Sobrecarga vivenciada por familiares cuidadores de pacientes esquizofrénicos e sua relação com a depressão

RESUMO: A partir da desinstitucionalização psiquiátrica, a ênfase nas políticas públicas de saúde mental passou para os serviços comunitários e para períodos mais curtos de hospitalização. As famílias, então, tornaram-se as principais provedoras de cuidados cotidianos e de apoio aos pacientes. As dificuldades e o despreparo em assumir este novo papel têm gerado um sentimento de sobrecarga nos familiares, o que pode afetar sua saúde física e mental. Vários estudos investigaram as consequências de se tornar um cuidador de um paciente psiquiátrico, mas poucos pesquisaram o impacto na saúde mental desses cuidadores. A presente pesquisa investigou a relação entre a sobrecarga e a saúde mental dos familiares cuidadores de pacientes psiquiátricos. Participaram deste estudo 74 familiares cuidadores de pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, atendidos no ambulatório do Serviço de Referência em Saúde Mental, da cidade de Divinópolis, MG. Os familiares participaram de uma entrevista estruturada. Nela foram aplicadas a Escala de Avaliação da Sobrecarga dos Familiares de Pacientes Psiquiátricos (FBIS-BR) e, para avaliar a saúde mental dos cuidadores, a Escala de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, univariadas e multivariadas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos cuidadores era do sexo feminino (78,40%), pais (62,20%) e com idade média de 59,14 anos. Os cuidadores apresentaram uma média de sobrecarga global objetiva de 2,05 (DP ± 0,54), em uma escala de 1 a 5 pontos, e uma média de sobrecarga global subjetiva de 2,44 (DP ± 0,71), em uma escala de 1 a 4 pontos. Os resultados da escala BDI mostraram que 42 cuidadores poderiam ser classificados com depressão mínima (56,80%), 17 com depressão leve (23,00%), 7 com depressão moderada (9,50%) e 8 com depressão grave (10,80%). Foram encontradas correlações positivas significativas entre o grau de sobrecarga global e das subescalas e o nível de depressão. As análises multivariadas mostraram que o principal preditor de depressão dos cuidadores foi a sobrecarga global subjetiva. Outros preditores foram a obrecarga objetiva das rotinas diárias e da supervisão dos comportamentos problemáticos dos pacientes e a sobrecarga subjetiva das preocupações com o paciente. As informações levantadas mostraram o impacto do papel de cuidador na saúde mental dos familiares e apontaram para a necessidade de uma maior atenção, por parte dos gestores e profissionais da área, aos cuidadores de pacientes psiquiátricos.----------ABSTRACT: The emphasis in public policy on mental health was transferred to community services and for shorter periods of hospitalization from the psychiatric deinstitutionalization. Then the families become the first provider of daily care and support to patients. The difficulties and unprepared to assume this new role has generated a sense of overload in the relatives, which can affect your physical and mental health. Several studies have investigated the consequences of becoming a caregiver of a psychiatric patient, but few scholars have researched the impact on the mental health of caregivers. The present study has investigated the relationship between overload and mental health of family caregivers of psychiatric patients. The study included 74 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and outpatient clinic of the Department of Mental Health Reference, in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Rating Scale Burden of Relatives of Psychiatric Patients and the scale of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess the mental health of caregivers were applied in the interview. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analysis have performed. The results showed that the majority of caregivers were female (78.40%), parents (62.20%) and mean age of 59.14 years. The caregivers had an average burden overall objective of 2.05 (± 0.54) on a scale of 1 to 5 points, and a subjective global average burden of 2.44 (± 0.71) in a scale of 1 to 4 points. The results of the BDI showed that 42 caregivers could be classified with minimal depression (56.80%), 17 with mild depression (23.00%), 7 with moderate depression (9.50%) and 8 with severe depression (10 80%). Significant positive correlations were found between the degree of overloading and global subscales and depression levels. Multivariate analysis showed that the main predictor of caregivers' depression was the global subjective burden. Other predictors were the objective burden of daily routines and supervision of problem behaviors of patients and subjective burden of the concerns about patient. The resulting information showed the impact of caregiver role in the mental health of relatives and pointed to the need for higher attention of managers and professionals to caregivers of psychiatric patients.

Increased natural killer activity does not prevent progression of experimental Kala-azar

Kala-azar is the visceral form of leishmaniasis and it is caused by intracellular parasites from the complex Leishmania donovani. Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with Leishmania donovani develop a disease very similar to human Kala-azar. There is conspicuous hipergammaglobulinaemia and their T cells do not respond to stimulation with parasite antigens. We used this experimental model to evaluate the natural killer (NK) activity during the initial phase of the disease. Outbred hamsters infected by intravenous route with 5.106 amastigotes of L. donovani 1S showed a concurrent increase in the spleen weight and in the spleen cell number. Using the single cell assay we detected a significant increase in the percentage of NK effector cells on the 4th day of infection. Imprints from spleen and liver showed at days 14 and 28 a significant increase in the parasite burden . These results show that the increased NK activity in the beginning of the infection was not able to restrain the progression of the disease in this experimental model.

Prevalence of putative periodontopathogens from periodontal patients and healthy subjects in São Paulo, SP, Brazil

A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus, P. gingivalis, C. rectus, E. corrodens, P. intermedia, F. nucleatum, and T. denticola were identified from subgingival plaque from 50 periodontal patients and 50 healthy subjects. PCR products from each species showed a specific band and could be used to identify periodontal organisms from clinical specimens. Identical negative or positive results between PCR and culture occurred in 66% (A. actinomycetemcomitans) to 93% (F. nucleatum) of the samples. PCR detection odds ratio values for A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus, C. rectus, E. corrodens, P. intermedia, and T. denticola were significantly associated with disease having a higher OR values for B. forsythus (2.97, 95% CI 1.88 - 4.70). Cultures showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus and P. intermedia were associated with periodontitis, however, P. gingivalis, C. rectus, E. corrodens and F. nucleatum were not significantly associated with the disease.

Recommending media content based on machine learning methods

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

CANDi: context-aware node discovery for short-range cooperation

Multi-standard mobile devices are allowing users to enjoy higher data rates with ubiquitous connectivity. However, the benefits gained from multiple interfaces come at an expense—that being higher energy consumption in an era where mobile devices need to be energy compliant. One promising solution is the usage of short-range cooperative communication as an overlay for infrastructure-based networks taking advantage of its context information. However, the node discovery mechanism, which is pivotal to the bearer establishment process, still represents a major burden in terms of the total energy budget. In this paper, we propose a technology agnostic approach towards enhancing the MAC energy ratings by presenting a context-aware node discovery (CANDi) algorithm, which provides a priori knowledge towards the node discovery mechanism by allowing it to search nodes in the near vicinity at the ‘right time and at the right place’. We describe the different beacons required for establishing the cooperation, as well as the context information required, including battery level, modes, location and so on. CANDi uses the long-range network (WiMAX and WiFi) to distribute the context information about cooperative clusters (Ultra-wideband-based) in the vicinity. The searching nodes can use this context in locating the cooperative clusters/nodes, which facilitates the establishing of short-range connections. Analytical and simulation results are obtained, and the energy saving gains are further demonstrated in the laboratory using a customised testbed. CANDi saves up to 50% energy during the node discovery process, while the demonstrative testbed shows up to 75% savings in the total energy budget, thus validating the algorithm, as well as providing viable evidence to support the usage of short-range cooperative communications for energy savings.

The patient safety journey in Portugal : challenges and opportunities from a public health perspective

ABSTRACT - Despite improvements in healthcare interventions, the incidence of adverse events and other patient safety problems constitutes a major contributor to the global burden of diseases and a concern for Public Health. In the last years there have been some successful individual and institutional efforts to approach patient safety issues in Portugal, unless such effort has been fragmented or focused on specific small areas. Long-term and global improvement has remained elusive, and most of all the improvement of patient safety in Portugal, must evaluate not only the efficacy of a change but also what was effective for implementing the change. Clearly, patient safety issues result from various combinations of individual, team, organization, system and patient factors. A systemic and integrated approach to promote patient safety must acknowledge and strive to understand the complexity of work systems and processes in health care, including the interactions between people, technology, and the environment. Safety errors cannot be productively attributed to a single human error. Our objective with this paper is to provide a brief overview of the status quo in patient safety in Portugal, highlighting key aspects that should be taken into account in the design of a strategy for improving patient safety. With these key aspects in mind, policy makers and implementers can move forward and make better decisions about which changes should be made and about the way the needed changes to improve patient safety should be implemented. The contribution of colleagues that are international leaders on healthcare quality and patient safety may also contribute to more innovative research methods needed to create the knowledge that promotes less costly successful changes.---- ---------------------- RESUMO – As questões relacionadas com a Segurança do Doente, e em particular, com a ocorrência de eventos adversos tem constituído, de há uns tempos a esta parte, uma crescente preocupação para as organizações de saúde, para os decisores políticos, para os profissionais de saúde e para os doentes/utentes e suas famílias, sendo por isso considerado um problema de Saúde Pública a que urge dar resposta. Em Portugal, nos últimos anos, têm sido desenvolvidos esforços baseados, maioritariamente, em iniciativas isoladas, para abordar os aspectos da Segurança do Doente. O facto de essas iniciativas não serem integradas numa estratégia explícita e de dimensão regional ou nacional, faz com que os resultados sejam parcelares e tenham visibilidade reduzida. Paralelamente, a melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados de saúde (a longo prazo) resultante dessas iniciativas tem sido esparsa e nem sempre a avaliação tem sido feita tendo em conta critérios de efectividade e de eficiência. A Segurança do Doente resulta da interacção de diversos factores relacionados, por um lado, com o doente e, por outro, com a prestação de cuidados que envolvem elementos de natureza individual (falhas activas) e organizacional/estrutural (falhas latentes). Devido à multifactorialidade que está na base de «problemas/falhas» na Segurança do Doente, qualquer abordagem a considerar deve ser sistémica e integrada. Simultaneamente, tais abordagens devem contemplar a compreensão da complexidade dos sistemas e dos processos de prestação de cuidados de saúde e as suas interdependências (envolvendo aspectos individuais, tecnológicos e ambientais). O presente trabalho tem por objectivo reflectir sobre o «estado da arte» da Segurança do Doente em Portugal, destacando os elementos-chave que se consideram decisivos para uma estratégia de acção nesse domínio. Com esses elementos os responsáveis pela governação da saúde poderão valorizar os aspectos que consideram decisivos para uma política de Segurança do Doente mais eficaz. A contribuição de quatro colegas internacionalmente reconhecidos como líderes na área da Qualidade em Saúde e da Segurança do Doente, constitui, por certo, uma oportunidade ímpar para a identificação e discussão de alguns dos principais desafios, ameaças e oportunidades que s

Caracterização e Impacte das quedas de doentes, como indicador de qualidade, num hospital E.P.E.

RESUMO - Introdução: As quedas dos doentes são um dos principais eventos adversos que podem ocorrer em contexto hospitalar, levando por um lado, ao aumento de encargos económicos e sociais, e por outro a consequências físicas e psicológicas nos doentes e respectiva família. Para a sua prevenção, é necessário investir na segurança do doente através de uma avaliação e consequente gestão do risco de quedas. Este trabalho insere-se na estratégia de melhorar a segurança do doente e a qualidade dos cuidados prestados. Objectivos: Avaliar em que medida o formulário existente responde às actuais necessidades de gestão do risco de quedas e suas consequências. Por outro lado, com base numa extensa revisão da literatura nacional e internacional, e tendo em conta as dinâmicas de qualidade e segurança do doente que têm sido criadas no hospital em estudo, propor um formulário mais eficaz que permita responder aos desafios que se colocam nos dias de hoje. Metodologia: Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório assente no paradigma quantitativo. A população do estudo foi constituída por 98 doentes que sofreram quedas durante o internamento no ano de 2010, num hospital E.P.E. (Entidade Pública Empresarial) Conclusão: As quedas ocorreram mais frequentemente em indivíduos do sexo masculino com doenças cérebro-vasculares e infecciosas, sendo que na maioria das vezes não resultaram em consequências graves. O formulário que aqui se recomenda tem a vantagem de ser informatizado e caracterizar aspectos relacionados com os custos. ---------------- ABSTRACT - Introduction: Falls of patients are one of the main adverse events that may occur in a hospital context, leading on the one hand, to an increase of economic and social burden, and, on the other hand, physical and psychological consequences for patients and their families. For its prevention, we need to invest in patient safety through an assessment and consequent management of the fall risk. This work is inserted in the strategy to improve the Patient safety and the quality of health care. Objectives: To assess the extent to which the form responds to current needs of managing the fall risk and their consequences. On the other hand, on the basis of an extensive review of national and international literature, and taking into account the dynamics of quality and safety of the patient that are created at the hospital in study, to propose a form more efficient in order to respond to the challenges that we face nowadays. Methodology: It was an exploratory descriptive study based on the quantitative paradigm. The population study was constituted by 98 patients who had suffered falls during hospitalization in the year 2010, in a hospital E.P.E. Conclusion: Falling occurred more frequently in male individuals with cerebral-vascular and infectious diseases, and in most of the time, falls have not resulted in serious consequences. The form recommended here has the advantage of being computerized and characterize aspects related with costs.

Immune response and tissue cytoprotection: two sides of the same coin in immunopathology

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biochemistry

Childhood astrovirus-associated diarrhea in the ambulatory setting in a Public Hospital in Cordoba city, Argentina

Human astroviruses have been increasingly identified as important agents of diarrheal disease in children. However, the disease burden of astrovirus infection is still incompletely assessed. This paper reports results on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of astrovirus-associated diarrhea, as well as the impact of astrovirus infection on the ambulatory setting at a Public Hospital in Córdoba city, Argentina. From February 2001 through January 2002, 97 randomly selected outpatient visits for diarrhea among children < 36 months old were enrolled. A single specimen of stool from each child was collected and tested for astrovirus antigen by enzyme immunoassay. Astroviruses were detected in 12.37% of the diarrheal episodes. All the positive cases occurred in children 4 to 18 months, but the highest rate was in children aged 4 to 6 months (23.80%). The clinical symptoms of astrovirus associated-diarrhea were fever 41.66%, vomiting 25.00% and dehydration 8.33%; overall 16.66% required hospitalization. Astrovirus was identified through the year and no seasonally pattern was detected (cool semester 15.21% versus warm semester 9.80% p > 0.05). According to our estimation about one out of seventy-four children in this cohort would be assisted annually for an astroviral-diarrheal episode in the Public Hospital and one out of eight diarrheal cases could be attributed to astrovirus infection. Astrovirus is a common symptomatic infection in pediatric outpatient visits in the public hospital in the study area, contributing 12.37% of the overall morbidity from diarrhea.

Adolescents and School Asthma Knowledge and Attitudes

Introduction: bronchial asthma is a chronic disease that affects a high percentage of adolescents, with a significant restriction of daily activities, and is a cause of school absenteeism. The relationships between adolescents and asthma disease in school were assessed, with a view to improving knowledge about the asthmatic adolescent. Methods: a survey was conducted in the Lisbon metropolitan area, covering urban (Lisbon) and rural (Lourinh˜a ) zones and including 1879 students and 81 teachers from the 7th to 9th high school years. The study groups were asthmatic students, their peers, and teachers. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to collect information. The results were compared with a reference group of 91 asthmatic students attending our Department of Immunoallergy-Hospital Dona Estefânia. Cotinine urinary measurements were made in a sample of asthmatics and a control group. Results: the prevalence of current asthma among students was 10%. Estimates of asthma annual burden among 7th to 9th year students from Lisbon and Lourinh˜a high schools included 4,307 days missed from school, 4,148 medical consultations and a minimum of 351 hospital emergency care and 80 hospital admissions. Exposure to passive smoking was not significantly different between asthmatic students and theirs peers. Cotinine urinary measurements did not discriminate between exposed and non-exposed individuals. Cigarette smoking was almost as common among adolescent asthmatics (5.4%) as it was in non-asthmatic subjects (6.7%). However, 55% of asthmatics mentioned active and passive smoking as an asthma exacerbating factor. Asthmatic students, theirs peers and teachers showed a deficient knowledge about asthma (mean group scores: 17.6; 14.2 and 17.7 of a possible 30), particularly in the areas related to asthma recognition and its management. Asthmatics attending our Allergy Department had the highest scores. All groups showed tolerance in the sense of a positive and understanding attitude toward a person with asthma. However, traditional beliefs about asthma disease (dependence, inferiority...) were confirmed. A positive correlation between knowledge levels and tolerance attitudes was found. Conclusion: in view of the dimension of the asthma problem in adolescence and its social and economic impact, it is justifiable to assess the need for the implementation of asthma education programs in schools in order to improve asthma management by the adolescents and their schools.

Da Disfunção Endotelial à Oclusão Vascular Papel do Sistema Renina - Angiotensina

There is a body of evidence that supports the important role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in atherosclerotic disease and in the cardiovascular disease continuum: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular occlusion. In the earlier stages of vascular disease, the RAS promotes functional changes, of which endothelial dysfunction is the best example. The deposition of atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima, their oxidative modification and the onset and amplification of the inflammatory response strengthens the atherogenic role of the RAS. Inflammatory cells are one of the main sources of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the vascular wall, in a process that leads to structural changes in the artery and progression of atherosclerotic disease. Ang II promotes the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and their phenotypic differentiation in synthesis that accelerates vascular disease. By modulating the inflammatory response and, in general, all the elements of the plaque, Ang II plays a part in its instability, in the onset of acute events and in the promotion of the local prothrombotic state that leads to infarction.

A simple and cheaper in house varicella zoster virus antibody indirect ELISA

We have developed a cheaper an simple in house indirect ELISA that uses the live attenuated VZV vaccine as a coating antigen. The alternative ELISA had an agreement of 94% when compared with a commercial VZV ELISA kit. Moreover, our ELISA proved to be more reliable than the kit when assessing true negative samples. By adding a standard serum, we were able to produce results in international units per millilitre. Also, the addition of an extra step with 8M urea allowed the assessment of VZV IgG avidity without excessive costs. The cost per sample to test VZV IgG was 2.7 times cheaper with our ELISA, allowing the testing of many samples without the burden of production of VZV antigen in the laboratory.

Synergistic action of praziquantel and host specific immune response against Schistosoma mansoni at different phases of infection

The interaction between specific immune response to Schistosoma mansoni and praziquantel (PZQ) was studied in mice. In mice harboring concomitant immunity, 6-day-old parasites treated with PZQ were more effectively removed than 24h treated parasites despite both had a significant worm burden reduction when compared with respective treated controls. These results show that PZQ can be effective at the skin and lung stages of parasite's development mainly acting with a established specific immune response, and particularly at the lung phase.

Expressão de Aterosclerose Sub-Clínica para Diferentes Factores de Risco Cardiovasculares em Populações Jovens

INTRODUCTION: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is considered an early marker for atherosclerosis, but there are few studies on the expression of this marker in younger populations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cIMT in younge patients (aged 30-50 years) and its expression according to cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We analyzed individuals admitted for an invasive cardiac procedure. Normal cIMT was defined as < 0.90 mm, thickened as 0.90-1.50 mm and atherosclerotic plaque as > 1.50 mm. Lipid profile, anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose and estimated GFR were also determined. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were included (59% male), with a mean age of 43 +/- 5 years, 36% with hypertension, 22% smokers, 32% with known hyperlipidemia, 16% with diabetes, 39% under statin therapy and 40% with metabolic syndrome (AHA/NHLBI definition). Mean cIMT was 0.69 +/- 0.26 mm, and was normal in 74% of the patients, thickened in 20% and with atherosclerotic plaques in 6%. cIMT correlated directly with age (r = 0.26, p = 0.007), log fasting glucose (r = 0.21, p = 0.04), and log triglycerides (r = 0.24, p = 0.017), and tended to correlate with the number of components of metabolic syndrome (r = 0.17, p = 0.08). However, on multivariate analysis, only age remained as an independent predictor (r = 0.29, p = 0.005). Diabetic patients had greater cIMT (0.81 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.26 mm, p = 0.039) and there was a trend for greater cIMT in those with metabolic syndrome (0.75 +/- 0.29 vs. 0.66 +/- 0.23 mm, p = 0.09). There were no differences for the other risk factors, A higher number of risk factors in a single patient showed a trend for increased cIMT (p = 0.083) CONCLUSIONS: Age is the only independent determinant of cIMT in a young population. Diabetic patients have greater cIMT and a trend was seen in those with metabolic syndrome, possibly influenced by its relation with diabetes, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome.

Úlceras de Perna em Portugal: um Problema de Saúde Subestimado

To determine the prevalence and aetiology of leg ulceration in a population of patients registered with five health centres within Lisbon, a study was undertaken to identify patients receiving care from community and hospital. Identification of patients was through health professionals, with a simple questionnaire completed for all patients identified who were registered with the five health centres. In 263 patients were identified in a population of 186,000 (total prevalence 1.41/1,000 population). The prevalence was similar between men and women (1.3 and 1.46/1,000, respectively). As expected this was highly age dependent, being most common in patients aged over 80 years (6.5 and 4.9/1,000, respectively). The ulceration was highly chronic in nature, with median ulceration of 18 months. Of the 240 with ulcer duration recorded, 158 (66%) had the present ulcer for longer than one year, and 40 (17%) for longer than five years. The cause of ulceration was unknown to the health professional treating the patient in 86 (33%) of the cases. Of those with a cause, most commonly this was venous (80%) with 10% mixed arterial/venous ulceration and 3% frank arterial disease. Most care was provided by community services, with 145 (55%) treated in health centres and 77 (29%) treated in the patient's home. The mean number of treatments per week was 3.0, with 21 (9%) of patients being seen on a daily basis. Most patients (80%) had seen a specialist doctor for their ulceration, most often a dermatologist (48%) and a vascular surgeon (33%). The prevalence of chronic leg ulceration is similar to other reported studies in western Europe, and indicates that approximately 14,000 patients suffer from leg ulceration at any one time in Portugal. This produces a high burden on both hospital and community services.