997 resultados para Piedra natural
Resumo:
The computer science technique of computational complexity analysis can provide powerful insights into the algorithm-neutral analysis of information processing tasks. Here we show that a simple, theory-neutral linguistic model of syntactic agreement and ambiguity demonstrates that natural language parsing may be computationally intractable. Significantly, we show that it may be syntactic features rather than rules that can cause this difficulty. Informally, human languages and the computationally intractable Satisfiability (SAT) problem share two costly computional mechanisms: both enforce agreement among symbols across unbounded distances (Subject-Verb agreement) and both allow ambiguity (is a word a Noun or a Verb?).
Resumo:
2010
Resumo:
In Phys. Rev. Letters (73:2), Mantegna et al. conclude on the basis of Zipf rank frequency data that noncoding DNA sequence regions are more like natural languages than coding regions. We argue on the contrary that an empirical fit to Zipf"s "law" cannot be used as a criterion for similarity to natural languages. Although DNA is a presumably "organized system of signs" in Mandelbrot"s (1961) sense, and observation of statistical featurs of the sort presented in the Mantegna et al. paper does not shed light on the similarity between DNA's "gramar" and natural language grammars, just as the observation of exact Zipf-like behavior cannot distinguish between the underlying processes of tossing an M-sided die or a finite-state branching process.
Resumo:
Humans recognize optical reflectance properties of surfaces such as metal, plastic, or paper from a single image without knowledge of illumination. We develop a machine vision system to perform similar recognition tasks automatically. Reflectance estimation under unknown, arbitrary illumination proves highly underconstrained due to the variety of potential illumination distributions and surface reflectance properties. We have found that the spatial structure of real-world illumination possesses some of the statistical regularities observed in the natural image statistics literature. A human or computer vision system may be able to exploit this prior information to determine the most likely surface reflectance given an observed image. We develop an algorithm for reflectance classification under unknown real-world illumination, which learns relationships between surface reflectance and certain features (statistics) computed from a single observed image. We also develop an automatic feature selection method.
Resumo:
2002
Resumo:
2003
Resumo:
2005
Resumo:
This work describes a program, called TOPLE, which uses a procedural model of the world to understand simple declarative sentences. It accepts sentences in a modified predicate calculus symbolism, and uses plausible reasoning to visualize scenes, resolve ambiguous pronoun and noun phrase references, explain events, and make conditional predications. Because it does plausible deduction, with tentative conclusions, it must contain a formalism for describing its reasons for its conclusions and what the alternatives are. When an inconsistency is detected in its world model, it uses its recorded information to resolve it, one way or another. It uses simulation techniques to make deductions about creatures motivation and behavior, assuming they are goal-directed beings like itself.
Resumo:
The STUDENT problem solving system, programmed in LISP, accepts as input a comfortable but restricted subset of English which can express a wide variety of algebra story problems. STUDENT finds the solution to a large class of these problems. STUDENT can utilize a store of global information not specific to any one problem, and may make assumptions about the interpretation of ambiguities in the wording of the problem being solved. If it uses such information or makes any assumptions, STUDENT communicates this fact to the user. The thesis includes a summary of other English language questions-answering systems. All these systems, and STUDENT, are evaluated according to four standard criteria. The linguistic analysis in STUDENT is a first approximation to the analytic portion of a semantic theory of discourse outlined in the thesis. STUDENT finds the set of kernel sentences which are the base of the input discourse, and transforms this sequence of kernel sentences into a set of simultaneous equations which form the semantic base of the STUDENT system. STUDENT then tries to solve this set of equations for the values of requested unknowns. If it is successful it gives the answers in English. If not, STUDENT asks the user for more information, and indicates the nature of the desired information. The STUDENT system is a first step toward natural language communication with computers. Further work on the semantic theory proposed should result in much more sophisticated systems.
Resumo:
2008
Resumo:
Foi realizada a avaliação dos níveis de infestação natural de Conotrachelus sp. e após tratamento cultural, em plantio de cupuaçu, e em frutos de cupuaçu protegidos por sacos de papel e sacos de plástico.
Resumo:
2001
Resumo:
A proteção de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) tem sido foco de muita discussão na concepção da nova Lei 12.651/2012 que substitui a Lei 4.771/1965 que instituía o Código Florestal Brasileiro, com divergências entre ruralistas e ambientalistas no que tange à conservação ambiental. Quantificar e identificar o estado de degradação destas áreas é de fundamental importância para a orientação de políticas públicas e ações voltadas à conservação dos recursos florestais, com implicações na qualidade do solo e da água, e fauna. Desta forma, o presente estudo se propôs a traçar um perfil comparativo do déficit de vegetação natural em APPs - matas ciliares e nascentes - em duas bacias hidrográficas sob o bioma Mata Atlântica - RJ, Guapi-Macacu e Caceribu. Para tal, foram utilizadas ferramentas implementadas em SIG para processamento e organização de dados cartográficos e delimitação das APPs, bem como para identificação de áreas de vegetação natural presentes em APPs de matas ciliares e nascentes e cálculo de áreas. Dados secundários como o mapa de uso e cobertura da terra (obtido pelo processamento de imagens de 2007 do satélite Landsat) foram utilizados para a obtenção das áreas de vegetação. Foi obtido um mapa final com as áreas de vegetação natural em APPs de matas ciliares diferenciadas de áreas de vegetação natural em APPs de nascentes, apresentando também a vegetação natural presente em ambas as bacias que não em áreas de APPs de matas ciliares e nascentes. Os resultados apontaram que a bacia do Caceribu possui um déficit de vegetação natural em APP de matas ciliares e nascentes da ordem de 91%, e no caso da bacia Guapi-Macacu esse déficit é de aproximadamente 38%. Estes dados, apesar de terem sido obtidos na escala 1:50.000, a partir de imagens de média resolução espacial - 30 metros, chamam a atenção para o fato de que ações de revegetação destas áreas são prioritárias perante sua importância para a prestação de diversos serviços ambientais, essenciais para o bem estar das populações que vivem nestas bacias ou em bacias próximas.
Resumo:
0,097 IN-RECS (2011) Q2, posición 52 de 162 (Educación)