FCHo proteins are nucleators of clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the major pathway for ligand internalization into eukaryotic cells, is thought to be initiated by the clustering of clathrin and adaptors around receptors destined for internalization. However, here we report that the membrane-sculpting F-BAR domain-containing Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only proteins 1 and 2 (FCHo1/2) were required for plasma membrane clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) budding and marked sites of CCV formation. Changes in FCHo1/2 expression levels correlated directly with numbers of CCV budding events, ligand endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle marker recycling. FCHo1/2 proteins bound specifically to the plasma membrane and recruited the scaffold proteins eps15 and intersectin, which in turn engaged the adaptor complex AP2. The FCHo F-BAR membrane-bending activity was required, leading to the proposal that FCHo1/2 sculpt the initial bud site and recruit the clathrin machinery for CCV formation.

A pre-embedding immunogold approach for detection of synaptic endocytic proteins in situ

During the past decade, many molecular components of clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been identified and proposed to play various hypothetical roles in the process [Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1 (2000) 161; Nature 422 (2003) 37]. One limitation to the evaluation of these hypotheses is the efficiency and resolution of immunolocalization protocols currently in use. In order to facilitate the evaluation of these hypotheses and to understand more fully the molecular mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we have developed a protocol allowing enhanced and reliable subcellular immunolocalization of proteins in synaptic endocytic zones in situ. Synapses established by giant reticulospinal axons in lamprey are used as a model system for these experiments. These axons are unbranched and reach up to 80-100 microm in diameter. Synaptic active zones and surrounding endocytic zones are established on the surface of the axonal cylinder. To provide access for antibodies to the sites of synaptic vesicle recycling, axons are lightly fixed and cut along their longitudinal axis. To preserve the ultrastructure of the synaptic endocytic zone, antibodies are applied without the addition of detergents. Opened axons are incubated with primary antibodies, which are detected with secondary antibodies conjugated to gold particles. Specimens are then post-fixed and processed for electron microscopy. This approach allows preservation of the ultrastructure of the endocytic sites during immunolabeling procedures, while simultaneously achieving reliable immunogold detection of proteins on endocytic intermediates. To explore the utility of this approach, we have investigated the localization of a GTPase, dynamin, on clathrin-coated intermediates in the endocytic zone of the lamprey giant synapse. Using the present immunogold protocol, we confirm the presence of dynamin on late stage coated pits [Nature 422 (2003) 37] and also demonstrate that dynamin is recruited to the coat of endocytic intermediates from the very early stages of the clathrin coat formation. Thus, our experiments show that the current pre-embedding immunogold method is a useful experimental tool to study the molecular mechanisms of synaptic vesicle recycling.

ArnT proteins that catalyse the glycosylation of lipopolysaccharide share common features with bacterial N-oligosaccharyltransferases

ArnT is a glycosyltransferase that catalyses the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) to the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. This is a critical modification enabling bacteria to resist killing by antimicrobial peptides. ArnT is an integral inner membrane protein consisting of 13 predicted transmembrane helices and a large periplasmic C-terminal domain. We report here the identification of a functional motif with a canonical consensus sequence DEXRYAX(5)MX(3)GXWX(9)YFEKPX(4)W spanning the first periplasmic loop, which is highly conserved in all ArnT proteins examined. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated the contribution of this motif in ArnT function, suggesting that these proteins have a common mechanism. We also demonstrate that the Burkholderia cenocepacia and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ArnT C-terminal domain is required for polymyxin B resistance in vivo. Deletion of the C-terminal domain in B. cenocepacia ArnT resulted in a protein with significantly reduced in vitro binding to a lipid A fluorescent substrate and unable to catalyse lipid A modification with L-Ara4N. An in silico predicted structural model of ArnT strongly resembled the tertiary structure of Campylobacter lari PglB, a bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase involved in protein N-glycosylation. Therefore, distantly related oligosaccharyltransferases from ArnT and PglB families operating on lipid and polypeptide substrates, respectively, share unexpected structural similarity that could not be predicted from direct amino acid sequence comparisons. We propose that lipid A and protein glycosylation enzymes share a conserved catalytic mechanism despite their evolutionary divergence.

A differential protein solubility approach for the depletion of highly abundant proteins in plasma using ammonium sulfate

Depletion of highly abundant proteins is an approved step in blood plasma analysis by mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, we explored a precipitation and differential protein solubility approach as a fractionation strategy for abundant protein removal from plasma. Total proteins from plasma were precipitated with 90% saturated ammonium sulfate, followed by differential solubilization in 55% and 35% saturated ammonium sulfate solutions. Using a four hour liquid chromatography (LC) gradient and an LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, a total of 167 and 224 proteins were identified from the 55% and 35% ammonium sulfate fractions, whereas 235 proteins were found in the remaining protein fractions with at least two unique peptides. SDS-PAGE and exclusive total spectrum counts from LC-MS/MS analyses clearly showed that majority of the abundant plasma proteins were solubilized in 55% and 35% ammonium sulfate solutions, indicating that the remaining protein fraction is of potential interest for identification of less abundant plasma proteins. Serum albumin, serotransferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and transthyretin were the abundant proteins that were highly enriched in 55% ammonium sulfate fractions. Immunoglobulins, complement system proteins, and apolipoproteins were among other abundant plasma proteins that were enriched in 35% ammonium sulfate fractions. In the remaining protein fractions a total of 40 unique proteins were identified of which, 32 proteins were identified with at least 10 exclusive spectrum counts. According to PeptideAtlas, 9 of these 32 proteins were estimated to be present at low μg ml(-1) (0.12-1.9 μg ml(-1)) concentrations in the plasma, and 17 at low ng ml(-1) (0.1-55 ng ml(-1)) range.

Expression of proteins associated with hypoxia and Wnt pathway activation is of prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma

In the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor hypoxia plays an important role, as does activation of the Wnt pathway. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression and interrelationship between hypoxia and Wnt-pathway-associated proteins as prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expression of HIF-1α, CA-IX, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and Ki-67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 179 primary hepatocellular carcinoma cases. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the clinicopathological factors, protein expression, overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). By univariate analysis, tumor stage, size, satellitosis, and vascular invasion were confirmed as prognostic factors for worse OS and RFS. High expression of HIF-1α, CA-IX, β-catenin, Ki-67, and E-cadherin was observed in 60, 15, 64, 8, and 64 % of tumors, respectively, and this was significantly associated with poor OS. CA-IX, HIF-1α, and E-cadherin were independent predictors of poor prognosis. We stratified 169 patients into four groups according to the expression level of hypoxia and Wnt pathway markers. The group with high expression of both hypoxia and Wnt-pathway-associated proteins showed worst OS. The poor survival of this group was also significant in patients with early stage disease and tumor size of less than 5 cm (p < 0.05). We identified a subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high expression of both hypoxia and Wnt pathway proteins and found this predictive of poor survival. The therapeutic options for this group might need to be revisited.

mRNA Levels of BACE1 and its interacting proteins, RTN3 and PPIL2, correlate in human post mortem brain tissue

β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for production of Aβ peptides, proposed to drive the pathological changes found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reticulon 3 (RTN3) is a negative modulator of BACE1 (β-secretase) proteolytic activity, while peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)-like 2 (PPIL2) positively regulated BACE1 gene expression in a cell-based assay. This study aimed to analyze RTN3 and PPIL2 mRNA levels in four brain regions from individuals with AD and controls. BACE1 mRNA had been previously quantified in the samples, as had glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), to track changing cell populations in the tissue. mRNA levels in the human post mortem brain tissue were assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and qbasePLUS, employing validated stably expressed reference genes. No differences in RTN3 or PPIL2 mRNA levels were found in individuals with AD, compared to controls. Both RTN3 and PPIL2 mRNA levels correlated significantly with BACE1 mRNA and all three showed similar disease stage-dependent changes with respect to NSE and GFAP. These findings indicated that the in vitro data demonstrating an effect of PPIL2 on BACE1 expression have functional relevance in vivo. Further research into BACE1-interacting proteins could provide a fruitful approach to the modulation of this protease and consequently Aβ production.

Pancreatic zymogen granules: new proteins in unexpected places

Os mecanismos de biogénese, distribuição apical e secreção regulada de enzimas digestivas dos grânulos de zimogénio são, atualmente, pouco conhecidos. De modo a esclarecer e descrever estes processos de elevada importância biológica e clínica, é necessária uma melhor compreensão dos componentes da membrana granular e as funções e interações destes. Neste trabalho, através de uma abordagem proteómica, foi possível identificar novas proteínas granulares previamente associadas ao transporte vesicular sináptico. Para estudar as funções destas proteínas na génese e secreção de grânulos, foram realizados estudos de sobre-expressão, assim como estudos bioquímicos (1D, 2D, and LC-MS/MS) e morfológicos, utilizando céluas de mamífero. Entre as proteínas descobertas, cinco foram selecionadas e analisadas: RMCP-1, Piccolo, Synaptojanin-1, APP e ZG16p. Destas proteínas, confirmou-se a presença da RMCP-1 e APP nos grânulos de zimogénio. Interessantamente, o lectin ZG16p da secreção pâncreatico, encontra-se expressa no cérebro de rato, estando localizada nos terminais pós-sinápticos e em grânulos de RNA, indicando uma possível função desta proteína na formação das vesículas sinápticas. Finalmente, demonstrei que a formação de grânulos de zimogénio pode ser modulada, no modelo de células pancreáticas AR42J, pelas condições de cultura. Em contraste com as proteínas de carga neuroendocrinas, a sobreexpressão de proteínas de carga ou da membrana dos grânulos de zimogénio não foi suficiente para induzir a formação de grânulos ou de estruturas granulares em células constitutivamente secretoras, indicando diferenças na biogénese de grânulos neuroendócrinos e exócrinos.

Characterization of PPP1 interacting proteins in male reproduction

A fosforilação reversível de proteínas é um importante mecanismo de controlo em eucariotas. A fosfoproteína fosfatase 1 (PPP1) é uma fosfatase de serina/treonina envolvida em vários processos celulares. Existem três isoformas da subunidade catalítica (α/CA, δ/β/CB e γ/CC) com pequenas diferenças nos terminais amino e carboxílico. O gene PPP1CC sofre ainda splicing alternativo para produzir duas isoformas, a PPP1CC1 ubíqua e a PPP1CC2 enriquecida em testículo e específica de esperma. A localização e especificidade de substratos da PPP1 está dependente da formação de complexos oligoméricos com proteínas que interagem com a PPP1 (PIPs). O objetivo principal desta tese foi estudar novas PIPs, específicas de testículo e esperma, a fim de melhor caracterizar o papel desta fosfatase e dos respetivos complexos na reprodução em mamíferos. Com este fim, estudou-se a presença, localização e possíveis funções de uma PIP previamente conhecida, PPP1R2, e de duas novas PIPs, PPP1R2P3 e Tctex1d4. PPP1R2 e PPP1R2P3 estão presentes em esperma humano colocalizando com a PPP1CC2, na cabeça e na cauda. A hipótese é que as holoenzimas localizadas na cabeça terão um papel na reação acrossómica, enquanto que as holoenzimas presentes no axonema são relevantes para o controlo da motilidade flagelar. De seguida foram estudados os pseudogenes da PPP1R2, em termos de história evolutiva e de possíveis funções. Na espécie humana, a PPP1R2 tem 10 pseudogenes, 7 deles específicos de primatas. Estudos de bioinformática e dados de expressão mostram que os PPP1R2P1/P3/P9 são os pseudogenes com maior probabilidade de serem transcritos e traduzidos. Também identificámos o PPP1R2P9 em esperma humano e mostrámos que alguns pseudogenes poderão estar associados a estados fisiopatológicos. Isto indica que o processo de evolução poderá estar ligado á formação de novos genes ou ao controlo do mRNA da PPP1R2. A sobre-expressão da PPP1R2 ou PPP1R2P3 em testículo de ratinho também foi realizada, para caracterizar os mecanismos envolvidas na função dos complexos PPP1R2/PPP1R2P3-PPP1CC2 na espermatogénese e fisiologia dos espermatozoides. A dineína de cadeia leve, Tctex1d4, foi encontrada como interagindo com a PPP1C e como estando presente em testículo de ratinho e em esperma humano. Demonstrámos que a Tctex1d4 e a PPP1 colocalizam no centro organizador de microtúbulos e nos microtúbulos e que o motivo de ligação à PPP1 presente na Tctex1d4 parece ser importante para manter a PPP1 no centro organizador de microtúbulos e/ou para disromper ou atrasar o seu movimento ao longo dos microtúbulos emergentes. Estes resultados abrem novos caminhos para os possíveis papéis do complexo Tctex1d4-PPP1 na dinâmica dos microtúbulos, motilidade do esperma, reação acrossómica e na regulação da barreira hemato-testicular, provavelmente, através da via de sinalização do TGFß. A análise do motivo de ligação à PPP1 mostra que este é altamente conservado entre os mamíferos, com exceção das Pikas, sugerindo que esta perda aconteceu antes da radiação das Pikas, há 6-20 milhões de anos atrás. Através de um rastreio por mutações demonstrámos que a capacidade da Tctex1d4 se ligar à PPP1 é mantida nas Pikas, embora o motivo de ligação à PPP1 esteja disrompido. Este estudo abre portas para novas descobertas na área da reprodução mostrando o papel da PPP1CC2 na espermatogénese e fisiologia do esperma.

Endocrine regulation of extracellular matrix proteins in calcified tissue in teleost fish

Tese dout., Biologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

Cloning, expression and purification of pneumococcal proteins = clonagem, expressão e purificação de proteínas de pneumococcus

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2008

Evolution of matrix and bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins in vertebrates

The evolution of calcified tissues is a defining feature in vertebrate evolution. Investigating the evolution of proteins involved in tissue calcification should help elucidate how calcified tissues have evolved. The purpose of this study was to collect and compare sequences of matrix and bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid proteins (MGP and BGP, respectively) to identify common features and determine the evolutionary relationship between MGP and BGP. Thirteen cDNAs and genes were cloned using standard methods or reconstructed through the use of comparative genomics and data mining. These sequences were compared with available annotated sequences (a total of 48 complete or nearly complete sequences, 28 BGPs and 20 MGPs) have been identified across 32 different species (representing most classes of vertebrates), and evolutionarily conserved features in both MGP and BGP were analyzed using bioinformatic tools and the Tree-Puzzle software. We propose that: 1) MGP and BGP genes originated from two genome duplications that occurred around 500 and 400 million years ago before jawless and jawed fish evolved, respectively; 2) MGP appeared first concomitantly with the emergence of cartilaginous structures, and BGP appeared thereafter along with bony structures; and 3) BGP derives from MGP. We also propose a highly specific pattern definition for the Gla domain of BGP and MGP. Previous Section Next Section BGP1 (bone Gla protein or osteocalcin) and MGP (matrix Gla protein) belong to the growing family of vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins, the members of which are involved in a broad range of biological functions such as skeletogenesis and bone maintenance (BGP and MGP), hemostasis (prothrombin, clotting factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z), growth control (gas6), and potentially signal transduction (proline-rich Gla proteins 1 and 2). VKD proteins are characterized by the presence of several Gla residues resulting from the post-translational vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation of specific glutamates, through which they can bind to calcium-containing mineral such as hydroxyapatite. To date, VKD proteins have only been clearly identified in vertebrates (1) although the presence of a γ-glutamyl carboxylase has been reported in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (2) and in marine snails belonging to the genus Conus (3). Gla residues have also been found in neuropeptides from Conus venoms (4), suggesting a wider prevalence of γ-carboxylation.