Debt maturity determinants in Brazil: evidence from private and public corporate borrowings

This study provides an empirical investigation of the determinants of long-term debt maturity in Brazil. We built a unique database that includes privately placed debt and public debt for 308 publicly traded, non-financial Brazilian companies, from 2009 to 2013. We perform GMM panel analyses using as dependent variables the amount of long-term debt payable in more than one, three, and five years for total debt, BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) debt and corporate bonds. The results show that the BNDES finances less risky firms, i.e., those that are larger, older, more tangible and more transparent. We also find support for information asymmetry theories, as companies with higher transparency levels have similar leverage levels relative to others but higher proportions of long-term debt in their capital structures. Regarding debt levels, we find that more levered companies are larger, less profitable, more tangible and have fewer growth opportunities. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to address the determinants of long-term debt maturity in Brazil that uses various specifications of long-term debt and that examines different types of debt.

The development of the private equity industry since the 2008 financial crisis

The private equity industry was experiencing a phenomenal boom at the turn of the century but collapsed abruptly in 2008 with the onset of the financial crisis. Considered one of the worst crises since the Great Depression of the 1930s, it had sent ripples around the world threatening the collapse of financial institutions and provoking a liquidity crunch followed by a huge downturn in economic activity and recession. Furthermore, the physiognomy of the financial landscape had considerably altered with banks retracting from the lending space, accompanied by a hardening of financial regulation that sought to better contain systemic risk. Given the new set of changes and challenges that had arisen from this period of financial turmoil, private equity found itself having to question current practices and methods of operation in order to adjust to the harsh realities of a new post-apocalyptic world. Consequently, this paper goes on to explore how the private equity business, management and operation model has evolved since the credit crunch with a specific focus on mature markets such as the United States and Europe. More specifically, this paper will aim to gather insights on the development of the industry since the crisis in Western Europe through a case study approach using as a base interviews with professionals working in the industry and those external to the sector but who have/have had considerable interaction with PE players from 2007 to the present.

Private equity regulation: what are the consequences of the alternative investment fund managers directive (AIFMD) on private equity managers?

The recent global financial crisis brought significant regulatory changes in the worldwide financial industry. In Europe and in the alternative asset sector specifically, a new regulation by the name of Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive saw the daylight in 2010. This far-reaching and complex Directive with the main goal of regulating and overseeing alternative investment funds has triggered many discussions and represents an industry game-changer. Thus, this research will focus on the impact and consequences of the Directive on private equity fund managers and the role of regulators. In other words, what are the effects, what does that mean in a quantitative and qualitative sense, and how is it likely to influence the outlook of this asset class? In order to provide the reader with an extensive view on the topic, the paper will first discuss relevant theory and literature, using mix-methods and legal-dogmatic approaches. Further, descriptive case studies, analysis of existing surveys, and interviews with industry experts will supplement the paper in order to understand primary implications of the Directive with the goal of providing useful insights for further private equity regulation research.

Microinsurance: income risk, social security and the demand for private onsurance by low-income families

Insurance provision against uncertainties is present in several dimensions of peoples´s lives, such as the provisions related to, inter alia, unemployment, diseases, accidents, robbery and death. Microinsurance improves the ability of low-income individuals to cope with these risks. Brazil has a fairly developed financial system but still not geared towards the poor, especially in what concerns the insurance industry. The evaluation of the microinsurance effects on well-being, and the demand for different types of microinsurance require an analysis of the dynamics of the individual income process and an assessment of substitutes and complementary institutions that condition their respective financial behavior. The evaluation of the microinsurance effects on well-being, and the demand for different types of microinsurance require an analysis of the dynamics of the individual income process and an assessment of substitutes and complementary institutions that condition their respective financial behavior. The Brazilian government provides a relatively developed social security system considering other countries of similar income level which crowds-out the demand for insurance and savings. On the other hand, this same public infrastructure may help to foster microfinance products supply. The objective of this paper is to analyze the demand for different types of private insurance by the low-income population using microdata from a National Expenditure Survey (POF/IBGE). The final objective is to help to understand the trade-offs faced for the development of an emerging industry of microinsurance in Brazil.

Venture capital e private equity: parte I

Professor Claudio Vilar Furtado e profissionais convidados falam sobre venture capital e private equity

Venture capital e private equity: parte II

Professor Claudio Vilar Furtado e profissionais convidados falam sobre venture capital e private equity

Private equity e venture capital

Professor Claudio Vilar Furtado fala sobre o Centro de Estudos em Private Equity (GVcepe)

Precificação de ativos sem cotação corrente de mercado na indústria de private equity e venture capital no Brasil

Neste trabalho são estudadas as características do mercado de private equity e venture capital no Brasil, particularmente no que se refere às metodologias de avaliação de investimentos, com o intuito de procurar identificar o método que se ajusta melhor à realidade brasileira para mensuração de ativos sem cotação corrente de mercado, presentes nas carteiras dos Fundos Mútuos de Investimento em Empresas Emergentes e Fundos de Investimento em Participações. Para atingir este objetivo, serão discutidos os principais mercados no exterior, ou seja, Estados Unidos e Europa, bem como as características específicas deste mercado no Brasil, além de apresentar como a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários trata o assunto, uma vez que os ativos aqui tratados não possuem marcação a mercado, como ocorre em outros fundos disciplinados por esta autarquia. Em seguida, são descritas as metodologias a partir das quais serão investigadas as formas como as organizações gestoras abordam os métodos em seus regulamentos e confrontadas as opiniões das organizações mencionadas com as dos investidores. Por fim, busca-se atingir o objetivo proposto utilizando o comportamento do valor das cotas no período de vida dos fundos como indicador do método mais apropriado.

An essay on private equity: the history and fundamentals of fundraising in Brazil

O impacto positivo dos investimentos de Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC) na economia e no mercado de capitais está amplamente documentado pela literatura acadêmica internacional. Nos últimos 40 anos, diversos autores têm estudado a influência desta classe de ativos na criação, no desenvolvimento e na transformação de milhares de empresas ao redor do mundo, especialmente nos Estados Unidos. Entretanto, os estudos sobre os determinantes da captação de recursos de PE/VC têm se desenvolvido apenas mais recentemente, e seus resultados estão longe de ser uma unanimidade. No Brasil, a pesquisa sobre a indústria de PE/VC ainda é escassa. Embora a indústria local venha crescendo rapidamente desde 2006, tendo alcançado US$36,1 bilhões em capital comprometido em 2009, ainda não há estudos sobre as variáveis que influenciam na alocação de capital pelos investidores nesta modalidade de investimento no Brazil. Entender esta dinâmica é importante para o equilíbrio e a eficiência de mercado. Baseado no trabalho de Gompers e Lerner (1998) sobre os determinantes da indústria de PE/VC nos Estados Unidos, este trabalho contribui com a literatura de PE/VC ao: (i) revisitar o começo desta indústria no Brasil; e (ii) identificar quais as variáveis influenciam no desenvolvimento da indústria de PE/VC local. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o desenvolvimento acadêmico da indústria de PE/VC no Brasil. Além disso, as discussões aqui apresentadas poderão impactar outras áreas de estudo que são permeadas pelo tema, tais como Gestão de Investimentos, Governança Corporativa, Empreendedorismo e Estratégia. Profissionais de mercado também deverão se interessar no trabalho. As discussões sobre a história e os fundamentos da indústria fornecem aos investidores, empreendedores, gestores de investimentos e formuladores de políticas públicas, entre outros, um melhor entendimento sobre como o ecossistema de PE/VC funciona no Brasil.

Assessment of value creation in private equity: the acquisition of Burger King by 3G Capital

This thesis elaborates the creation of value in private equity and in particular analyzes value creation in 3G Capital’s acquisition of Burger King. In this sense, a specific model is applied that composes value creation into several drivers, in order to answer the question of how value creation can be addressed in private equity investments. Although previous research by Achleitner et al. (2010) introduced a specific model that addresses value creation in private equity, the respective model was neither applied to an individual company, nor linked to indirect drivers that explain the dynamics and rationales for the creation of value. In turn this paper applies the quantitative model to an ongoing private equity investment and thereby provides different extensions to turn the model into a better forecasting model for ongoing investments, instead of only analyzing a deal that has already been divested from an ex post perspective. The chosen research approach is a case study about the Burger King buyout that first includes an extensive review about the current status of academic literature, second a quantitative calculation and qualitative interpretation of different direct value drivers, third a qualitative breakdown of indirect drivers, and lastly a recapitulating discussion about value creation and value drivers. Presenting a very successful private equity investment and elaborately demonstrating the dynamics and mechanisms that drive value creation in this case, provides important implications for other private equity firms as well as public firms in order to develop their proprietary approach towards value creation.

Private label supply chains: a model for competitiveness?

The search for efficiency in supply chains has usually focused on logistic optimization aspects. Initiatives like the ECR are an example. This research questions the appropriateness of this focus comparing detailed cost structures of fifteen consumer products, covering five different product categories. It compares supply chains of private label products, presumably more efficient due to closer collaboration between chain members, to national brands supply chains. The major source of cost differences lies in other indirect costs incurred by the national brands and not directly assignable to advertising. Results indicate that a complete reconception of the supply chain, exploring different governance structures offers greater opportunities for cost savings than the logistic aspect in isolation. Research was done in the UK in 1995-1997, but results are only now publishable due to confidentiality agreements

Asymmetric auctions and risk aversion within independent private valoues

We study tournaments with many ex-ante asymmetric (heterogeneous) contestants as an independent-private-values all-pay auction. The asymmetry is either with respect to the distribution of valuations for the prize or the risk preferences. By characterizing equilibria in tnonotone strategies we show that tournaments \:vith man~y heterogenous contestants are qualitatively distinct. First, with two (or many ex-ante identical) participants, a contestant always exerts some effort with positive probability. In contrast, with many asymmetric participants, one 1night not exert any effort at all, even if there is a positive probability that he has the highest valuation among ali. Second, in tournan1ents with t'wo (o r n1any ex-ante h01nogenous) contestants, equilibrium effort densities are decreasing. This prediction is at odds with experimental evidence that shows the empírica! density might be increasing at high effort levels. V\.lith rnany heterogeneous contestants, however. the increasing bid density is consistent with an equilibrium behavior.

Neue medien und text: privatbrief und private E-Mail im vergleich

Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich mit dem Phänomen ›Text im Rahmen der Neuen Medien‹ auseinander, indem sie theoretisch und empirisch der in der einschlägigen Forschung aufgeworfenen (und kontrovers diskutierten) Frage nachgeht, ob die Sprache in den Textsorten der neuen Kommunikationsformen als neue Schriftlichkeit bzw. schriftliche Mündlichkeit zu verstehen sei. Dabei konzentriert sie sich exemplarisch auf die Analyse eigens für diesen Zweck erstellter aktueller Textkorpora der Kommunikationsformen E-Mail und Brief und untersucht sie unter den Gesichtspunkten Mündlichkeit / Schriftlichkeit bzw. Nähe / Distanz. ›Kapitel 1‹ umreißt den Forschungsstand zum Thema ›Text und Textsorte‹ sowohl in der Textlinguistik als auch in aktuellen Studien zur Sprache in den Neuen Medien. ›Kapitel 2‹ ist dem kritischen Referat verschiedener bekannter Modelle gewidmet, die sich mit dem Aspekt der Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit bzw. Nähe und Distanz beschäftigen (Hugo Stegers Freiburger Gruppe, Ludwig Söll, Koch/Oesterreicher und Ágel/Hennig) und eine Verortung von Textsorten im Kontinuum Nähe und Distanz vornehmen (Koch/Oesterreicher und Ágel/Hennig).›Kapitel 3‹ schlägt Korrekturen und Ergänzungen betreffend Punktgebung, Modellglossar und Makroanalyse im Modell von Ágel/Hennig vor, das in dieser Arbeit den Analysen der Nähesprachlichkeit in Privatbriefen und privaten E-Mails zugrunde liegt. ›Kapitel 4‹ setzt sich mit Aspekten der beiden Textkorpora auseinander, auf die sich diese Arbeit stützt, und beschreibt und erläutert den Fragebogen, der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellt und Probanden zur Beantwortung vorgelegt wurde. ›Kapitel 5‹ nimmt einen ausführlichen Vergleich der Textsorten ›Privatbrief und private E-Mail‹ vor und beleuchtet abrissartig die Geschichte beider Kommunikationsformen, wobei es sich gleichzeitig auch kritisch mit den in der Forschung in solchen Vergleichsfragen vertretenen Positionen auseinander setzt. ›Kapitel 6‹ interpretiert die Ergebnisse der in der Arbeit durchgeführten Näheanalysen und zieht daraus die Schlussfolgerungen.