Conhecimento acerca dos benefícios e recomendações para a prática de atividade física: relação com o nível de atividade física autorreportada em indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2

RESUMO: Atualmente a prática de regular de atividade física é mencionada na literatura como uma estratégia fundamental no tratamento da diabetes tipo 2, com influencia positiva na redução das comorbilidades associadas a esta doença. (Sigal et al., 2006; Praet & van Loon, 2009). No entanto, e apesar deste reconhecimento, a maioria da população com diabetes tipo 2, apresenta baixos níveis de atividade física que na literatura têm sido relacionados com conhecimento deficitário ou inadequado acerca dos benefícios e das recomendações para a mesma (Madden, et. al., 2009). Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar o nível de atividade física e de avaliar a sua associação com o conhecimento acerca dos benefícios da atividade física e recomendações específicas para a sua prática. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, de natureza descritiva e do tipo Survey (estudo de levantamento) realizado com uma amostra de 50 indivíduos recrutados a partir da consulta de diabetes de uma Unidade de Saúde Familiar da região de Setúbal. A recolha de dados foi feita através da aplicação conjunta, e de uma só vez, de três questionários (Questionário de caracterização sócio-demográfica; versão portuguesa do International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ; Questionário de Avaliação de Conhecimentos acerca dos benefícios e recomendações específicas da prática regular de atividade física), adaptados ao método de entrevista telefónica. Os resultados revelaram que a maioria dos participantes tinham baixos níveis de atividade física (60%), apesar de demonstrarem bons conhecimentos acerca dos benefícios da sua prática regular (67%). Nas analises exploratórias verificou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis, “género” (p= 0,045) e “existência de recomendação para a prática do exercício por parte de um profissional de saúde” (p=0,017), com os conhecimentos acerca dos benefícios da prática regular de atividade física. São os indivíduos do género feminino e com a existência de recomendação para o exercício por parte dos profissionais de saúde, que tendem a demonstrar um nível mais elevado de conhecimento acerca dos benefícios da atividade física. Os resultados mostram igualmente que apesar de não existir uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre o conhecimento acerca das recomendações específicas para a prática da atividade física (recomendações para o modo, frequência duração e intensidade da atividade física), e o nível de atividade física autorreportada, a maioria dos participantes desconhece estas recomendações (70,3%). Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de realizar programas educativos dirigidos a este aspeto ou de incluir este tipo de informação nas recomendações dos profissionais de saúde para a prática regular de atividade física em indivíduos com diabetes do tipo 2. -----------ABSTRACT:The practice of physical activity has been referred in the research literature as a key strategy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with positive influence in reducing its associated complications (Sigal et al., 2006; Praet & van Loon, 2009). However, the majority of people with T2DM, presents low levels of physical activity, which has been associated, with poor knowledge about its benefits and/or about the current guidelines’ recommendations for that practice (Madden, et. al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to determine the level of physical activity, in a sample of T2DM patients, and to assess its relationship with knowledge of physical activity benefits and knowledge about specific recommendations for the practice of physical activity. An observational descriptive study was carried out with a sample of 50 T2DM participants, recruited from the medical consultation of one of the Familiar Health Units in the Setúbal Region. Three aggregated questionnaires (sociodemographic questionnaire, Portuguese version of the International Physical Questionnaire- IPAQ; Knowledge evaluation about physical activity benefits and specific recommendations for regular physical activity practice Questionnaire) were administrated by telephone interview, all at the same time. The study’s findings showed that the majority of the participants had low levels of physical activity (60%), regardless their appropriate knowledge concerning the benefits of regular physical activity (67%). The results of this study have also shown that participants have a poor and/ or inappropriate knowledge concerning the specific physical activity recommendations that have a positive impact in this specific condition. The exploratory analyses revealed a statistically significant association between an appropriate knowledge about the benefits of physical activity and both “gender” (p=0,045) and “recommendation for physical activity practice by an health professional” (p=0,017). Female participants, who received recommendations for regular physical activity, showed higher levels of knowledge concerning the benefits of being physically ative. The study’s findings suggest that T2DM patients need appropriate information and knowledge about how they should practice physical activity. Practising physical activity following current specific recommendations about the mode, frequency, intensity and duration has a positive effect on the management of T2DM.

Development of a fuzzy qualitative risk assessment model applied to construction industry

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Industrial

Conceção e dimensionamento do chassis e sistema de travagem de um veículo de competição do tipo Formula SAE

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A knowledge-based framework to facilitate E-training implementation

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores

Evaporation from porous building materials and its cooling potential

Evaporative cooling is a traditional strategy to improve summer comfort, which has gained renewed relevance in the context of the transition to a greener economy. Here, the potential for evaporative cooling of two common porous building materials, natural stone and ceramic brick, was evaluated. The work has relevance also to the protection of built heritage becauseevaporation underlies the problems of dampness and salt crystallization, which are so harmful and frequent in this heritage. It was observed that the drying rate of the materials is, in some cases, higher than the evaporation rate of a free water surface. Surface area measurements by a three-dimensional optical technique suggested, as probable cause of this behavior, that surface irregularity gives rise to a large effective surface of evaporation in the material. Surface temperature measurements by infrared were performed afterward during evaporation experiments outside during a hot summer day in Lisbon. Their results indicate that ordinary building materials can be very efficient evaporative media and, thus, may help in achieving higher energy efficiency while maintaining a simultaneous constructive or architectural function.

Rigid pavements distresses - pavement condition index evaluation

Pavements require maintenance in order to provide good service levels during their life period. Because of the significant costs of this operation and the importance of a proper planning, a pavement evaluation methodology, named Pavement Condition Index (PCI), was created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This methodology allows for the evaluation of the pavement condition along the life period, generally yearly, with minimum costs and, in this way, it is possible to plan the maintenance action and to adopt adequate measures, minimising the rehabilitation costs. The PCI methodology provides an evaluation based on visual inspection, namely on the distresses observed on the pavement. This condition index of the pavement is classified from 0 to 100, where 0 it is the worst possible condition and 100 the best possible condition. This methodology of pavement assessment represents a significant tool for management methods such as airport pavement management system (APMS) and life-cycle costs analysis (LCCA). Nevertheless, it has some limitations which can jeopardize the correct evaluation of the pavement behavior. Therefore the objective of this dissertation is to help reducing its limitations and make it easier and faster to use. Thus, an automated process of PCI calculation was developed, avoiding the abaci consultation, and consequently, minimizing the human error. To facilitate also the visual inspection a Tablet application was developed to replace the common inspection data sheet and thus making the survey easier to be undertaken. Following, an airport pavement condition was study accordingly with the methodology described at Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys D5340, 2011 where its original condition level is compared with the condition level after iterate possible erroneous considered distresses as well as possible rehabilitations. Afterwards, the results obtained were analyzed and the main conclusions presented together with some future developments.

Experimental characterization of an earth eco-efficient plastering mortar

Earthen plastering mortars are becoming recognized as highly eco-efficient. The assessment of their technical properties needs to be standardized but only the German standard DIN 18947 exists for the moment. An extended experimental campaign was developed in order to assess multiple properties of a ready-mixed earth plastering mortar and also to increase scientific knowledge of the influence of test procedures on those properties. The experimental campaign showed that some aspects related to the equipment, type of samples and sample preparation can be very important, while others seemed to have less influence on the results and the classification of mortars. It also showed that some complementary tests can easily be performed and considered together with the standardized ones, while others may need to be improved. The plaster satisfied the requirements of the existing German standard but, most importantly, it seemed adequate for application as rehabilitation plaster on historic and modern masonry buildings. Apart from their aesthetic aspect, the contribution of earthen plasters to eco-efficiency and particularly to hygrometric indoor comfort should be highlighted.

Rehabilitation of renders of old buildings in Portugal: survey, supporting methodology proposal and case study

The main purpose of the research is to present a proposal for a methodology to support the rehabilitation project of renders of old buildings in Portugal. To achieve the objective it was considered essential to define the main types of participants and aspects to integrate the proposal. The research methodology consists in an inquiry presented to professional participants in rehabilitation, a market study of materials and products available in Portugal, the design of a methodology proposal and its application to a case study. The inquiry sample totals 24 answers from the targeted professionals. A sequence of relevant supporting procedures consists in the proposal, which aims to provide a supporting methodology to decide and project in this context and also to be tested with its application to the building. This proposal was applied to an old building with load-bearing stone masonry walls and air-lime based renders. It was concluded that the assessment of the building and external renderings’ condition, its diagnosis and of the supporting walls, the definition of intervention, the specification of materials to be used and performance requirements to comply, and also plans for conservation and periodic maintenance, are crucial. From the inquiry, compatibility between materials and complementary roles and points of view of different types of participants in rehabilitation must be highlighted. A proposal for a methodology to support the project could provide useful guidance particularly for architects and construction engineers, and improve the understanding of direct participants on site, therefore contributing for the correct implementation of intervention.

Rehabilitation of renders of old buildings in Portugal: survey, supporting methodology proposal and case studies

The main purpose of the research is to present a proposal for a methodology to support the rehabilitation project of renders of old buildings. To achieve the objective it was considered essential to define the main types of participants and aspects to integrate the proposal. The research methodology consists in an inquiry presented to several professional participants in rehabilitation, a market study of materials and products available in Portugal, the design of a methodology proposal and its application to a case study. The inquiry sample totals 24 answers from the targeted professionals. A sequence of relevant supporting procedures consists in the proposal, which aims to provide a supporting methodology to decide and project in this context and also to be tested with its application to the building. This proposal was applied to an old building with load-bearing stone masonry walls and air-lime based renders. It was concluded that the assessment of the building and external renderings’ condition, its diagnosis and of the supporting walls, the definition of intervention, the specification of materials to be used and performance requirements to comply, and also plans for conservation and periodic maintenance, are crucial. From the inquiry, compatibility between materials and complementary roles and points of view of different types of participants in rehabilitation must be highlighted. A proposal for a methodology to support the project could provide useful guidance particularly for architects and construction engineers, and improve the understanding of direct participants on site, therefore contributing for the correct implementation of the intervention.

In Search of the Origins of Modernism: Venice and the Crisis of Classical Architecture in the mid-eighteenth century

This paper attempts to prove that in the years 1735 to 1755 Venice was the birthplace and cradle of Modern architectural theory, generating a major crisis in classical architecture traditionally based on the Vitruvian assumption that it imitates early wooden structures in stone or in marble. According to its rationalist critics such as the Venetian Observant Franciscan friar and architectural theorist Carlo Lodoli (1690-1761) and his nineteenth-century followers, classical architecture is singularly deceptive and not true to the nature of materials, in other words, dishonest and fallacious. This questioning did not emanate from practising architects, but from Lodoli himself– a philosopher and educator of the Venetian patriciate – who had not been trained as an architect. The roots of this crisis lay in a new approach to architecture stemming from the new rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment age with its emphasis on reason and universal criticism.

Three-phase three-level current-source converter for EVs fast battery charging systems

This paper presents a three-phase three-level fast battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs) based in a current-source converter (CSC). Compared with the traditional voltage-source converters used for fast battery chargers, the CSC can be seen as a natural buck-type converter, i.e., the output voltage can assume a wide range of values, which varies between zero and the maximum instantaneous value of the power grid phase-to-phase voltage. Moreover, using the CSC it is not necessary to use a dc-dc back-end converter in the battery side, and it is also possible to control the grid current in order to obtain a sinusoidal waveform, and in phase with the power grid voltage (unitary power factor). Along the paper is described in detail the proposed CSC for EVs fast battery charging systems: the circuit topology, the power control theory, the current control strategy and the grid synchronization algorithm. Several simulation results of the EV fast battery charger operating with a maximum power of 50 kW are presented.

A spatial multicriteria model for urban accessibility mapping

Accessibility is nowadays an important issue for the development of cities. It is seen as a priority in order toguarantee equal access to fundamental rights, to improve the quality of life of citizens and to ensure that everyone, regardless of age, mobility or ability, have equal access to all the resources and benefits cities have to offer. Consequently, factors closely related to the accessibility have gained a higher relevance for identifying and assessing the location of urban facilities. The main goal of the paper is to present an accessibility evaluation model applied in Santarém, in Brazil, a city located midway between the larger cities of Belem and Manaus. The research instruments, sampling method and data analysis proposed for mapping urban accessibility are described. Daily activities were used to identify and group key destinations. The model was implemented within a geographic information system and integrates the individualâ s perspective through the definition of each key destination weight, reflecting their significance for daily activities in the urban area. Accessibility to key destinations was mapped over 24 districts of the city of Santarém. The results of this model application can support city administration decision-making for new investments in order to improve urban quality of life.

Design formula for the flexural strengthening of RC beams using prestressed CFRP reinforcement

Applying a certain prestress level to the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement according to either externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) or near surface mounted (NSM) techniques can mobilize the strengthening potentialities of this high tensile strength composite material. For the prediction of the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures strengthened with prestressed EBR or NSM CFRPs, however, simplified analytical and design formulations still need to be developed as a guidance for engineers to design this type of strengthened structures by hand calculation without any programming help. Hence, the current work aims to briefly explain a developed simplified analytical approach, with a design framework, to predict the flexural behavior of RC beams flexurally strengthened with either prestressed EBR or NSM CFRP reinforcements. Moreover, an upper limit for the prestress level is proposed in order to optimize the ductility performance of the NSM prestressing technique. The good predictive performance of the analytical approaches was appraised by simulating the results of experimental programs composed of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM CFRP reinforcements.

Shaking table tests of a two-storey log house

This paper presents the findings of an experimental campaign that was conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour of log houses. A two-storey log house designed by the Portuguese company Rusticasa® was subjected to a series of shaking table tests at LNEC, Lisbon, Portugal. The paper contains the description of the geometry and construction of the house and all the aspects related to the testing procedure, namely the pre-design, the setup, instrumentation and the testing process itself. The shaking table tests were carried out with a scaled spectrum of the Montenegro (1979) earthquake, at increasing levels of PGA, starting from 0.07g, moving on to 0.28g and finally 0.5g. The log house did not suffer any major damage and remained in working condition throughout the entire process. The preliminary analysis of the overall behaviour of the log house is also discussed.

An integrated system for human action recognition from video using hidden Markov model

In this paper, we present an integrated system for real-time automatic detection of human actions from video. The proposed approach uses the boundary of humans as the main feature for recognizing actions. Background subtraction is performed using Gaussian mixture model. Then, features are extracted from silhouettes and Vector Quantization is used to map features into symbols (bag of words approach). Finally, actions are detected using the Hidden Markov Model. The proposed system was validated using a newly collected real- world dataset. The obtained results show that the system is capable of achieving robust human detection, in both indoor and outdoor environments. Moreover, promising classification results were achieved when detecting two basic human actions: walking and sitting.