Leucoencefalomalácia em equídeos da região Leste de Mato Grosso

Background: Fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides are among the most important medical mycotoxins known. The intake of concentrate based on corn and corn by-products contaminated with fumonisins can cause severe poisoning in horses. The injuries are observed mainly in the white matter of the brain, and the disease is known as Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM). This study aims to describe and discuss the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of an outbreak of ELEM occurred in three farms in the municipalities of Canarana and Agua Boa, in the eastern region of Mato Grosso, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The outbreak occurred between May and August 2010. The disease affected six horses and four mules of different ages and sex. Clinical examination was only possible in animals with chronic evolution of the disease. All the affected animals showed neurological clinical signs such as ataxia and recumbency, which progressed to death or sudden death. Histopathological analysis showed foci of necrosis that predominantly affected the white matter, and the presence of gitter cells. Degenerative lesions were observed in the liver of the animals. Mortality rate ranged from 12.5 to 71%, and lethality reached 100%. The cases were preceded by sudden drops in the weather temperature. Fumonisins levels of 6.6 ppm were detected in the feed of the animals.Discussion: The presumptive diagnosis of leukoencephalomalacia was consistent and based on clinical and epidemiological studies. However, the definitive diagnosis was based upon the histological features of the brain including the presence of extensive areas of malacia. Moreover, the animals were being fed with corn or corn by-products contaminated with fumonisins levels considered to be toxic to equids. The mortality and lethality rates are in agreement with outbreaks described in previous studies. The animals showed neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation, with gait ataxia followed by recumbency, prostration and death between 24 h and 29 days. Similarly to other reports, the disease was more frequent in adult animals, which succumbed in 24-48 h. Conversely, the evolution of the disease in young animals was of 10 to 29 days. Sudden death was more prevalent in the mules. Previous studies have shown a predominance of cerebral and brainstem lesions in horses, whereas in mules the clinical signs are related to brainstem lesions. Corn and corn by-products are commonly used as energy supplementation to horses in the southern of Mato Grosso state, but outbreaks of the disease are uncommon. This may be influenced by the prevalence of hot climate conditions, which does not favor the production of toxin by the fungus. The atypical low weather temperatures (9-11 degrees C) observed prior to the outbreak could have contributed to the mycotoxin production by F. verticillioides, which requires temperatures between 8-12 degrees C to produce toxins. However, the disease in the region may be underestimated, considering that the practice of necropsies is not common among field technicians, mainly in the occurrence of sporadic deaths among horses intended for work. Preventive measures include avoiding the use of corn and corn by-products for horses after periods of sudden drops in temperature in the region. Furthermore, clinical and epidemiological surveys and post-mortem and histopathological analyses are undoubtedly important for appropriate differential diagnosis, especially in equids with neurological signs.

Vasoconstrictor effect of Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on rat aorta

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Quantificação de citocinas no soro e homogenato da pata na intoxicação experimental com veneno de Bothropoides jararaca em ratos Wistar tratados com soroterapia e Mikania glomerata

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito do treinamento com haste vibratória na biomecânica da marcha com dupla-tarefa em idosas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ação educativa no ensino fundamental com material paradidático sobre prevenção de quedas acidentais

The child accidents are a serious public health problem, but can be prevented by the education. The Ministries of Health and Education suggest preventive actions in schools, but these are scarce, as well as the materials to be used in the educational context. The objective of this study was to evaluate an educational intervention on prevention of accidental falls. Participants were 17 students of the fourth year of elementary school at a municipal school. We checked the students' prior knowledge, read a paradicdatic book and re-verification of knowledge. The results indicated an increase of correct answers by 40% comparing the data obtained before and after the action. It is concluded that the educational activity favored the expansion of knowledge about the theme in the educational environment.

Efeito do extrato aquoso de folhas de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess) no controle do crescimento de Microcystis aeruginosa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Riqueza de espécies de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em duas fitofisionomias de cerrado no município de Ipameri, GO, Brasil

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Entomologia Agrícola) - FCAV

Air versus saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space

BackgroundThe success of epidural anaesthesia depends on correct identification of the epidural space. For several decades, the decision of whether to use air or physiological saline during the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space has been governed by the personal experience of the anaesthesiologist. Epidural block remains one of the main regional anaesthesia techniques. It is used for surgical anaesthesia, obstetrical analgesia, postoperative analgesia and treatment of chronic pain and as a complement to general anaesthesia. The sensation felt by the anaesthesiologist from the syringe plunger with loss of resistance is different when air is compared with saline (fluid). Frequently fluid allows a rapid change from resistance to non-resistance and increased movement of the plunger. However, the ideal technique for identification of the epidural space remains unclear.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of both air and saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space.To evaluate complications related to the air or saline injected.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 9), MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information Database (LILACS) (from inception to September 2013). We applied no language restrictions. The date of the most recent search was 7 September 2013.Selection criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (quasi-RCTs) on air and saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space.Data collection and analysisTwo review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.Main resultsWe included in the review seven studies with a total of 852 participants. The methodological quality of the included studies was generally ranked as showing low risk of bias inmost domains, with the exception of one study, which did not mask participants. We were able to include data from 838 participants in the meta-analysis. We found no statistically significant differences between participants receiving air and those given saline in any of the outcomes evaluated: inability to locate the epidural space (three trials, 619 participants) (risk ratio (RR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33 to 2.31, low-quality evidence); accidental intravascular catheter placement (two trials, 223 participants) (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.45, low-quality evidence); accidental subarachnoid catheter placement (four trials, 682 participants) (RR 2.95, 95% CI 0.12 to 71.90, low-quality evidence); combined spinal epidural failure (two trials, 400 participants) (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.18, low-quality evidence); unblocked segments (five studies, 423 participants) (RR 1.66, 95% CI 0.72 to 3.85); and pain measured by VAS (two studies, 395 participants) (mean difference (MD) -0.09, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.18). With regard to adverse effects, we found no statistically significant differences between participants receiving air and those given saline in the occurrence of paraesthesias (three trials, 572 participants) (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.15); difficulty in advancing the catheter (two trials, 227 participants) (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.32 to 2.56); catheter replacement (two trials, 501 participants) (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.83); and postdural puncture headache (one trial, 110 participants) (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.12 to 5.71).Authors' conclusionsLow-quality evidence shows that results do not differ between air and saline in terms of the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space and reduction of complications. Applicability might be compromised, as most of the results described in this review were obtained from parturient patients. This review underlines the need to conduct well-designed trials in this field.

Effect of Chlorogenic Acid (5-Caffeoylquinic Acid) Isolated from Baccharis oxyodonta on the Structure and Pharmacological Activities of Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Infiltrated plaques resulting from an injury caused by the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris): a case report

Several species of octopus are considered venomous due to toxins present in the glands connected to their "beak", which may be associated with hunt and kill of prey. Herein, we report an accident involving a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) that injured an instructor during a practical biology lesson and provoked an inflamed infiltrated plaque on the hand of the victim. The lesion was present for about three weeks and was treated with cold compresses and anti-inflammatory drugs. It was healed ten days after leaving a hyperchromic macule at the bite site. The probable cause of the severe inflammation was the digestive enzymes of the glands and not the neurotoxins of the venom.

Hip muscles strength and activation in older fallers and non-fallers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Two-stage rumenostomy in buffaloes

Background: Rumenostomy may be performed for therapeutic and digestibility research purposes in bovines, small ruminants and camelids. Several studies requires romenostomy in buffaloes in order to sample ruminal content for laboratorial assays. However, complications and outcome of rumenostomy was poorly studied in buffaloes. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to describe a two-stage rumenostomy technique in buffaloes, focused on intra and post-operative period.Materials, Methods & Results: Nine Murrah buffaloes were submitted to a 36-h and 12-h of food and water fastening. The animals were given acepromazine and maintained in standing position. Flank local anesthesia was carried out. A circular skin incision was carried out in the center of the left flank, followed by divulsion of the external and internal obliques and transversus abdominus muscles, and incision of the peritoneum. Subsequently, a segment of the dorsal aspect of the rumen was grasped and pulled through the flank incision. The rumen was attached to the peritoneum and skin incision margins in four points (dorsal, ventral, cranial and caudal). Additional simple interrupted sutures attaching the rumen serosa to the skin were applied subsequently. Four additional interrupted horizontal mattress sutures were applied equidistantly, taking bites only in the skin and rumen serosa. Following 12 h, the second stage was carried out. The buffaloes were prepared and restrained as performed for the first stage. A circular flap was excised from the exteriorized rumen and the silicone romenostomy cannula was placed. Clinical parameters, postoperative recovery, weight and behavioral pain scale were assessed. Positioning and anesthesia regimen were adequate for the achievement of the procedure. However, two animals fell in the restraint chute during the first surgical stage. Mild ischemia of the exteriorized rumen segment was observed on the second surgical stage, which resulted in less hemorrhage and enhanced cannula positioning. Complete cicatrization and permanent adhesion of the rumen to the skin were achieved. No ruminal leakage to the abdominal cavity occurred. No signs of pain were reported. There were few cases of laxity of the romenostomy opening leading to drop of cannula, myiasis on the margin of the stoma site and few cases of mild ruminal content leakage on the long-term assessment.Discussion: Restraint in standing position was considered adequate, although lateral recumbence constitutes another option. However, higher risk of contamination and technical difficulties in placing the cannulas are expected if lateral recumbence is considered. In other trials using acepromazine, no accidental recumbence occurred. Xylazine was also indicated for chemical restraint of buffaloes. It is known that flexible cannulas provide better anatomic adjustment and adaptation as well as being effective for sampling ruminal content, as seen in the current study. Ruminal leakage is one of the most frequent complications of romenostomy, which may affect animal's welfare. The animals in the current study presented no variations on the body score, even though on those presenting cannula loosening or ruminal content leakage. Moreover, no significant changes of the ruminal content parameters were noticed. Myiasis was also reported following ruminal surgical interventions, which were mainly attributed to extensive breeding. Loss of the cannula, subcutaneous emphysema and suture dehiscence are common complications of romenostomy. Nonetheless, none of those complications were found on the current study. Thus, romenostomy was feasible and efficient for sampling and performing assays of the ruminal content in buffaloes.

Estudo etnobiológico da interação dos pescadores de cerco-fixo com as tartarugas marinhas da região de Cananéia, litoral sul de São Paulo

Marine turtles are reptiles that occur on the Brazilian coast and can travel very large distances between feeding and nesting grounds. Five species found in Brazil are threatened. The consumption of turtle meat and eggs is an ancient habit in many coastal communities around the world. The main causes that threaten these species are the increase in fishing and the drastic changes in the environment. The presence of turtles near the beaches and their accidental capture were reported by fishermen in the region of Cananéia, where this work was developed. This study was also made based in interviews of fishermen that living in the area and the follow up of their fishing activities. This methodology made possible to identify the turtles in the area, the behavior of the fishermen with these animals and the relation between non-commercial fishing and turtles. The fishing traps area has a direct relation with the capture of turtles. The higher incidence of turtle capture is usually next to islands, rocky coasts, low lands and bay entrances, which are areas where the most common species of the region (Chelonia mydas) normally look for food. The fishermen opinions about the critical situation of these species and their conservation has also been studied. Several programs in Environmental Education for the communities of the region have been recommended

Reflexão sobre prevenção de acidentes à criança no âmbito doméstico

The aim was to reflect what action to prevent accidents used by caregivers / participants in the home. This is a prospecive cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the Pediatric Inpatient Unit, Hospital of the Medical School of Botucatu – Unesp, during the months from May to August 2010.A questionnaire was used in the form of check list (Annex I) on measures to prevent accidents. The participant chose two alternatives taking into consideration the order of priority in the prevention of accidents. This study shows that for the age group from 29 days to 2 years, the companions chose these preventive measures for falls, burns, poisoning and drowning, “do not put near the windows mobile” (27.8%), “no access the match, lighter and appliances (22.2%), leave toxic substances out of reach and sight of children (41.7%) and empty buckets, tubs and pools after use (27.8% ). Regarding the age group 2-6 years, the measures for these types of accidents were not put near the windows mobile (26.5%), do not have access to matches, lighters and household appliances (20.9% ), leave toxic products out of reach and sight of children (27.9%) and maintain tanks, tanks and wells or struck with some protection (20.2%). For ages 6 to 10 years, the measures chosen to more such accidents were dry liquid spilled on the ground (23.5%), do not have access to matches, lighters and household appliances (22.5% ), leave toxic products out of reach and sight of children (31%) and keep tanks, tanks and wells or struck with some protection (23.5%). One fact that attracted our attention was that the preventive measures most frequently used by caregivers, regardless of age, show results that differ in few alternatives. It is essential to the understanding of the escorts / participants on the importance of injury prevention. Even today is predominantly defined as accident, injury must be addressed through measures

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária de sorvetes e sobremesas, na cidade de Botucatu, SP, Brasil, e verificação da produção de enterotoxinas por Staphylococcus aureus

Food poisoning can cause infection on its consumers by the presence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, it is important to check its quality, which can be affected by many factors. The sanitary quality of foods can be assessed by thermotolerant coliform. Since food safety is a matter of great concern, this study aimed to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions of samples of ice cream and desserts marketed in the city of Botucatu, by determining the most probable number (MPN) of thermotolerant coliform, identification and enumeration of coagulase positive staphylococci and verification of classical enterotoxin production by strains of S. aureus and also for detecting the presence of Salmonella sp. Among the ice cream analyzed, 56.3% were unfit for consumption and between the creamy desserts, the percentage of unfit samples was 33.3%. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella were not found in the samples. It is then an inadequacy in handling and / or storage conditions in a considerable number of samples, indicating need for improvement in the conditions of preparation