The conventional facade solution during the developmental period in Gipuzkoa: decline (and end) of a construction system

The article analyses the construction process, the evolution and the disturbing future of the facade enclosure of the collective housing constructions built during the developmental period in the province of Gipuzkoa. 128 residential complexes were checked, and 17 people who directly took part in the construction of many of these buildings were interviewed. After examining the material and elements that make up the conventional facade solution used in Gipuzkoa and in much of Spain not only during those years but also up to the present time, the effects and causes of its main damages and flaws were studied. Its complex and costly adaptation to current demands is going to require a strong effort from society at large, and this raises the question of whether the life cycle of this construction system should be terminated once and for all.

Interações entre anuros, bromélias e a comunidade bromelícola associada em três unidades de conservação no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Bromeliaceae é uma família vegetal com distribuição essencialmente neotropical frequentemente utilizada em estudos ecológicos devido às suas características de armazenar água livre, sustentar uma biota própria, apresentar tamanho relativamente reduzido e ter fácil replicabilidade por serem abundantes. Estas características conferem às bromélias o status de microcosmos natural e, dentro do ambiente bromelícola as espécies também interagem entre si. Anuros são habitantes comumente encontrados em bromélias sendo que algumas espécies têm estreita relação com estes vegetais ao ponto de passarem todo seu ciclo de vida associados a bromélias. Na presente tese foram estudados distintos organismos que habitam bromélias (e.g. ostracodas, protozoários, helmintos e artrópodes em geral) com ênfase em anuros do gênero Scinax (Hylidae). Foi realizado um experimento controlado em casa de vegetação para testar diferentes aspectos da relação entre anuros e bromélias usando como modelo S. perpusillus e Neoregelia sp. Foram também realizados estudos de campo em três unidades de conservação do estado do Rio de Janeiro, a saber: Monumento Natural do Morro da Urca e Pão-de-Açúcar; Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca; e Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos onde, respectivamente, ocorrem os anuros S. perpusillus, S. littoreus e S. v-signatus. A tese está dividida em seis capítulos que abordam diferentes interações interespecíficas como predação, parasitismo, foresia e mutualismo.

Simulation of Tail Weight Distributions in Biological Year 1986–2006 Landings of Brown Shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, from the Northern Gulf of Mexico Fishery

Size distribution within re- ported landings is an important aspect of northern Gulf of Mexico penaeid shrimp stock assessments. It reflects shrimp population characteristics such as numerical abundance of various sizes, age structure, and vital rates (e.g. recruitment, growth, and mortality), as well as effects of fishing, fishing power, fishing practices, sampling, size-grading, etc. The usual measure of shrimp size in archived landings data is count (C) the number of shrimp tails (abdomen or edible portion) per pound (0.4536 kg). Shrimp are marketed and landings reported in pounds within tail count categories. Statistically, these count categories are count class intervals or bins with upper and lower limits expressed in C. Count categories vary in width, overlap, and frequency of occurrence within the landings. The upper and lower limits of most count class intervals can be transformed to lower and upper limits (respectively) of class intervals expressed in pounds per shrimp tail, w, the reciprocal of C (i.e. w = 1/C). Age based stock assessments have relied on various algorithms to estimate numbers of shrimp from pounds landed within count categories. These algorithms required un- derlying explicit or implicit assumptions about the distribution of C or w. However, no attempts were made to assess the actual distribution of C or w. Therefore, validity of the algorithms and assumptions could not be determined. When different algorithms were applied to landings within the same size categories, they produced different estimates of numbers of shrimp. This paper demonstrates a method of simulating the distribution of w in reported biological year landings of shrimp. We used, as examples, landings of brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, from the northern Gulf of Mexico fishery in biological years 1986–2006. Brown shrimp biological year, Ti, is defined as beginning on 1 May of the same calendar year as Ti and ending on 30 April of the next calendar year, where subscript i is the place marker for biological year. Biological year landings encompass most if not all of the brown shrimp life cycle and life span. Simulated distributions of w reflect all factors influencing sizes of brown shrimp in the landings within a given biological year. Our method does not require a priori assumptions about the parent distributions of w or C, and it takes into account the variability in width, overlap, and frequency of occurrence of count categories within the landings. Simulated biological year distributions of w can be transformed to equivalent distributions of C. Our method may be useful in future testing of previously applied algorithms and development of new estimators based on statistical estimation theory and the underlying distribution of w or C. We also examine some applications of biological year distributions of w, and additional variables derived from them.

Impacto do uso do solo no crescimento, limitação nutricional, taxonomia e variação estequiométrica do perifíton em rios tropicais

Os rios em todo o mundo estão ameaçados através da alteração do uso e cobertura do solo. Nesse contexto, o perifíton é sugerido como indicador biológico devido ao seu ciclo de vida curto, à comunidade autótrofa e à riqueza de espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar mudanças em parâmetros estruturais e funcionais da assembleia perifitica em relação aos diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo (pristino, perturbação intermediária e perturbado); em especial na limitação nutricional, crescimento e acúmulo, composição taxonômica e estequiometria da comunidade. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três rios (Santa Maria, Itaperiti, Anil) da bacia Guapi-Macacu, RJ, Brasil. A limitação nutricional foi acessada através de Substratos Difusores de Nutrientes alocados in situ; estes substratos consistem em potes com agar-agar, enriquecidos com nutrientes (N, P, N+P), ou não (controle), que difundem até o filtro, servindo de substrato para o crescimento perifítico. Ainda, o crescimento foi acessado através da colonização de azulejos, amostrados em datas diferentes; na última data, a amostragem também foi feita para a verificação da composição taxonômica e estequiométrica da assembleia. Os resultados mostraram que a comunidade perifítica é limitada primariamente por luz nos pontos pristinos; já nos pontos perturbados, há limitação por nitrogênio ou fósforo, dependendo do uso do solo predominante agricultura com maior aporte de nitrogênio, causando limitação por fósforo, e pecuária com maior aporte de fósforo, causando limitação por nitrogênio. Os trechos perturbados apresentaram maior biomassa perifítica em termos de clorofila a; além disso, também mostraram as maiores taxas de crescimento da comunidade. Também, houve mudanças na composição taxonômica da comunidade no gradiente de perturbação, com o aumento de gêneros tolerantes à poluição e diminuição de gêneros não tolerantes e da diversidade e a equitabilidade. A intensidade luminosa foi determinante na presença dos táxons, e a concentração de fosfato, nas suas abundâncias. Por fim, as razões estequiométricas - C:N, C:P and N:P - diminuíram em função da concentração de nutrientes na água, indicando o potencial de remoção de nutrientes em córregos poluídos. O presente trabalho foi inovador na área limnológica devido à abordagem estequiométrica em conjunto com o grande número de outras variáveis biológicas. Em tempo, a dificuldade de separação dos efeitos das variáveis ambientais neste estudo in situ faz com que seja sugerido o uso de experimentos controlados em mesocosmos posteriormente

Análise e identificação de produtos do catabolismo de heme nas formas epimastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi

O Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da doença de Chagas, possui um ciclo de vida complexo, deve lidar com diversas condições do ambiente e depende dos hospedeiros para suprir suas necessidades nutricionais. Uma delas é a necessidade de captar a molécula de heme (Fe-protoporfirina IX) que será utilizada como fator de crescimento. Os mecanismos envolvendo o metabolismo de heme são cruciais para a sobrevivência do T. cruzi pois o parasito não possui várias enzimas de biossíntese dessa porfirina e o heme livre pode apresentar citotoxicidade para célula. Na tentativa de perseguir o destino final do heme no parasito, nós estudamos essa via inexplorada no T. cruzi. Nessa tese, nós demonstramos que epimastigotas cultivados com heme, produziram os compostos, α-meso hidroxiheme, verdoheme e biliverdina (identificados por HPLC acoplado á espectrofotômetria). Além disso, nós observamos através de análise dos extratos de epimastigotas no espectrômetro de massas (LQT Orbitrap), espécies iônicas de m/z 583,4 e m/z 619,3. A fragmentação subsequente desses íons originaram espécies filhas típicas das moléculas de biliverdina e verdoheme, respectivamente. Nós observamos também, espécies iônicas de m/z 1397,4 e m/z 1135,4. A fragmentação dessas espécies produziram íons, sendo um deles com a mesma massa molecular de heme (m/z 616,3). Essa espécie iônica por sua vez, gerou fragmentos iônicos idênticos a uma molécula de heme, confirmando que esses intermediários são produtos da modificação da porfirina. Baseado nesses resultados, nós propomos um modelo onde o catabolismo de heme em T. cruzi, envolveria a conjugação da bis(glutationil)spermina, um derivado da tripanotiona presente em tripanossomatídeos, à porfirina (m/z 1137,4), seguido da remoção de dois resíduos de ácidos glutâmicos (m/z 1135,4). Embora o significado bioquímico e fisiológico da adição desse resíduo tiol na molécula de heme ainda é pouco compreendido, alguns trabalhos demonstram a abilidade desses compostos em ligar na porfirina, sem contar também, que esse heme conjugado poderia resultar em uma forma efetiva de prevenção de danos à membrana e a célula ocasionados pelo acúmulo de heme livre. Em conjunto, esses resultados fornecem novas abordagens do metabolismo de heme em T. cruzi, revelando possíveis alvos de intervenção quimioterápica futuros. Nossa proposta está direcionada para uma via ativa de catabolismo de heme que inclui a adição de grupos tiol (derivado da tripanotiona) à heme e a clivagem do anel porfirínico originando a molécula de biliverdina.

The River Teign SAP Consultation Document

This is the River Teign Salmon Action Plan Consultation document produced by the Environment Agency in 2003. The report pays attention on the external consultation of the River Teign Salmon Action Plan (SAP). This approach to salmon management within the England and Wales introduces the concept of river-specific Conservation Limits as a method of assessing the status of the salmon stock. The River Teign Salmon Action Plan follows the format of those completed for the Rivers Torridge, Taw and Dart. It is the fourth of eight action plans that will be produced for salmon rivers within the Devon Area Fisheries, Recreation and Biodiversity Team. The River Teign SAP contains a description of the river catchment and highlights particular features that are relevant to the salmon population and the associated fishery. The Teign salmon stock is currently failing to meet its conservation limit. This failure is largely attributed to the reduction in the survival rate during the marine phase of the salmon life cycle. This is likely to constrain stocks to lower levels than have existed historically. Still further catch controls may contribute to a reduction in exploitation rates and allow stocks to recover to meet their conservation limit. Other important actions include the continuation of habitat improvement works which aim to maximise spawning habitat utilisation, spawning success, and juvenile survival and production.

River Bovey (main Teign tributary) fisheries survey 1978

This is the River Bovey (main Teign tributary) fisheries survey 1978 report produced by South West Water Authority in 1978. The aim of this report is to confirm or disprove the presence of alien coarse fish species thought present in the Bovey system. A chosen site was electro fished using D.C. methods wading upstream. All fish taken were measured and identified. Since it was not possible to distinguish between the young parr stages of migratory and non migratory trout, all parr taken have been included under the heading of Brown trout whereas in fact some of these parr may become migratory later in their life cycle.

Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050.

Carbon emissions from industry are dominated by production of goods in steel, cement plastic, paper, and aluminum. Demand for these materials is anticipated to double at least by 2050, by which time global carbon emissions must be reduced by at least 50%. To evaluate the challenge of meeting this target the global flows of these materials and their associated emissions are projected to 2050 under five technical scenarios. A reference scenario includes all existing and emerging efficiency measures but cannot provide sufficient reduction. The application of carbon sequestration to primary production proves to be sufficient only for cement The emissions target can always be met by reducing demand, for instance through product life extension, material substitution, or "light-weighting". Reusing components shows significant potential particularly within construction. Radical process innovation may also be possible. The results show that the first two strategies, based on increasing primary production, cannot achieve the required emissions reductions, so should be balanced by the vigorous pursuit of material efficiency to allow provision of increased material services with reduced primary production.

Estimating long-term growth-rate changes of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) from two periods of tag-return data

Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) (Thunnus maccoyii) growth rates are estimated from tag-return data associated with two time periods, the 1960s and 1980s. The traditional von Bertalanffy growth model (VBG) and a two-phase VBG model were fitted to the data by maximum likelihood. The traditional VBG model did not provide an adequate representation of growth in SBT, and the two-phase VBG yielded a significantly better fit. The results indicated that significant change occurs in the pattern of growth in relation to a VBG curve during the juvenile stages of the SBT life cycle, which may be related to the transition from a tightly schooling fish that spends substantial time in near and surface shore waters to one that is found primarily in more offshore and deeper waters. The results suggest that more complex growth models should be considered for other tunas and for other species that show a marked change in habitat use with age. The likelihood surface for the two-phase VBG model was found to be bimodal and some implications of this are investigated. Significant and substantial differences were found in the growth for fish spawned in the 1960s and in the 1980s, such that after age four there is a difference of about one year in the expected age of a fish of similar length which persists over the size range for which meaningful recapture data are available. This difference may be a density-dependent response as a consequence of the marked reduction in the SBT population. Given the key role that estimates of growth have in most stock assessments, the results indicate that there is a need both for the regular monitoring of growth rates and for provisions for changes in growth over time (possibly related to changes in abundance) in the stock assessment models used for SBT and other species.

Growth, osmoregulation and ion accumulation in the coastal halophyte Arthrocnemum indicum under field conditions

Life cycle and population biology of a perennial halophyte Arthrocnemum indicum Willd, was studied from February 1992 to January 1993. During the 12 months, the population was exposed to great variations in soil salinity from 35 to 58 ms/cm2 and soil moisture ranging from flood to drought levels. Seasonal changes in dry weight are directly related to soil salinity stress. When salinity levels become low, the dry matter production increases. A little increase in dry weight from April to July indicates that more negative soil water potentials were limiting plant growth. Proline content increased considerably during the dry season with a corresponding increase in salinity. Water soluble oxalate did not vary much with changes in salinity.

USE OF TSIM IN DIGITAL SIMULATION.

In this paper we shall discuss the use of the TSIM simulation software for modelling large-scale industrial processes. The discussion draws on our recent experience of modelling a large plant in the food-processing industry. We shall focus on those features of software organization and software engineering which proved to be particularly necessary for the execution of this project, and illustrate the extent to which the use of TISM facilitated the implementation of these features. We shall also make some general remarks about the 'life-cycle' of models resulting from projects of this kind.

Distribuçāo e biologia das espécies de camarāo de águas pouco profundas

This study investigates the life cycle of the two major commercial species of prawns in Mozambique - Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus monoceros - and their prime nursery microhabitats in the mangrove swamps.

A study on growth of Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) of Maputo Bay

Biological data on Metapenaeus monoceros has been regularly collected in Maputo Bay since 1968. The main objective of this report is to study growth as a function of the size, since this is one of the basic parameters for population dynamics. As the possibility of studying shrimp growth by modal progression analysis depends very much on the space-time configuration of sampling, the years 1968 and 1969 were chosen to study growth of the population available to the bottom trawl used by the fishing industry. In those years sampling was very frequent (twice a week) and the samples were collected from a rather small fishing area. Complementary data on the spawning, juvenile phase and recruitment to the fishery was used to establish the relationship between the different stages of the life cycle and to obtain an age/length key. Data on juveniles in estuaries was only available for 1969 and 1973.

Prognosis of underground structures deterioration based on in-situ measurements

The stability of the underground structure is very important not only from the point of view of the structure itself, but also from the point of view of other structures. Therefore, the evaluation of the process of deterioration can help us very much. In the first part of the paper the ageing of the structures in the scope of their life cycle will be described. The whole process of deterioration is important but limited to certain time intervals and is able to give signals about changes in macro-scale. The second part of the paper is focused on the adaptation of new methods: micro technology of monitoring - such as MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems) and wireless technologies for data transfer. It is obvious that such new technologies have to be assessed for the ability to deliver data continuously and for their safety and solidity. At the end of the paper the application of the measurements on the Prague metro's lining is mentioned. © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group.

Pond production of Artemia in Pakistan

Currently our government and the private sectors are very much interested in the establishment of marine aquaculture. For the successful operation in aquaculture of finfishes and shellfishes, the basic requirement is the suitable diet, apart from proper environment. For the larvae, juveniles and adult stages of the culturing organisms the live Artemia is the ideal food. The aquaculturists the worldover are using live food for their culturing organisms, as the live food played an important role in the dietary management of aquaculture of finfishes and shellfishes (Sorgeloos and Kulasekarapandian, 1984), particularly during larval stages. The live nauplii of Artemia are used in aquaculture of finfishes and shellfishes due to being nutritionally balanced, non polluting, economically bearable, viable and readily acceptable to the culturing species. The adult Artemia is also used for feeding the aquarium fishes particularly so when there is a clear abundance of this resource which is cheaper and can economically compete with alternative artificial diet. By the use of Artemia the aquaculturists may obtain optimum growth and survival rate of the organisms. The life cycle of Artemia is very short, which is completed within two weeks especially during dry season in highly saline waters, the two weeks old Artemia starts producing cysts. These cysts become ready to harvest within a week.