LIFE SATISFACTION: A COMPARISON OF RETIRED AND EMPLOYED WOMEN

This research addressed the question of life satisfaction for retired and employed women with long-term employment in a typically female occupational setting. Questions of how women's retirement is related to life satisfaction have been largely neglected because of cultural assumptions about the relative unimportance of the work role in women's lives. It is generally believed that the major source of satisfaction for women is in traditional family roles. Therefore, it follows that retirement from work is not experienced as a loss for women.^ The actual consequences of women's retirement have not been examined systematically. Descriptive data about their lives are inadequate. It is not known what patterns and resources result from a lifetime of work for women.^ The objectives of the study were to test assumptions from role and continuity theory regarding life satisfaction for retired women and women employed late in life and to describe the retirement and work experiences of the women.^ Life satisfaction was measured by the Neugarten, Havighurst and Tobin Life Satisfaction Index. Perceptions of appropriate roles for females and males were assessed through an attitudinal sex-role instrument. A composite index, derived from perceptions of health, social participation, and income at two time periods, measured level of continuity. These indices and demographic information, attitudinal items about work and retirement, and social network data comprised the mailed, self-administered survey and the personal interviews.^ The study population included 91 retired and 53 employed women, 55 years or older with a minimum of 20 years continuous employment, who were enrolled in the pension program of a large retail store.^ The retired women's perceptions of their health and social participation were more positive than the employed women's. Traditional retired women demonstrated higher life satisfaction than nontraditional retired women. Both retired and employed women who perceived continuity in life patterns scored statistically higher on life satisfaction than women who perceived discontinuity. Financial planning was the area of greatest retirement concern for retired and employed women.^

Standardization of data collection for the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH)

Problems due to the lack of data standardization and data management have lead to work inefficiencies for the staff working with the vision data for the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health. Data has been collected over 50 years in a variety of manners and then entered into a software. The lack of communication between the electronic health record (EHR) form designer, epidemiologists, and optometrists has led to some level to confusion on the capability of the EHR system and how its forms can be designed to fit all the needs of the relevant parties. EHR form customizations or form redesigns were found to be critical for using NASA's EHR system in the most beneficial way for its patients, optometrists, and epidemiologists. In order to implement a protocol, data being collected was examined to find the differences in data collection methods. Changes were implemented through the establishment of a process improvement team (PIT). Based on the findings of the PIT, suggestions have been made to improve the current EHR system. If the suggestions are implemented correctly, this will not only improve efficiency of the staff at NASA and its contractors, but set guidelines for changes in other forms such as the vision exam forms. Because NASA is at the forefront of such research and health surveillance the impact of this management change could have a drastic improvement on the collection of and adaptability of the EHR. Accurate data collection from this 50+ year study is ongoing and is going to help current and future generations understand the implications of space flight on human health. It is imperative that the vast amount of information is documented correctly.^

AN EVALUATION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF IMRT PATIENT-SPECIFIC QA TECHNIQUES

To ensure the integrity of an intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment, each plan must be validated through a measurement-based quality assurance (QA) procedure, known as patient specific IMRT QA. Many methods of measurement and analysis have evolved for this QA. There is not a standard among clinical institutions, and many devices and action levels are used. Since the acceptance criteria determines if the dosimetric tools’ output passes the patient plan, it is important to see how these parameters influence the performance of the QA device. While analyzing the results of IMRT QA, it is important to understand the variability in the measurements. Due to the different form factors of the many QA methods, this reproducibility can be device dependent. These questions of patient-specific IMRT QA reproducibility and performance were investigated across five dosimeter systems: a helical diode array, radiographic film, ion chamber, diode array (AP field-by-field, AP composite, and rotational composite), and an in-house designed multiple ion chamber phantom. The reproducibility was gauged for each device by comparing the coefficients of variation (CV) across six patient plans. The performance of each device was determined by comparing each one’s ability to accurately label a plan as acceptable or unacceptable compared to a gold standard. All methods demonstrated a CV of less than 4%. Film proved to have the highest variability in QA measurement, likely due to the high level of user involvement in the readout and analysis. This is further shown by how the setup contributed more variation than the readout and analysis for all of the methods, except film. When evaluated for ability to correctly label acceptable and unacceptable plans, two distinct performance groups emerged with the helical diode array, AP composite diode array, film, and ion chamber in the better group; and the rotational composite and AP field-by-field diode array in the poorer group. Additionally, optimal threshold cutoffs were determined for each of the dosimetry systems. These findings, combined with practical considerations for factors such as labor and cost, can aid a clinic in its choice of an effective and safe patient-specific IMRT QA implementation.

Immunologic characteristics of immunogenic variants generated by {\it in vitro\/} treatment of a methylcholanthrene-induced murine fibrosarcoma MCA-F with 1 methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, 5 -aza-2$\sp\prime$-deoxycytidine, or ultraviolet radiation

This study addresses the questions of whether the frequency of generation and in vivo cross-reactivity of highly immunogenic tumor clones induced in a single parental murine fibrosarcoma cell line MCA-F is more closely related to the agent used to induce the Imm$\sp{+}$ clone or whether these characteristics are independent of the agents used. These questions were addressed by treating the parental tumor cell line MCA-F with UV-B radiation (UV-B), 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), or 5-aza-2$\sp\prime$-deoxycytidine (5-azaCdR). The frequency of Imm$\sp{+}$ variant generation was similarly high for the three different agents, suggesting that the frequency of Imm$\sp{+}$ generation was related more closely to the cell line than to the inducing agent used. Cross-reactivity was tested with two Imm$\sp{+}$ clones from each treatment group in a modified immunoprotection assay that selectively engendered antivariant, but not antiparental immunity. Under these conditions each clone, except one, immunized against itself. The MNNG-induced clones engendered stronger antivariant immunity but a weaker variant cross-reactive immunity could also be detected.^ This study also characterized the lymphocyte populations responsible for antivariant and antiparental immunity in vivo. Using the local adoptive transfer assay (LATA) and antibody plus complement depletion of T-cell subsets, we showed that immunity induced by the Imm$\sp{+}$ variants against the parent MCA-F was transferred by the Thy1.2$\sp{+}$, L3T4a$\sp{+}$, Lyt2.1$\sp{-}$ (CD4$\sp{+}$) population, without an apparent contribution by Thy1.2$\sp{+}$, L3T4a$\sp{-}$, Lyt2.1$\sp{+}$ (CD8$\sp{+}$) cells. A role for Lyt2.1$\sp{+}$T lymphocytes in antivariant, but not antiparent immunity was supported by the results of LATA and CTL assays. Immunization with low numbers of viable Imm$\sp{+}$ cells, or with high numbers of non viable Imm$\sp{+}$ cells engendered only antivariant immunity without parental cross-protection. The associative recognition of parental antigens and variant neoantigens resulting in strong antiparent immunity was investigated using somatic cells hybrids of Imm$\sp{+}$ variants of MCA-F and an antigenically distinct tumor MCA-D. An unexpected result of these latter experiments was the expression of a unique tumor-specific antigen by the hybrid cells. These studies demonstrate that the parental tumor-specific antigen and the variant neoantigen must be coexpressed on the cell surface to engender parental cross-protective immunity. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) ^

Modelos y prácticas de ciudadanía en Uruguay (1890-1930) : La matriz uruguayo-batllista

La tesis refiere ya en su título, "Modelos y prácticas de la ciudadanía en Uruguay. (1890-1930) La matriz 'uruguayo-batllista'", una firme prioridad temática y un principio de interpretación histórica. Como se advierte a lo largo de todas las Secciones de la tesis, el foco temático orientado al estudio del tema de la ciudadanía es proyectado, en forma totalmente conciente y deliberada, de una manera amplia y flexible. De ello da cuenta en forma extensa la Sección I, dedicada a la fundamentación de los aspectos más teórico-metodológicos y a la anticipación de algunas hipótesis generales y modalidades de abordaje. En lo que refiere al principio de interpretación que ya se asienta en el propio título de la tesis, la referencia a una "matriz uruguayo-batllista" se vincula al señalamiento del triunfo ideológico de todo un concepto de ciudadanía, que se asociaría muy fuertemente con la idea de nación prevaleciente entre los uruguayos de la época y que desde allí alcanzaría una influencia perdurable sobre el futuro de la historia del país. Sin pecar de "batllicentrismo", tentación recurrente en la historiografía uruguaya, en la tesis se advierte el rol principal que en esa construcción de ciudadanía le correspondió al primer batllismo, aunque dentro de un complejo contexto de contestaciones, conflictos, transferencias y negociaciones de muy diversa índole, sin lo cual ese protagonismo registrado no puede entenderse debidamente. Tres son los andariveles analíticos a través de los cuales se trabaja, con la interpelación de múltiples preguntas y el cotejo de una documentación plural de amplio espectro. Ellas son por su orden de presentación: i) la dimensión político-institucional de la ciudadanía; ii) las relaciones entre religión y política; iii) los pleitos por la moral. Como se ha señalado en el proyecto originario de la tesis, el marco cronológico de la investigación abarca el período 1890-1930, con especial énfasis en ese momento decisivo que va entre el 900, las celebraciones del Centenario y la quiebra institucional promovida por el Presidente de Terra en marzo de 1933. En la Sección V, luego de dos capítulos orientados a incorporar algunas visiones sugerentes y coloridas sobre aquel Uruguay de comienzos del siglo XX, a modo de telón de fondo argumentativo, se pasa finalmente a realizar una recapitulación general, que recoge las principales hipótesis, interpretaciones y reflexiones a las que se llega en la investigación, con unos tramos finales dedicados al análisis de ciertos rasgos específicos del primer batllismo que fundarían su influencia persistente en la historia uruguaya posterior. Finalmente, la Sección VI, recoge los anexos correspondientes a la Bibliografía general utilizada y a la reseña breve de las fuentes y documentación relevadas en el marco de la investigación. Como allí se advierte, por razones de espacio, en ambos anexos no se registra la totalidad de la bibliografía y de la documentación utilizadas, las que aparecen referidas con todo detalle en las citas correspondientes.

Modelos y prácticas de ciudadanía en Uruguay (1890-1930) : La matriz uruguayo-batllista

La tesis refiere ya en su título, "Modelos y prácticas de la ciudadanía en Uruguay. (1890-1930) La matriz 'uruguayo-batllista'", una firme prioridad temática y un principio de interpretación histórica. Como se advierte a lo largo de todas las Secciones de la tesis, el foco temático orientado al estudio del tema de la ciudadanía es proyectado, en forma totalmente conciente y deliberada, de una manera amplia y flexible. De ello da cuenta en forma extensa la Sección I, dedicada a la fundamentación de los aspectos más teórico-metodológicos y a la anticipación de algunas hipótesis generales y modalidades de abordaje. En lo que refiere al principio de interpretación que ya se asienta en el propio título de la tesis, la referencia a una "matriz uruguayo-batllista" se vincula al señalamiento del triunfo ideológico de todo un concepto de ciudadanía, que se asociaría muy fuertemente con la idea de nación prevaleciente entre los uruguayos de la época y que desde allí alcanzaría una influencia perdurable sobre el futuro de la historia del país. Sin pecar de "batllicentrismo", tentación recurrente en la historiografía uruguaya, en la tesis se advierte el rol principal que en esa construcción de ciudadanía le correspondió al primer batllismo, aunque dentro de un complejo contexto de contestaciones, conflictos, transferencias y negociaciones de muy diversa índole, sin lo cual ese protagonismo registrado no puede entenderse debidamente. Tres son los andariveles analíticos a través de los cuales se trabaja, con la interpelación de múltiples preguntas y el cotejo de una documentación plural de amplio espectro. Ellas son por su orden de presentación: i) la dimensión político-institucional de la ciudadanía; ii) las relaciones entre religión y política; iii) los pleitos por la moral. Como se ha señalado en el proyecto originario de la tesis, el marco cronológico de la investigación abarca el período 1890-1930, con especial énfasis en ese momento decisivo que va entre el 900, las celebraciones del Centenario y la quiebra institucional promovida por el Presidente de Terra en marzo de 1933. En la Sección V, luego de dos capítulos orientados a incorporar algunas visiones sugerentes y coloridas sobre aquel Uruguay de comienzos del siglo XX, a modo de telón de fondo argumentativo, se pasa finalmente a realizar una recapitulación general, que recoge las principales hipótesis, interpretaciones y reflexiones a las que se llega en la investigación, con unos tramos finales dedicados al análisis de ciertos rasgos específicos del primer batllismo que fundarían su influencia persistente en la historia uruguaya posterior. Finalmente, la Sección VI, recoge los anexos correspondientes a la Bibliografía general utilizada y a la reseña breve de las fuentes y documentación relevadas en el marco de la investigación. Como allí se advierte, por razones de espacio, en ambos anexos no se registra la totalidad de la bibliografía y de la documentación utilizadas, las que aparecen referidas con todo detalle en las citas correspondientes.

Mg/Ca ratios of Cenozoic benthic foraminifera from the Indian and South Atlantic Ocean

We investigate the evolution of Cenozoic climate and ice volume as evidenced by the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (delta18Osw) derived from benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios to constrain the temperature effect contained in foraminiferal delta18O values. We have constructed two benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca records from intermediate water depth sites (Ocean Drilling Program sites 757 and 689 from the subtropical Indian Ocean and the Weddell Sea, respectively). Together with the previously published composite record of Lear et al. (2002, doi:10.1126/science.287.5451.269) and the Neogene record from the Southern Ocean of Billups and Schrag (2002, doi:10.1029/2000PA000567), we obtain three, almost complete representations of the delta18Osw for the past 52 Myr. We discuss the sensitivity of early Cenozoic Mg/Ca-derived paleotemperatures (and hence the delta18Osw) to assumptions about seawater Mg/Ca ratios. We find that during the middle Eocene (~ 49-40 Ma), modern seawater ratios yield Mg/Ca-derived temperatures that are in good agreement with the oxygen isotope paleothermometer assuming ice-free conditions. Intermediate waters cooled during the middle Eocene reaching minimum temperatures by 40 Ma. The corresponding delta18Osw reconstructions support ice growth on Antarctica beginning by at least 40 Ma. At the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, Mg/Ca ratios (and hence temperatures) from Weddell Sea site 689 display a well-defined maximum. We caution against a paleoclimatic significance of this result and put forth that the partitioning coefficient of Mg in benthic foraminifera may be sensitive to factors other than temperature. Throughout the remainder of the Cenozoic, the temporal variability among delta18Osw records is similar and similar to longer-term trends in the benthic foraminiferal delta18O record. An exception occurs during the Pliocene when delta18Osw minima in two of the three records suggest reductions in global ice volume that are not apparent in foraminiferal delta18O records, which provides a new perspective to the ongoing debate about the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet. Maximum delta18Osw values recorded during the Pleistocene at Southern Ocean site 747 agree well with values derived from the geochemistry of pore waters (Schrag et al., 1996, doi:10.1126/science.272.5270.1930) further highlighting the value of the new Mg/Ca calibrations of Martin et al. (2002, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00472-7) and Lear et al. (2002, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00941-9) applied in this study. We conclude that the application of foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios allows a refined view of Cenozoic ice volume history despite uncertainties related to the geochemical cycling of Mg and Ca on long time scales.

Abundance and chemical and mineral compositions of nodules from the Pacific Ocean

The monograph highlights extensive materials collected during expeditions of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. We consider facial conditions of nodule formation, regularities of their distribution, stratigraphic position, petrography, mineral composition, textures, geochemistry of nodules and hosting sediments. Origin of iron-manganese nodules in the Pacific Ocean is considered as well.

Growth increments of the recent brachiopod Magellania venosa mechanically marked in Paso Comau and Comau Fjord, Chile, 2011/2012

Magellania venosa, the largest recent brachiopod, occurs in clusters and banks in population densities of up to 416 ind/m**2 in Comau Fjord, Northern Chilean fjord region. Below 15 m, it co-occurs with the mytilid Aulacomya atra and it dominates the benthic community below 20 m. To determine the question of why M. venosa is a successful competitor, the in situ growth rate of the brachiopod was studied and its overall growth performance compared with that of other brachiopods and mussels. The growth in length was measured between February 2011 and March 2012 after mechanical tagging and calcein staining. Settlement and juvenile growth were determined from recruitment tiles installed in 2009 and from subsequent photocensus. Growth of M. venosa is best described by the general von Bertalanffy growth function, with a maximum shell length (Linf) of 71.53 mm and a Brody growth constant (K) of 0.336/year. The overall growth performance (OGP index = 5.1) is the highest recorded for a rynchonelliform brachiopod and in the range of that for Mytilus chilensis (4.8-5.27), but lower than that of A. atra (5.74). The maximal individual production (PInd) is 0.29 g AFDM/ind/year at 42 mm shell length and annual production ranges from 1.28 to 89.25 g AFDM/year/m**2 (1-57% of that of A. atra in the respective fjords). The high shell growth rate of M. venosa, together with its high overall growth performance may explain the locally high population density of this brachiopod in Comau Fjord. However, the production per biomass of the population (P/B-ratio) is low (0.535) and M. venosa may play only a minor role in the food chain. Settling dynamics indicates that M. venosa is a pioneer species with low juvenile mortality. The coexistence of the brachiopod and bivalve suggests that brachiopod survival is affected by neither the presence of potential brachiopod predators nor that of space competitors (i.e. mytilids).

Composition of bottom sediments and serpentinites from Core PS-846

A core of foraminiferal-coccolithic oozes filling a valley of the transform fault located at 29°40'S on the South Atlantic Ridge contains layers composed of angular fragments of igneous and metamorphic rocks. They include many serpentinites deriving from serpentinized ultrabasic rocks, probably exposed on the lower section of the southern slope of the fault valley. A mineral and chemical description of these serpentinites is given.