La exlusión de la pena en la donación y el transplante de órganos

En qualsevol tractament mèdic de donació i transplantament d’organs és requisit indispensable el consentiment informat. El pacient ha de ser informat prèviament pel facultatiu de tot el procediment mèdic al que serà sotmès i dels riscos que comporta. Una vegada el pacient coneix tota la informació, podrà manifestar el seu consentiment de forma lliure i voluntària o bé la seva negativa a sotmetre’s al tractament mèdic.

El inicio de la protección de la vida: dimensión penal de la cuestión

"El inici de la protecció a la vida: dimensió penal de la qüestió” no és simplement un treball que tracta un tema realment interessant i àmpliament qüestionat avui dia, sinó que es la forma de culminar una etapa de formació tant professional com personal, convertint-se en la millor base per el llarg camí que encara queda a recórrer. Aquest treball tracta de dilucidar a partir de quin moment la vida humana és protegida pel dret i concretament, pel dret penal. Per trobar resposta a aquest plantejament s’han consultat les diferents teories que es troben a la doctrina, així com també a la jurisprudència dels més alts tribunals espanyols. Perquè essent la vida el valor m��s important que pugui tenir un home, resulta estrany veure com encara avui dia no hi ha una doctrina unificada sobre el inici de la seva protecció, existint punts de vista totalment oposats sobre la qüestió.

La diferenciación entre eutanasia activa y pasiva: impIicaciones éticas y jurídicas

Aquest treball es proposa aprofundir en el concepte d'eutanàsia, fent especial èmfasi en la ja consolidada diferència entre l'anomenada eutanàsia activa i la passiva. Davant de la confusió i arbitrarietat terminològica existent en aquest àmbit, es parteix d'una consideració conceptual per abastar la determinació del sentit estricte del terme eutanàsia. Des d'un punt de vista jurídic que no renuncia als seus pressupòsits ètics, aquesta investigació pretén dilucidar les diferents conseqüències ètiques, jurídiques i fins i tot deontològiques que podrien resultar de l'acceptació de la distinció entre l'acció i la omissió en la pràctica eutanàsica.

Assessment of Therapeutic Response of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum to Chloroquine in a Malaria Transmission Free Area in Colombia

In order to determine the frequency of therapeutic failures to chloroquine (CQ) in patients with malaria due to either Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax, and to explore the usefulness of a malaria-free city as a sentinel site to monitor the emergence of drug resistance, 53 patients (44 infected with P. vivax and 9 with P. falciparum) were evaluated at the Laboratory of Parasitology, Universidad del Valle in Cali, Colombia. Patients received 25 mg/kg of CQ divided in three doses over 48 h; they were followed during 28 days according to WHO/PAHO protocols. While therapeutic failures to CQ in the P. vivax group were not detected, the proportion of therapeutic failures in the P. falciparum group was high (78%) and consistent with the reports from endemic areas in Colombia. The diverse origin of cases presenting therapeutic failure confirmed that P. falciparum resistant to CQ is widespread in Colombia, and further supports the change in the national antimalarial drug scheme. Monitoring of drug resistance in malaria free areas would be useful to identify sites requiring efficacy evaluation, and in some situations could be the most appropriate alternative to collect information from endemic areas where therapeutic efficacy studies are not feasible.

Postmortem findings in bone cement implantation syndrome-related deaths.

Several mechanisms have been postulated as potentially involved in life-threatening complications during cemented surgery. In this study, we evaluated the role of anaphylaxis and pulmonary fat embolism in the pathophysiology of bone cement implantation syndrome in a series of fatal cases that underwent medicolegal investigations. Postmortem findings in these cases were compared with those obtained from individuals who died after other injuries and/or interventions and in which activated mast cells and pulmonary fat embolism were involved in the pathogenesis of death. Fifty subjects were selected including 6 individuals who had undergone cemented total hip arthroplasty and died intraoperatively, 32 subjects who died shortly after being involved in traffic accidents, 8 individuals who died shortly after the injection of contrast material, and 4 subjects who had undergone orthopedic surgery and died postoperatively. Massive pulmonary fat embolism was determined to be the cause of death in all the 6 subjects who died intraoperatively as well as the main cause of death in traffic-road victims with rapid respiratory function deterioration. Mast cell activation was identified exclusively in the group of subjects who died shortly after contrast material administration. Massive pulmonary fat embolism appears to be the most important factor responsible for severe cardiorespiratory function deterioration during cemented arthroplasty. Cardiac comorbidities can also significantly influence the severity of intraoperative complications, thus corroborating the hypothesis of a multifactorial model in the pathogenesis of bone cement implantation syndrome.

Frequency of viruses associated with acute respiratory infections in children younger than five years of age at a locality of Mexico City

A locality in the district of Tlalpan, Mexico City, was selected in order to identify the viral agents in children younger than 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection (ARI). A total of 300 children were randomly selected and were included in this study for a period of 13 months. During this period nasopharyngeal exudates were collected for the isolation of viral agents. Monoclonal fluorescent antibodies were used for viral identification after cell culture. Viral infection was detected in 65% of the specimens. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common virus agent detected. Children required an average of two consultations during the study period. Two high incidence peaks were observed, one during the summer and the other during winter; the most frequent viruses during these seasons were influenza A and RSV, respectively. The largest number of viruses was isolated in the group of children between 1 and 2 years of age and in the group between 4 and 5 years of age. This study demonstrated the presence of ARI and of different viruses in a period of 13 months, as well as the most frequent viruses in children younger than 5 years of age from a community of Mexico City.

Genotyping of the MTL loci and susceptibility to two antifungal agents of Candida glabrata clinical isolates

The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is the second most common isolate from bloodstream infections worldwide and is naturally less susceptible to the antifungal drug fluconazole than other Candida species. C. glabrata is a haploid yeast that contains three mating-type like loci (MTL), although no sexual cycle has been described. Strains containing both types of mating information at the MTL1 locus are found in clinical isolates, but it is thought that strains containing type a information are more common. Here we investigated if a particular combination of mating type information at each MTLlocus is more prevalent in clinical isolates from hospitalized patients in Mexico and if there is a correlation between mating information and resistance to fluconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. We found that while both types of information at MTL1 are equally represented in a collection of 64 clinical isolates, the vast majority of isolates contain a-type information at MTL2 and α-type at MTL3. We also found no correlation of the particular combination of mating type information at the three MTL loci and resistance to fluconazole.

Species composition and seasonal abundance of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in coffee agroecosystems

The composition and seasonal occurrence of sandflies were investigated in coffee agroecosystems in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. Insect sampling was performed on three plantations located at different altitudes: Finca Guadalupe Zajú [1,000 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], Finca Argovia (613 m a.s.l.) and Teotihuacán del Valle (429 m a.s.l.). Sandflies were sampled monthly from August 2007-July 2008 using three sampling methods: Shannon traps, CDC miniature light traps and Disney traps. Sampling was conducted for 3 h during three consecutive nights, beginning at sunset. A total of 4,387 sandflies were collected during the course of the study: 2,718 individuals in Finca Guadalupe Zajú, 605 in Finca Argovia and 1,064 in Teotihuacán del Valle. The Shannon traps captured 94.3% of the total sandflies, while the CDC light traps and Disney traps captured 4.9% and 0.8%, respectively. More females than males were collected at all sites. While the number of sandflies captured was positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, a negative correlation was observed between sandfly numbers and rainfall. Five species of sandflies were captured: Lutzomyia cruciata , Lutzomyia texana , Lutzomyia ovallesi , Lutzomyia cratifer / undulata and Brumptomyia sp. Lu. cruciata , constituting 98.8% of the total, was the most abundant species. None of the captured sandflies was infected with Leishmaniaspp.

Adecuación de la medicación cardiovascular en los diabéticos tipo 2 de Torrejoncillo (Cáceres) según los criterios STOP/STAR.

Financiación Proyecto de Investigación DIAB06/2012 «Detección y control de factores de riesgo y complicaciones vasculares en los pacientes diabéticos de la zona de salud de Torrejoncillo(Cáceres)». Fundación para la Formación y la Investigación de los Profesionales de Salud de Extremadura.

Methods and representativeness of European surveys in children and adolescents: the KIDSCREEN study

Background: The objective of the present study was to compare three different sampling and questionnaire administration methods used in the international KIDSCREEN study in terms of participation, response rates, and external validity. Methods: Children and adolescents aged 8–18 years were surveyed in 13 European countries using either telephone sampling and mail administration, random sampling of school listings followed by classroom or mail administration, or multistage random sampling of communities and households with self-administration of the survey materials at home. Cooperation, completion, and response rates were compared across countries and survey methods. Data on non-respondents was collected in 8 countries. The population fraction (PF, respondents in each sex-age, or educational level category, divided by the population in the same category from Eurostat census data) and population fraction ratio (PFR, ratio of PF) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to analyze differences by country between the KIDSCREEN samples and a reference Eurostat population. Results: Response rates by country ranged from 18.9% to 91.2%. Response rates were highest in the school-based surveys (69.0%–91.2%). Sample proportions by age and gender were similar to the reference Eurostat population in most countries, although boys and adolescents were slightly underrepresented (PFR <1). Parents in lower educational categories were less likely to participate (PFR <1 in 5 countries). Parents in higher educational categories were overrepresented when the school and household sampling strategies were used (PFR = 1.78–2.97). Conclusion: School-based sampling achieved the highest overall response rates but also produced slightly more biased samples than the other methods. The results suggest that the samples were sufficiently representative to provide reference population values for the KIDSCREEN instrument.

Bases de dades

Este proyecto final de carrera ha consistido principalmente en la planificación y ejecución del diseño e implementación de una base de datos (BD) relacional para la gestión sanitaria. El sistema resultante permite tanto la gestión de las consultas externas de los centros hospitalarios como la de los pacientes atendidos. Toda la gestión y acceso a los datos de las tablas se ha hecho mediante procedimientos almacenados creados en la propia base de datos. También se ha definido un almacén de datos que permite realizar un análisis de los datos almacenados en dicha BD.

De Vegetatio notulae, II

161 . Arenarietum viridis. Los inventarios fueron efectuados en la Cova deis Angels, del valle de la Fou (término de la Sénia), en los Ports de Tortosa, a unos 550 m. de altitud.

Eficiencia de las reglas de asignación de agua en el regadío: asignación a través de mercados, de la regla proporcional y de la regla uniforme

En el presente trabajo se simula la introducción de diferentes métodos de reparto del agua en la agricultura, y se aplican a una zona de regadío del valle central del Ebro. En concreto, se han escogido tres métodos diferentes de asignación con el fin de comparar su eficiencia económica. Además del actual sistema proporcional y el sistema de mercado, se simulará la introducción de la regla de reparto uniforme, desarrollada en la teoría de la elección social. Los resultados permiten concluir que aunque el mercado de agua conduzca a mejores resultados globales en todos los casos, la regla uniforme puede resultar una alternativa interesante cuando las dotaciones de agua se encuentran en el intervalo habitual, mientras que en situaciones de escasez severa de agua, el mercado presenta una ventaja más clara con respecto a cualquier otro sistema de asignación. Asimismo, los resultados demuestran que los niveles superiores de heterogeneidad entre los usuarios y altos precios administrativos del agua representan situaciones más ventajosas para la aplicación de la regla de asignación uniforme en comparación con el actual sistema proporcional

Taller de escritura: propuesta y reflexiones

Propuesta de taller de lectura y escritura para estudiantes de niveles medio y superior, con el objetivo de desarrollar las destrezas de la comprensión lectora y la producción escrita críticas de los alumnos.