective action, as well as the importance of certain types of external organizations for community development and co-management. Additionally, significant enforcement gaps and institutional deficiencies were identified in the work of regulating agencies. Legal analysis suggests that mechanisms for government accountability are unavailable and that legal discourse reflects some of the most salient problems in management.

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The DSDP/ODP Hole 504B, drilled in the 5.9 Ma southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift, represents the deepest section through modern ocean floor basaltic basement. The hole penetrates a 570 m thick volcanic zone, a 210 m thick transition zone of volcanic rocks and dykes, and 1056 m of dykes. A representative selection of these basalt types has been investigated with respect to Nd and Pb isotopes. The epsilonNd of the basalts varies from 7.62 to 11.16. This range in the Nd-isotope composition represents about 67% of the total range reported for Pacific MORB. The Pb-isotope composition also shows significant variation, with 206Pb/204Pb varying from 17.90 to 18.82. The isotopic data show that a small volume of enriched mantle existed in the source. The large ranges in isotopic composition in a single drill hole demonstrate the importance of small-scale mantle heterogeneities in the petrogenesis of MORB. Fractional melting and extraction of small magma batches by channelled flow, and small, short-lived crustal magma reservoirs, with limited potential for mixing of the mantle derived magmas, are favored by these isotopic data.

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Debido al marco jurídico actual, en los últimos años, el sistema educativo costarricense ha experimentado cambios significativos, tanto en los niveles internacional como nacional. Estos van desde la promulgación de la Ley 7600 Igualdad de Oportunidades para las Personas con Discapacidad en Costa Rica (Costa Rica, Asamblea Legislativa,1996) hasta el planteamiento de la Ley 8661 Convención sobre los Derechos Humanos de las Personas con Discapacidad (Costa Rica, Asamblea Legislativa, 2008).

Por lo anterior, el espacio temporal en el que emergió el Proyecto UNA Educación de Calidad, en 1998 y el contexto en el cual estaba inmerso el Sistema Educativo Nacional, particularmente, en el ámbito universitario, la propuesta pedagógica que se presenta da muestra de una transición entre el modelo rehabilitador y el modelo social, específicamente, dentro de cada uno de estos, el respectivo abordaje educativo, que abarca desde los procedimientos de la integración a los de la educación inclusiva.

Desde esta perspectiva, se presenta las vivencias y estrategias desplegadas desde el Proyecto UNA Educación de Calidad. El fin es proporcionar apoyo y seguimiento, en su formación profesional, a un grupo de la diversidad, constituido por los estudiantes con necesidades educativas matriculados en la Universidad Nacional. De esta forma, se pretenden hacer efectivos sus derechos de acceder a una educación superior de calidad, de acuerdo con sus características personales y sociales, y promover su permanencia e inserción socio-laboral.

Los retos que impone la atención a la diversidad en el contexto universitario son un desafío plasmado en el quehacer cotidiano del Proyecto UNA Educación de Calidad. Estas transformaciones se vislumbran en la constante reconstrucción de las estrategias utilizadas, al tener, como aspectos esenciales, el empleo de equipo tecnológico y programas de computación especializados. Estos les permitirán a los estudiantes acceder a la información y a la comunicación; la asesoría y la capacitación de los académicos y del personal administrativo; el establecimiento de estrategias de apoyo colaborativo entre los miembros de la comunidad universitaria, así como, la búsqueda de cooperación en el ámbito nacional e internacional para el desarrollo de nueva iniciativas.

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Propone desde un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, comprender la relación entre las representaciones sociales de las identidades nacionales y la incidencia de la política de distintas organizaciones vinculadas con inmigrantes nicaragüenses, con el fin de dar insumos tendientes a mejorar la calidad de vida de la población inmigrante en Costa Rica. Abstract The article proposes an approach from the qualitative research standpoint to understand the relationship between the social representations of the national identities and the political incidence of different political organization linked to Nicaraguan inmigrants as bases for the betterment of the inmigrant population in Costa Rica.

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El espacio de la ciencia y la tecnología ha implicado una concepción de mundo androcéntricaque tiene la imagen masculina como su eje de validez en cuanto a voz, participación, producción, negociación y toma de decisiones. A pesar del avance positivo en la promoción de una legislación para erradicar la discriminación de género, esas condiciones de igualdad pareciera que no afectan de forma directa los procesos de equidad. Es el caso de la participación de hombres y mujeres en espacios de la vida pública de Costa Rica y particularmente de la participación de las mujeres en el desarrollo científico tecnológico.Este trabajo trata de dar una mirada género-sensitiva a la problemática de la baja participación y producción de las mujeres en el área de la ciencia y la tecnología, a pesar de ser un alto número de ellas las que se preparan y gradúan en carreras vinculadas al área. El aporte sustancial de este trabajo se basa en una investigación realizada en la Universidad Nacional, uno de los cuatro recintos públicos de la enseñanza superior de Costa Rica.

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La Escuela de Química ha promovido programas y proyectos académicos como las Olimpiadas de Química que estimulen y mejoren el aprendizaje de esta ciencia. Como competencia se identifican estudiantes de alto desempeño escolar y se promueven espacios de autosuperación sana y estimula el pensamiento científico. Después de más de una década de existencia, los datos se han compilado y organizado para analizar estadísticamente los primeros 10 años mediante el programa SPSS 11.5. Este artículo incluye análisis estadísticos para cada una de las ediciones, que incluye variabilidad y  significancia. La información se presenta en forma esquemática, y considera variables como género, ubicación geográfica de las instituciones educativas y modalidad. Se obtuvo una diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres, (T= 2,961, P < 0,03 participación eliminatoria, categoría A) y (T= 3,640, P < 0,00 notas eliminatoria, categoría A). Un patrón similar se obtiene en la modalidad educativa y ubicación geográfica.  Cuantitativamente, se demuestra el interés y entusiasmo creciente por la participación. Ya han pasado más de 10 años, y la Olimpiada de Química en Costa Rica es un programa consolidado, de alta credibilidad a nivel nacional e internacional que delinea futuros científicos en campos vinculados con las ciencias exactas y naturales.

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Sediments of Tamarindo estuary and its tributaries were evaluated in order to determine the effect of anthropogenic activities of the surrounding communities. The evaluation relied on texture, total phosphorus, organic matter, and heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) analyses. The study spanned four sampling campaigns between October 2007 and April 2008, including four climatic seasons: rainy season, rainy-dry transition, dry season and dryrainy transition. Five sampling points were selected at Tamarindo estuary and three additional sites were set at Matapalo, Lomas and Lajas rivers. Ontario Ministry of the Environment regulation was used to evaluate sediment quality. It was determined that theanthropogenic activities of the surrounding communities exert a negative impact over the sediment quality; the pollution effect caused by such activities was rated as lower effect.

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This article describes the purpose and activities of the project Promoting Mathematics Education in Rural Areas of Costa Rica. The activity has focused on two objectives. First, supporting and monitoring students who have expressed interest in studying a mathematics teacher. To achieve this, it has been working with students who have an ideal profile for the career, mainly from rural areas. The second objective is to conduct training workshops for high school in-service teachers, to strengthen and improve their knowledge in the area of mathematics. Among the results of the project, it can be highlighted a significant increase in the enrollment of students in the career of Mathematics Education in 2010 and 2011, and the training processes in the field of Real Functions of Real Variable and Geometry at different regional areas mostly rural as Aguirre, Sarapiquí, Coto, Buenos Aires, Limón, Cañas, Pérez Zeledón, Nicoya, Los Santos, Turrialba, Puriscal, Desamparados, San Carlos, Puntarenas, Limón, Liberia, Santa Cruz y Upala.

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El informe presenta las conferencias, sesiones, trabajos y las disposiciones que se dictaron en las sesiones.Una de las disposiciones fue que devia celebrarse un pacto de unión inmediata y definitiva de los cinco estados, lo cual se creo un anteproyecto y sometido a la conferencia para que fuera considerado. El informe incluye el documento final de dicho pacto titulado "Pacto de Unión de Centro América"

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This paper includes some fundamental ideas about the theory of didactic transposition of Yve Chevallard (1980), from which it is made an analysis of the knowledge transformation suffers from the mathematical level to the scholastic level. To demonstrate this transformation, it is analyzed the theme of integers, which is included in the seventh- grade curriculum of the educational system of Costa Rica.