The impact of the Multicolor Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) on wine quality /

The Impact of the Multicolor Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) on Niagara Wine Quality The possible influence of Harmonia axyridis (the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle) on the sensory properties of wine was investigated. H. axyridis beetles were added to white and red grape musts at a rate of 0, 1 or 10 per L, and a trained panel evaluated the finished wines using flavor-profiling techniques. Significant modification of both wine aroma and flavor characteristics were observed in the 10 beetlelL treatments, with smaller effects noted at the 1 beetlelL rate. Vinification in the presence of H. axyridis gave higher intensity scores for peanut, bell pepper and asparagus aromas and flavors in the white wines, and peanut, asparagus/bell pepper, and earthy/herbaceous aromas and flavors in the red wines. In addition, sweet, acid and bitter tastes were affected in red wines, and a general trend of decreasing fruit and floral intensities with increasing beetle rate was observed in both white and red wines. 15 ngIL Isopropylmethoxypyrazine was added to control wines and sensory profiles similar to high beetle treatments were obtained, supporting the hypothesis that methoxypyrazines from beetles are implicated in the taint. A trained panel evaluated the treated wines after 10 months of aging using the same sensory methods described above. Sensory profiles were very similar. Fennenting in the presence of Harmonia Axyridis (HA) had little influence on the chemical composition of the ftnished wine. The notable exception IS Isopropylmethoxypyrazine content, which was assessed usmg GC-MS analysis and showed increased concentration with increasing beetle nwnber for both white and red wmes. The influence of potential remedial treatments on the sensory properties of white and red wines tainted by Harmonia axyridis were also investigated. Bentonite, activated charcoal, oak chips, de-odorized oak chips, and UV or light irradiation were applied to tainted wine, and these wines evaluated chemically and sensorially. Both white and red wines treated with oak chips had strong oak characteristics, which masked the Harmonia axyridis-associated aroma and flavour attributes. In red wine, asparagus/bell pepper characteristics were decreased by bentonite and charcoal treatments. Only activated charcoal significantly decreased methoxypyrazine levels and only in white wine.

A randomized follow-up study of the general health and quality of life of an elderly edentulous population wearing either mandibular two-implant overdentures or conventional dentures

L’augmentation de la population âgée dans la société indique que les systèmes de soins de la santé font face à de nouveaux défis. Les hauts niveaux d’incapacité qui en résultent peuvent être réduits par les nouvelles technologies, la promotion de la santé ainsi que des stratégies de prévention. Les écrits scientifiques récents soulignent la supériorité des prothèses dentaires implanto-portées par rapport aux prothèses conventionnelles en termes de satisfaction et de qualité de la vie des patients. Cependant, il n'est toujours pas clair si ces avantages ont des effets positifs à long terme sur la santé orale et générale ainsi que sur la qualité de vie des populations âgées. Objectifs, Hypothèses : Notre but était de mesurer l’impact des prothèses mandibulaires retenues par 2 implants sur la qualité de vie associée à la santé bucco-dentaire et générale ainsi que sur la santé orale et la qualité du sommeil des aînés édentés. Nous avons évalué les hypothèses nulles suivantes : il n'y a aucune différence entre les individus portants des prothèses mandibulaires retenues par 2 implants (IODs) et ceux qui portent des prothèses conventionnelles (CDs), par rapport à la qualité de vie reliée à la santé bucco-dentaire et générale, la santé orale et la qualité du sommeil, un an après avoir reçu leurs nouvelles prothèses. Méthodes : Dans cette étude randomisée contrôlée, 255 aînés ont reçu au hasard IODs ou les CDs, les deux types de prothèses étant opposés à des prothèses maxillaires conventionnelles. La qualité de la vie reliée à la santé bucco-dentaire (OHRQoL) et la santé générale subjective ont été mesurées avec les questionnaires Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-20) et Short Form-36 (SF-36) en condition pré-traitement et après un an. La qualité du sommeil et la somnolence diurne ont été mesurées à l’aide du questionnaire Qualité de Sommeil de Pittsburg et de l'Échelle de Somnolence Epworth. La santé orale a été évaluée par un examen clinique. Les variables indépendantes étaient le sens de cohérence et le type de prosthèse, ainsi que des variables socio-démographiques. En utilisant des analyses statistiques bi et multi-factorielles, des comparaisons à l’intérieur d’un même groupe et entre deux groupes ont été effectuées. Résultats : Les différences pré et post traitement pour les cotes OHIP étaient significativement plus grandes pour le groupe IOD que le groupe CD (p<0.05). Le type de traitement et la cote pré-traitement étaient des facteurs significatifs à OHRQoL (p < 0.0001). Dans le groupe CD, il y avait une diminution significative par rapport aux cotes de «Physical Component Scores (PCS)», le fonctionnement physique, le rôle physique et la douleur physique entre les données pré-traitement et un an après le traitement, ce qui indique une diminution au niveau de la santé générale subjective. Dans le groupe IOD, une diminution statistiquement non significative a été remarquée par rapport à toutes les cotes des sous-échelles de SF-36, sauf pour la douleur physique. Le modèle final de régression a démontré qu’après ajustement pour les variables âge, sexe, statut marital et type de traitement, la cote totale finale d’OHIP et les données de bases de PCS prédisaient la cote finale de PCS (p < 0.0001). Aucune corrélation significative entre sens de cohérence et OHRQoL n'a été détectée (r =-0.1; p > 0.05). Les aînés porteurs des prothèses conventionnelles avaient presque 5 fois plus de chance d’avoir une stomatite prothétique que ceux portant des prothèses mandibulaires hybrides retenues par 2 implants (p < 0.0001). Les aînés ayant subjectivement une mauvaise santé générale avaient une qualité de sommeil moins bonne que ceux avec une meilleure santé générale subjective (p < 0.05). Les personnes qui avaient une OHRQoL moins bonne étaient presque 4 fois plus somnolentes pendant le jour que celles avec une meilleure OHRQoL (p=0.003, χ2; OR =3.8 CI 1.5 to 9.8). L'analyse de régression a montré que la santé générale subjective et OHRQoL prévoient la qualité du sommeil (p=0.022 et p=0.001, respectivement) et la somnolence diurne (p=0.017 et p=0.005, respectivement). Conclusions: Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que, chez les aînés édentés, des prothèses mandibulaires hybrides retenues par deux implants amènent une amélioration significative de la qualité de vie reliée à la santé bucco-dentaire et maintiennent la sensation d’une meilleure santé physique. Des prothèses hybrides implanto-portées peuvent contribuer à la santé orale en réduisant les traumatismes infligés à la muqueuse orale et en contrôlant la stomatite prothétique. Les aînés édentés dont le niveau de qualité de vie reliée à la santé bucco-dentaire est bas, peuvent aussi avoir des troubles de qualité du sommeil.

Patterns and quality of object-oriented software systems

Lors de ces dix dernières années, le coût de la maintenance des systèmes orientés objets s'est accru jusqu' à compter pour plus de 70% du coût total des systèmes. Cette situation est due à plusieurs facteurs, parmi lesquels les plus importants sont: l'imprécision des spécifications des utilisateurs, l'environnement d'exécution changeant rapidement et la mauvaise qualité interne des systèmes. Parmi tous ces facteurs, le seul sur lequel nous ayons un réel contrôle est la qualité interne des systèmes. De nombreux modèles de qualité ont été proposés dans la littérature pour contribuer à contrôler la qualité. Cependant, la plupart de ces modèles utilisent des métriques de classes (nombre de méthodes d'une classe par exemple) ou des métriques de relations entre classes (couplage entre deux classes par exemple) pour mesurer les attributs internes des systèmes. Pourtant, la qualité des systèmes par objets ne dépend pas uniquement de la structure de leurs classes et que mesurent les métriques, mais aussi de la façon dont celles-ci sont organisées, c'est-à-dire de leur conception, qui se manifeste généralement à travers les patrons de conception et les anti-patrons. Dans cette thèse nous proposons la méthode DEQUALITE, qui permet de construire systématiquement des modèles de qualité prenant en compte non seulement les attributs internes des systèmes (grâce aux métriques), mais aussi leur conception (grâce aux patrons de conception et anti-patrons). Cette méthode utilise une approche par apprentissage basée sur les réseaux bayésiens et s'appuie sur les résultats d'une série d'expériences portant sur l'évaluation de l'impact des patrons de conception et des anti-patrons sur la qualité des systèmes. Ces expériences réalisées sur 9 grands systèmes libres orientés objet nous permettent de formuler les conclusions suivantes: • Contre l'intuition, les patrons de conception n'améliorent pas toujours la qualité des systèmes; les implantations très couplées de patrons de conception par exemple affectent la structure des classes et ont un impact négatif sur leur propension aux changements et aux fautes. • Les classes participantes dans des anti-atrons sont beaucoup plus susceptibles de changer et d'être impliquées dans des corrections de fautes que les autres classes d'un système. • Un pourcentage non négligeable de classes sont impliquées simultanément dans des patrons de conception et dans des anti-patrons. Les patrons de conception ont un effet positif en ce sens qu'ils atténuent les anti-patrons. Nous appliquons et validons notre méthode sur trois systèmes libres orientés objet afin de démontrer l'apport de la conception des systèmes dans l'évaluation de la qualité.

Biochemical and physiological characteristics of actinomycetes isolated from high altitude shola soils of tropical Montane forest

Actinomycetes are gram-positive, free-living, saprophytic bacteria widely distributed in soil, water and colonizing plants showing marked chemical and morphological diversity. They are potential source of many bioactive compounds, which have diverse clinical effects and important applications in human medicine. In the present work, we have studied some of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of 36 actinomycete strains isolated from the shola soils of tropical montane forest; a relatively unexplored biodiversity hotspot. Ability of actinomycetes isolates to ferment and produce acids from various carbohydrate sources such as innositol, mannose, sorbitol, galactose, mannitol, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lactose and fructose were studied. Almost all the carbon compounds were utilized by one or other actinomycete isolates. The most preferred carbon sources were found to be xylose (94.44%) followed by fructose and mannose (91.66%). Only 41.76% of the isolates were able to ferment lactose. The ability of actinomycetes isolates to decompose protein and amino acid differ considerably. 72.22% of the isolates were able to decompose milk protein casein and 61.11% of the isolates decompose tyrosine. Only 8.33% of the strains were able to decompose amino acid hypoxanthine and none of them were able to decompose amino acid xanthine. Potential of the actinomycetes isolates to reduce esculin, urea and hippurate and to resist lysozyme was also checked. 91.66% of the isolates showed ability to decompose esculin and 63.88% of the isolates had the capacity to produce urease and to decompose urea. Only 25% of the isolate were able to decompose hippurate and 94.44% showed lysozyme resistance

Influence of Frequent Flyer Programme and Airline Service Quality on Re-buy Intentions of Airline Frequent Passengers

The growth potential of service sector, especially the aviation sector in the Indian economy is splendid. Therefore, it is crucial for the airline service providers to realize their customers, design offers and deliver the desired value to their customers. This study reveals the effect of airline passenger satisfactions particularly on re-buy intentions derived from the attributes-level performance dimensions of both service aspects and loyalty programme of an airline. The mediation effect of satisfaction and other selected antecedents on the re-buy intention of a passenger is hypothesized in this study. Critical areas affecting buying intentions such as core service quality and loyalty attribute-level performances, effect of frequent flyer programme and service quality satisfaction, passenger trust on airline, brand image and moderating effects of perceived value, frequent programme status and travel frequency of airline passengers are linked in a structural model to assess the strength of each facet in affecting re-buy intentions. Implications to the airlines were made based on the finding that re-buy intentions cannot be attributed solely to the impacts of frequent flyer programme, rather affected through the mediation effect of airline service quality satisfaction, which is very much valid for the higher FFP status category of frequent travelers. The effects of moderation caused by perceived value, FFP status and flying experience were also found to be significant in making re-buy intentions.

Effects of manure quality and application forms on soil C and N turnover of a subtropical oasis soil under laboratory conditions

Our knowledge of the agricultural sustainability of the millennia-old mountain oases in northern Oman is restricted in particular with respect to C and N turnover. A laboratory study was conducted (1) to analyse the effects of rewetting and drying on soil microorganisms after adding different manures, (2) to investigate the effects of mulching or incorporating of these manures, and (3) to evaluate the relationships between C and N mineralisation rates and manure quality indices. During the first 9-day rewetting and drying cycle, i.e. the “mulch” period, the content of extractable organic C decreased by approximately 40% in all four treatments. During the second 9-day rewetting and drying cycle, i.e. the “incorporation” period, this fraction decreased insignificantly in almost all treatments. The control and mature manure treatments form the first pair with a low percentage of total organic C evolved as CO2 (0.3% in 18 days) and a considerable percentage of total N mineralised as NH4 and NO3 (1% in 18 days), the fresh and immature manure treatments form the second pair with a higher amount of total organic C evolved as CO2 (0.5% in 18 days) and no net N mineralisation. During the first 9-day rewetting and drying cycle, the contents of microbial biomass C and biomass N increased by approximately 150% in all four treatments. During the second 9-day rewetting and drying cycle, no further increase was observed in the control and immature manure treatments and a roughly 30% increase in the other two treatments.

Relationship between physical capacity and quality of life in workers university

Aim: Examine the relationship between the functional capacity and the quality of life related to health in university workers. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in 146 subjects, divided in two groups: Low functional Capacity (< 9 METs) and High functional Capacity (> 9.1 METs). We evaluated quality of life related to health (HRQOL-Health Questionnaire SF-12) and functional capacity (Questionnaire PAR/PAF) as indicators of health status. Results: 47.3% (69 men) and 52.7% (78 women). The average age of the groups was 35.0 ± 9.7 years (range 19,0-60,0 years). For HRQOL, the average found in the population assessed was 45.2 ± 4.42 (range 33,0-58,1) and 43.8 ± 6.87 (range 19,8-43,8) in components Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) and Mental Component Summary (MCS-12), respectively p = NS. Significant differences were found when comparing functional ability and sex, p<0,001 in both groups. Similarly, sex and mental component MCS-12 (group of Lower Functional) p = 0,049 as well as women and the physical component PCS-12, p = 0,05 between groups. Finally, a better score in HRQL observed in the group of High Capacity and functional components in both sex OR 0.59 (0.25-1.38). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the relationship between High functional Capacity and a better HRQOL in this population.

The water quality of the LOCAR Pang and Lambourn catchments

The water quality of the Pang and Lambourn, tributaries of the River Thames, in south-eastern England, is described in relation to spatial and temporal dimensions. The river waters are supplied mainly from Chalk-fed aquifer sources and are, therefore, of a calcium-bicarbonate type. The major, minor and trace element chemistry of the rivers is controlled by a combination of atmospheric and pollutant inputs from agriculture and sewage sources superimposed on a background water quality signal linked to geological sources. Water quality does not vary greatly over time or space. However. in detail, there are differences in water quality between the Pang and Lambourn and between sites along the Pang and the Lambourn. These differences reflect hydrological processes, water flow pathways and water quality input fluxes. The Pangs pattern of water quality change is more variable than that of the Lambourn. The flow hydrograph also shows both a cyclical and 'uniform pattern' characteristic of aquifer drainage with, superimposed, a series of 'flashier' spiked responses characteristic of karstic systems. The Lambourn, in contrast, shows simpler features without the 'flashier' responses, The results are discussed in relation to the newly developed UK community programme LOCAR dealing with Lowland Catchment Research. A descriptive and box model structure is provided to describe the key features of water quality variations in relation to soil, unsaturated and groundwater flows and storage both away from and close to the river.

Integrated modelling of climate change impacts on water resources and quality in a lowland catchment: River Kennet, UK

An integrated approach to climate change impact assessment is explored by linking established models of regional climate (SDSM), water resources (CATCHMOD) and water quality (INCA) within a single framework. A case study of the River Kennet illustrates how the system can be used to investigate aspects of climate change uncertainty, deployable water resources, and water quality dynamics in upper and lower reaches of the drainage network. The results confirm the large uncertainty in climate change scenarios and freshwater impacts due to the choice of general circulation model (GCM). This uncertainty is shown to be greatest during summer months as evidenced by large variations between GCM-derived projections of future tow river flows, deployable yield from groundwater, severity of nutrient flushing episodes, and Long-term trends in surface water quality. Other impacts arising from agricultural land-use reform or delivery of EU Water Framework Directive objectives under climate change could be evaluated using the same framework. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

When smoke gets in our eyes: The multiple impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health

With both climate change and air quality on political and social agendas from local to global scale, the links between these hitherto separate fields are becoming more apparent. Black carbon, largely from combustion processes, scatters and absorbs incoming solar radiation, contributes to poor air quality and induces respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Uncertainties in the amount, location, size and shape of atmospheric black carbon cause large uncertainty in both climate change estimates and toxicology studies alike. Increased research has led to new effects and areas of uncertainty being uncovered. Here we draw together recent results and explore the increasing opportunities for synergistic research that will lead to improved confidence in the impact of black carbon on climate change, air quality and human health. Topics of mutual interest include better information on spatial distribution, size, mixing state and measuring and monitoring. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Prediction of global and local model quality in CASP8 using the ModFOLD server

The development of effective methods for predicting the quality of three-dimensional (3D) models is fundamentally important for the success of tertiary structure (TS) prediction strategies. Since CASP7, the Quality Assessment (QA) category has existed to gauge the ability of various model quality assessment programs (MQAPs) at predicting the relative quality of individual 3D models. For the CASP8 experiment, automated predictions were submitted in the QA category using two methods from the ModFOLD server-ModFOLD version 1.1 and ModFOLDclust. ModFOLD version 1.1 is a single-model machine learning based method, which was used for automated predictions of global model quality (QMODE1). ModFOLDclust is a simple clustering based method, which was used for automated predictions of both global and local quality (QMODE2). In addition, manual predictions of model quality were made using ModFOLD version 2.0-an experimental method that combines the scores from ModFOLDclust and ModFOLD v1.1. Predictions from the ModFOLDclust method were the most successful of the three in terms of the global model quality, whilst the ModFOLD v1.1 method was comparable in performance to other single-model based methods. In addition, the ModFOLDclust method performed well at predicting the per-residue, or local, model quality scores. Predictions of the per-residue errors in our own 3D models, selected using the ModFOLD v2.0 method, were also the most accurate compared with those from other methods. All of the MQAPs described are publicly accessible via the ModFOLD server at: http://www.reading.ac.uk/bioinf/ModFOLD/. The methods are also freely available to download from: http://www.reading.ac.uk/bioinf/downloads/.

Work performance, productivity and indoor air

Temperature, relative humidity, and air quality all affect the sensory system via thermo receptors in the skin and the olfactory system. Air quality is mainly defined by the contaminants in the air. However, the most persistent memory of any space is often its odor. Strong, emotional, and past experiences are awakened by the olfactory sense. Odors can also influence cognitive processes that affect creative task performance, as well as personal memories and moods. Besides nitrogen and oxygen, the air contains particles and many chemicals that affect the efficiency of the oxygenation process in the blood, and ultimately the air breathed affects thinking and concentration. It is important to show clients the value of spending more capital on high-quality buildings that promote good ventilation. The process of achieving indoor-air quality is a continual one throughout the design, construction, commissioning, and facilities management processes. This paper reviews the evidence.

LIPGENE food-exchange model for alteration of dietary fat quantity and quality in free-living participants from eight European countries

Controlled human intervention trials are required to confirm the hypothesis that dietary fat quality may influence insulin action. The aim was to develop a food-exchange model, suitable for use in free-living volunteers, to investigate the effects of four experimental diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: high SFA (HSFA); high MUFA (HMUFA) and two low-fat (LF) diets, one supplemented with 1.24g EPA and DHA/d (LFn-3). A theoretical food-exchange model was developed. The average quantity of exchangeable fat was calculated as the sum of fat provided by added fats (spreads and oils), milk, cheese, biscuits, cakes, buns and pastries using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of UK adults. Most of the exchangeable fat was replaced by specifically designed study foods. Also critical to the model was the use of carbohydrate exchanges to ensure the diets were isoenergetic. Volunteers from eight centres across Europe completed the dietary intervention. Results indicated that compositional targets were largely achieved with significant differences in fat quantity between the high-fat diets (39.9 (SEM 0.6) and 38.9 (SEM 0.51) percentage energy (%E) from fat for the HSFA and HMUFA diets respectively) and the low-fat diets (29.6 (SEM 0.6) and 29.1 (SEM 0.5) %E from fat for the LF and LFn-3 diets respectively) and fat quality (17.5 (SEM 0.3) and 10.4 (SEM 0.2) %E front SFA and 12.7 (SEM 0.3) and 18.7 (SEM 0.4) %E MUFA for the HSFA and HMUFA diets respectively). In conclusion, a robust, flexible food-exchange model was developed and implemented successfully in the LIPGENE dietary intervention trial.

New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics

The inaugural meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) was held May 3 to May 5 2002 in London, Ontario, Canada. A group of 63 academic and industrial scientists from around the world convened to discuss current issues in the science of probiotics and prebiotics. ISAPP is a non-profit organization comprised of international scientists whose intent is to strongly support and improve the levels of scientific integrity and due diligence associated with the study, use, and application of probiotics and prebiotics. In addition, ISAPP values its role in facilitating communication with the public and healthcare providers and among scientists in related fields on all topics pertinent to probiotics and prebiotics. It is anticipated that such efforts will lead to development of approaches and products that are optimally designed for the improvement of human and animal health and well being. This article is a summary of the discussions, conclusions, and recommendations made by 8 working groups convened during the first ISAPP workshop focusing on the topics of: definitions, intestinal flora, extra-intestinal sites, immune function, intestinal disease, cancer, genetics and genomics, and second generation prebiotics. Humans have evolved in symbiosis with an estimated 1014 resident microorganisms. However, as medicine has widely defined and explored the perpetrators of disease, including those of microbial origin, it has paid relatively little attention to the microbial cells that constitute the most abundant life forms associated with our body. Microbial metabolism in humans and animals constitutes an intense biochemical activity in the body, with profound repercussions for health and disease. As understanding of the human genome constantly expands, an important opportunity will arise to better determine the relationship between microbial populations within the body and host factors (including gender, genetic background, and nutrition) and the concomitant implications for health and improved quality of life. Combined human and microbial genetic studies will determine how such interactions can affect human health and longevity, which communication systems are used, and how they can be influenced to benefit the host. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.1 The probiotic concept dates back over 100 years, but only in recent times have the scientific knowledge and tools become available to properly evaluate their effects on normal health and well being, and their potential in preventing and treating disease. A similar situation exists for prebiotics, defined by this group as non-digestible substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria. Prebiotics function complementary to, and possibly synergistically with, probiotics. Numerous studies are providing insights into the growth and metabolic influence of these microbial nutrients on health. Today, the science behind the function of probiotics and prebiotics still requires more stringent deciphering both scientifically and mechanistically. The explosion of publications and interest in probiotics and prebiotics has resulted in a body of collective research that points toward great promise. However, this research is spread among such a diversity of organisms, delivery vehicles (foods, pills, and supplements), and potential health targets such that general conclusions cannot easily be made. Nevertheless, this situation is rapidly changing on a number of important fronts. With progress over the past decade on the genetics of lactic acid bacteria and the recent, 2,3 and pending, 4 release of complete genome sequences for major probiotic species, the field is now armed with detailed information and sophisticated microbiological and bioinformatic tools. Similarly, advances in biotechnology could yield new probiotics and prebiotics designed for enhanced or expanded functionality. The incorporation of genetic tools within a multidisciplinary scientific platform is expected to reveal the contributions of commensals, probiotics, and prebiotics to general health and well being and explicitly identify the mechanisms and corresponding host responses that provide the basis for their positive roles and associated claims. In terms of human suffering, the need for effective new approaches to prevent and treat disease is paramount. The need exists not only to alleviate the significant mortality and morbidity caused by intestinal diseases worldwide (especially diarrheal diseases in children), but also for infections at non-intestinal sites. This is especially worthy of pursuit in developing nations where mortality is too often the outcome of food and water borne infection. Inasmuch as probiotics and prebiotics are able to influence the populations or activities of commensal microflora, there is evidence that they can also play a role in mitigating some diseases. 5,6 Preliminary support that probiotics and prebiotics may be useful as intervention in conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, allergy, cancer (especially colorectal cancer of which 75% are associated with diet), vaginal and urinary tract infections in women, kidney stone disease, mineral absorption, and infections caused by Helicobacter pylori is emerging. Some metabolites of microbes in the gut may also impact systemic conditions ranging from coronary heart disease to cognitive function, suggesting the possibility that exogenously applied microbes in the form of probiotics, or alteration of gut microecology with prebiotics, may be useful interventions even in these apparently disparate conditions. Beyond these direct intervention targets, probiotic cultures can also serve in expanded roles as live vehicles to deliver biologic agents (vaccines, enzymes, and proteins) to targeted locations within the body. The economic impact of these disease conditions in terms of diagnosis, treatment, doctor and hospital visits, and time off work exceeds several hundred billion dollars. The quality of life impact is also of major concern. Probiotics and prebiotics offer plausible opportunities to reduce the morbidity associated with these conditions. The following addresses issues that emerged from 8 workshops (Definitions, Intestinal Flora, Extra-Intestinal Sites, Immune Function, Intestinal Disease, Cancer, Genomics, and Second Generation Prebiotics), reflecting the current scientific state of probiotics and prebiotics. This is not a comprehensive review, however the study emphasizes pivotal knowledge gaps, and recommendations are made as to the underlying scientific and multidisciplinary studies that will be required to advance our understanding of the roles and impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and the commensal microflora upon health and disease management.

Rapid quality assessment of wheat cultivars registered in Poland using the 2-g mixograph and multivariate statistical analysis

Baking and 2-g mixograph analyses were performed for 55 cultivars (19 spring and 36 winter wheat) from various quality classes from the 2002 harvest in Poland. An instrumented 2-g direct-drive mixograph was used to study the mixing characteristics of the wheat cultivars. A number of parameters were extracted automatically from each mixograph trace and correlated with baking volume and flour quality parameters (protein content and high molecular weight glutenin subunit [HMW-GS] composition by SDS-PAGE) using multiple linear regression statistical analysis. Principal component analysis of the mixograph data discriminated between four flour quality classes, and predictions of baking volume were obtained using several selected mixograph parameters, chosen using a best subsets regression routine, giving R-2 values of 0.862-0.866. In particular, three new spring wheat strains (CHD 502a-c) recently registered in Poland were highly discriminated and predicted to give high baking volume on the basis of two mixograph parameters: peak bandwidth and 10-min bandwidth.