In-flight thermal experiments for LISA Pathfinder: Simulating temperature noise at the Inertial Sensors

Thermal Diagnostics experiments to be carried out on board LISA Pathfinder (LPF) will yield a detailed characterisation of how temperature fluctuations affect the LTP (LISA Technology Package) instrument performance, a crucial information for future space based gravitational wave detectors as the proposed eLISA. Amongst them, the study of temperature gradient fluctuations around the test masses of the Inertial Sensors will provide as well information regarding the contribution of the Brownian noise, which is expected to limit the LTP sensitivity at frequencies close to 1mHz during some LTP experiments. In this paper we report on how these kind of Thermal Diagnostics experiments were simulated in the last LPF Simulation Campaign (November, 2013) involving all the LPF Data Analysis team and using an end-to-end simulator of the whole spacecraft. Such simulation campaign was conducted under the framework of the preparation for LPF operations.

CONCURRENT LOCALIZATION AND MAPPING WITH SONAR SENSORS AND CONSIDERATION OF VEHICLE MOTION

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a procedure used to determine the location of a mobile vehicle in an unknown environment, while constructing a map of the unknown environment at the same time. Mobile platforms, which make use of SLAM algorithms, have industrial applications in autonomous maintenance, such as the inspection of flaws and defects in oil pipelines and storage tanks. A typical SLAM consists of four main components, namely, experimental setup (data gathering), vehicle pose estimation, feature extraction, and filtering. Feature extraction is the process of realizing significant features from the unknown environment such as corners, edges, walls, and interior features. In this work, an original feature extraction algorithm specific to distance measurements obtained through SONAR sensor data is presented. This algorithm has been constructed by combining the SONAR Salient Feature Extraction Algorithm and the Triangulation Hough Based Fusion with point-in-polygon detection. The reconstructed maps obtained through simulations and experimental data with the fusion algorithm are compared to the maps obtained with existing feature extraction algorithms. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that the proposed algorithm can be employed as an option for data obtained from SONAR sensors in environment, where other forms of sensing are not viable. The algorithm fusion for feature extraction requires the vehicle pose estimation as an input, which is obtained from a vehicle pose estimation model. For the vehicle pose estimation, the author uses sensor integration to estimate the pose of the mobile vehicle. Different combinations of these sensors are studied (e.g., encoder, gyroscope, or encoder and gyroscope). The different sensor fusion techniques for the pose estimation are experimentally studied and compared. The vehicle pose estimation model, which produces the least amount of error, is used to generate inputs for the feature extraction algorithm fusion. In the experimental studies, two different environmental configurations are used, one without interior features and another one with two interior features. Numerical and experimental findings are discussed. Finally, the SLAM algorithm is implemented along with the algorithms for feature extraction and vehicle pose estimation. Three different cases are experimentally studied, with the floor of the environment intentionally altered to induce slipping. Results obtained for implementations with and without SLAM are compared and discussed. The present work represents a step towards the realization of autonomous inspection platforms for performing concurrent localization and mapping in harsh environments.

Mid-infrared photonic sensors based on metamaterial structures

In this work three different metallic metamaterials (MMs) structures such as asymmetric split ring resonators (A-SRRs), dipole and split H-shaped (ASHs) structures that support plasmonic resonances have been developed. The aim of the work involves the optimization of photonic sensor based on plasmonic resonances and surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) from the MM structures. The MMs structures were designed to tune their plasmonic resonance peaks in the mid-infrared region. The plasmonic resonance peaks produced are highly dependent on the structural dimension and polarisation of the electromagnetic (EM) source. The ASH structure particularly has the ability to produce the plasmonic resonance peak with dual polarisation of the EM source. The double resonance peaks produced due to the asymmetric nature of the structures were optimized by varying the fundamental parameters of the design. These peaks occur due to hybridization of the individual elements of the MMs structure. The presence of a dip known as a trapped mode in between the double plasmonic peaks helps to narrow the resonances. A periodicity greater than twice the length and diameter of the metallic structure was applied to produce narrow resonances for the designed MMs. A nanoscale gap in each structure that broadens the trapped mode to narrow the plasmonic resonances was also used. A thickness of 100 nm gold was used to experimentally produce a high quality factor of 18 in the mid-infrared region. The optimised plasmonic resonance peaks was used for detection of an analyte, 17β-estradiol. 17β-estradiol is mostly responsible for the development of human sex organs and can be found naturally in the environment through human excreta. SEIRA was the method applied to the analysis of the analyte. The work is important in the monitoring of human biology and in water treatment. Applying this method to the developed nano-engineered structures, enhancement factors of 10^5 and a sensitivity of 2791 nm/RIU was obtained. With this high sensitivity a figure of merit (FOM) of 9 was also achieved from the sensors. The experiments were verified using numerical simulations where the vibrational resonances of the C-H stretch from 17β-estradiol were modelled. Lastly, A-SRRs and ASH on waveguides were also designed and evaluated. These patterns are to be use as basis for future work.

Quantificação de açúcares com uma língua eletrónica: calibração multivariada com seleção de sensores

Este trabalho incide na análise dos açúcares majoritários nos alimentos (glucose, frutose e sacarose) com uma língua eletrónica potenciométrica através de calibração multivariada com seleção de sensores. A análise destes compostos permite contribuir para a avaliação do impacto dos açúcares na saúde e seu efeito fisiológico, além de permitir relacionar atributos sensoriais e atuar no controlo de qualidade e autenticidade dos alimentos. Embora existam diversas metodologias analíticas usadas rotineiramente na identificação e quantificação dos açúcares nos alimentos, em geral, estes métodos apresentam diversas desvantagens, tais como lentidão das análises, consumo elevado de reagentes químicos e necessidade de pré-tratamentos destrutivos das amostras. Por isso se decidiu aplicar uma língua eletrónica potenciométrica, construída com sensores poliméricos selecionados considerando as sensibilidades aos açucares obtidas em trabalhos anteriores, na análise dos açúcares nos alimentos, visando estabelecer uma metodologia analítica e procedimentos matemáticos para quantificação destes compostos. Para este propósito foram realizadas análises em soluções padrão de misturas ternárias dos açúcares em diferentes níveis de concentração e em soluções de dissoluções de amostras de mel, que foram previamente analisadas em HPLC para se determinar as concentrações de referência dos açúcares. Foi então feita uma análise exploratória dos dados visando-se remover sensores ou observações discordantes através da realização de uma análise de componentes principais. Em seguida, foram construídos modelos de regressão linear múltipla com seleção de variáveis usando o algoritmo stepwise e foi verificado que embora fosse possível estabelecer uma boa relação entre as respostas dos sensores e as concentrações dos açúcares, os modelos não apresentavam desempenho de previsão satisfatório em dados de grupo de teste. Dessa forma, visando contornar este problema, novas abordagens foram testadas através da construção e otimização dos parâmetros de um algoritmo genético para seleção de variáveis que pudesse ser aplicado às diversas ferramentas de regressão, entre elas a regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados parciais. Foram obtidos bons resultados de previsão para os modelos obtidos com o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais aliado ao algoritmo genético, tanto para as soluções padrão quanto para as soluções de mel, com R²ajustado acima de 0,99 e RMSE inferior a 0,5 obtidos da relação linear entre os valores previstos e experimentais usando dados dos grupos de teste. O sistema de multi-sensores construído se mostrou uma ferramenta adequada para a análise dos iii açúcares, quando presentes em concentrações maioritárias, e alternativa a métodos instrumentais de referência, como o HPLC, por reduzir o tempo da análise e o valor monetário da análise, bem como, ter um preparo mínimo das amostras e eliminar produtos finais poluentes.

Língua eletrónica: uma ferramenta prática na análise sensorial de azeitonas de mesa

As azeitonas de mesa são consumidas e apreciadas em todo o mundo e, embora a sua classificação comercial não seja legalmente exigida, o Conselho Oleícola Internacional sugere que seja regulamentada com base na avaliação sensorial por um painel de provadores. A implementação de tal requer o cumprimento de diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Conselho Oleícola Internacional, resultando numa tarefa complexa, demorada e cujas avaliações não estão isentas de subjetividade. Neste trabalho, pela primeira vez, uma língua eletrónica foi utilizada com o intuito de classificar azeitonas de mesa em categorias comerciais, estipuladas com base na presença e na mediana das intensidades do defeito organolético predominante percebido pelo painel de provadores. Modelos de discriminação lineares foram estabelecidos com base em subconjuntos de sinais potenciométricos de sensores da língua eletrónica, selecionados recorrendo ao algoritmo de arrefecimento simulado. Os desempenhos qualitativo de previsão dos modelos de classificação estabelecidos foram avaliados recorrendo à técnica de validação cruzada leave-one-out e à técnica de validação cruzada K-folds com repetição, que permite minimizar o risco de sobreajustamento, permitindo obter resultados mais realistas. O potencial desta abordagem qualitativa, baseada nos perfis eletroquímicos gerados pela língua eletrónica, foi satisfatoriamente demonstrado: (i) na classificação correta (sensibilidades ≥ 93%) de soluções padrão (ácido n-butírico, 2-mercaptoetanol e ácido ciclohexanocarboxílico) de acordo com o defeito sensorial que mimetizam (butírico, pútrido ou sapateira); (ii) na classificação correta (sensibilidades ≥ 93%) de amostras de referência de azeitonas e salmouras (presença de um defeito único intenso) de acordo com o tipo de defeito percebido (avinhado-avinagrado, butírico, mofo, pútrido ou sapateira), e selecionadas pelo painel de provadores; e, (iii) na classificação correta (sensibilidade ≥ 86%) de amostras de azeitonas de mesa com grande heterogeneidade, contendo um ou mais defeitos organoléticos percebidos pelo painel de provadores nas azeitona e/ou salmouras, de acordo com a sua categoria comercial (azeitona extra sem defeito, extra, 1ª escolha, 2ª escolha e azeitonas que não podem ser comercializadas como azeitonas de mesa). Por fim, a capacidade língua eletrónica em quantificar as medianas das intensidades dos atributos negativos detetados pelo painel nas azeitonas de mesa foi demonstrada recorrendo a modelos de regressão linear múltipla-algoritmo de arrefecimento simulado, com base em subconjuntos selecionados de sinais gerados pela língua eletrónica durante a análise potenciométrica das azeitonas e salmouras. O xii desempenho de previsão dos modelos quantitativos foi validado recorrendo às mesmas duas técnicas de validação cruzada. Os modelos estabelcidos para cada um dos 5 defeitos sensoriais presentes nas amostras de azeitona de mesa, permitiram quantificar satisfatoriamente as medianas das intensidades dos defeitos (R² ≥ 0,97). Assim, a qualidade satisfatória dos resultados qualitativos e quantitativos alcançados permite antever, pela primeira vez, uma possível aplicação prática das línguas eletrónicas como uma ferramenta de análise sensorial de defeitos em azeitonas de mesa, podendo ser usada como uma técnica rápida, económica e útil na avaliação organolética de atributos negativos, complementar à tradicional análise sensorial por um painel de provadores.

Electronic Packaging of Paper-Based Anisotropic Magnetoresistive Sensors

This report investigates adaptations of electronic packaging methods used to create stacks of these sensors. Four methods were developed and tested to determine the best option in terms of mechanical stability and electrical conductivity of the system. For the first method, a stack is created by way of through paper vias (TPVs), a hole that is cut in the pads of the sensors and then filled with electrically conductive adhesive through the openings on the two sensors to be joined. The second method is called mechanical caulking and connects sensors through pads which have been lined with copper tape backed with conductive adhesive. The connection is created with a small copper rivet which is flattened in place by compressive force. The third method is the stitching method which is inspired by sewing of fabric. A pattern of thin copper wire is stitched on the pad of a sensor that is lined with copper tape backed with conductive adhesive. The wire is then stitched through a second sensor that is treated similarly with copper tape and the stack receives the same pattern through the two layers as was applied to the first sensor alone. The final method is the collapsed daisy chain which is the linear connection of sensors to their neighboring sensors via copper tape backed with conductive adhesive. The row of sensors is then collapsed in an alternating orientation into a single stack.

A framework for abstraction and virtualization of sensors in mobile context-aware computing

110 p.

SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders. Recommendation for oxygen measurements from Argo floats, implementation of in-air-measurement routine to assure highest long-term accuracy

Recommendation for Oxygen Measurements from Argo Floats: Implementation of In-Air-Measurement Routine to Assure Highest Long-term Accuracy As Argo has entered its second decade and chemical/biological sensor technology is improving constantly, the marine biogeochemistry community is starting to embrace the successful Argo float program. An augmentation of the global float observatory, however, has to follow rather stringent constraints regarding sensor characteristics as well as data processing and quality control routines. Owing to the fairly advanced state of oxygen sensor technology and the high scientific value of oceanic oxygen measurements (Gruber et al., 2010), an expansion of the Argo core mission to routine oxygen measurements is perhaps the most mature and promising candidate (Freeland et al., 2010). In this context, SCOR Working Group 142 “Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders” (www.scor-int.org/SCOR_WGs_WG142.htm) set out in 2014 to assess the current status of biogeochemical sensor technology with particular emphasis on float-readiness, develop pre- and post-deployment quality control metrics and procedures for oxygen sensors, and to disseminate procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption in the community.

Biofouling protection by electro-chlorination on optical windows for oceanographic sensors and imaging devices

Oceans environmental monitoring and seafloor exploitation need in situ sensors and optical devices (cameras, lights) in various locations and on various carriers in order to initiate and to calibrate environmental models or to operate underwater industrial process supervision. For more than 10 years Ifremer deploys in situ monitoring systems for various seawater parameters and in situ observation systems based on lights and HD Cameras. To be economically operational, these systems must be equipped with a biofouling protection dedicated to the sensors and optical devices used in situ. Indeed, biofouling, in less than 15 days [1] will modify the transducing interfaces of the sensors and causes unacceptable bias on the measurements provided by the in situ monitoring system. In the same way biofouling will decrease the optical properties of windows and thus altering the lighting and the quality fot he images recorded by the camera.

Microfabricated elastomer tactile sensors for robotic fingertip systems

Tactile sensing is an important aspect of robotic systems, and enables safe, dexterous robot-environment interaction. The design and implementation of tactile sensors on robots has been a topic of research over the past 30 years, and current challenges include mechanically flexible “sensing skins”, high dynamic range (DR) sensing (i.e.: high force range and fine force resolution), multi-axis sensing, and integration between the sensors and robot. This dissertation focuses on addressing some of these challenges through a novel manufacturing process that incorporates conductive and dielectric elastomers in a reusable, multilength-scale mold, and new sensor designs for multi-axis sensing that improve force range without sacrificing resolution. A single taxel was integrated into a 1 degree of freedom robotic gripper for closed-loop slip detection. Manufacturing involved casting a composite silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) filled with conductive particles such as carbon nanotubes, into a mold to produce microscale flexible features on the order of 10s of microns. Molds were produced via microfabrication of silicon wafers, but were limited in sensing area and were costly. An improved technique was developed that produced molds of acrylic using a computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine. This maintained the ability to produce microscale features, and increased the sensing area while reducing costs. New sensing skins had features as small as 20 microns over an area as large as a human hand. Sensor architectures capable of sensing both shear and normal force sensing with high dynamic range were produced. Using this architecture, two sensing modalities were developed: a capacitive approach and a contact resistive approach. The capacitive approach demonstrated better dynamic range, while the contact resistive approach used simpler circuitry. Using the contact resistive approach, normal force range and resolution were 8,000 mN and 1,000 mN, respectively, and shear force range and resolution were 450 mN and 100 mN, respectively. Using the capacitive approach, normal force range and resolution were 10,000 mN and 100 mN, respectively, and shear force range and resolution were 1,500 mN and 50 mN, respectively.

Intelligent system for interaction with virtual characters based on volumetric sensors

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Elétrica e Eletrónica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF WIRELESS PASSIVE MAGNETOELASTIC RESONANCE AND MAGNETOHARMONIC FORCE SENSORS

The objective of the work described in this dissertation is the development of new wireless passive force monitoring platforms for applications in the medical field, specifically monitoring lower limb prosthetics. The developed sensors consist of stress sensitive, magnetically soft amorphous metallic glass materials. The first technology is based on magnetoelastic resonance. Specifically, when exposed to an AC excitation field along with a constant DC bias field, the magnetoelastic material mechanically vibrates, and may reaches resonance if the field frequency matches the mechanical resonant frequency of the material. The presented work illustrates that an applied loading pins portions of the strip, effectively decreasing the strip length, which results in an increase in the frequency of the resonance. The developed technology is deployed in a prototype lower limb prosthetic sleeve for monitoring forces experienced by the distal end of the residuum. This work also reports on the development of a magnetoharmonic force sensor comprised of the same material. According to the Villari effect, an applied loading to the material results in a change in the permeability of the magnetic sensor which is visualized as an increase in the higher-order harmonic fields of the material. Specifically, by applying a constant low frequency AC field and sweeping the applied DC biasing field, the higher-order harmonic components of the magnetic response can be visualized. This sensor technology was also instrumented onto a lower limb prosthetic for proof of deployment; however, the magnetoharmonic sensor illustrated complications with sensor positioning and a necessity to tailor the interface mechanics between the sensing material and the surface being monitored. The novelty of these two technologies is in their wireless passive nature which allows for long term monitoring over the life time of a given device. Additionally, the developed technologies are low cost. Recommendations for future works include improving the system for real-time monitoring, useful for data collection outside of a clinical setting.

Microstructured polymer optical fibre sensors for opto-acoustic endoscopy

Opto-acoustic imaging is a growing field of research in recent years, providing functional imaging of physiological biomarkers, such as the oxygenation of haemoglobin. Piezo electric transducers are the industry standard detector for ultrasonics, but their limited bandwidth, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference and their inversely proportional sensitivity to size all affect the detector performance. Sensors based on polymer optical fibres (POF) are immune to electromagnetic interference, have lower acoustic impedance and a reduced Young's Modulus compared to silica fibres. Furthermore, POF enables the possibility of a wideband sensor and a size appropriate to endoscopy. Micro-structured POF (mPOF) used in an interferometric detector has been shown to be an order of magnitude more sensitive than silica fibre at 1 MHz and 3 times more sensitive at 10 MHz. We present the first opto-acoustic measurements obtained using a 4.7mm PMMA mPOF Bragg grating with a fibre diameter of 130 μm and present the lateral directivity pattern of a PMMA mPOF FBG ultrasound sensor over a frequency range of 1-50 MHz. We discuss the impact of the pattern with respect to the targeted application and draw conclusions on how to mitigate the problems encountered.

Non-invasive winding fault detection for induction machines based on stray flux magnetic sensors

Non-intrusive monitoring of health state of induction machines within industrial process and harsh environments poses a technical challenge. In the field, winding failures are a major fault accounting for over 45% of total machine failures. In the literature, many condition monitoring techniques based on different failure mechanisms and fault indicators have been developed where the machine current signature analysis (MCSA) is a very popular and effective method at this stage. However, it is extremely difficult to distinguish different types of failures and hard to obtain local information if a non-intrusive method is adopted. Typically, some sensors need to be installed inside the machines for collecting key information, which leads to disruption to the machine operation and additional costs. This paper presents a new non-invasive monitoring method based on GMRs to measure stray flux leaked from the machines. It is focused on the influence of potential winding failures on the stray magnetic flux in induction machines. Finite element analysis and experimental tests on a 1.5-kW machine are presented to validate the proposed method. With time-frequency spectrogram analysis, it is proven to be effective to detect several winding faults by referencing stray flux information. The novelty lies in the implement of GMR sensing and analysis of machine faults.