Circuito espacial produtivo e círculos de cooperação dos café Fairtrade: análise da Associação dos Agricultores familiares do Córrego D'Antas (ASSODANTAS), Poços de Caldas/MG

The aim of this research project is to analyze the spatial productive circuit and circles of cooperation of Fairtrade coffee, taking as a case of study the Associação dos Agricultores Familiares do Córrego D'antas (ASSODANTAS), Poços de Caldas - MG. The main purpose is to analyze material flows (grains, supplies, etc.) established between geographically separated stages of production (production, exchange, distribution and consumption) and the relationships between the agents in order to analyze the organization and regulation of production of Fairtrade coffee. It is understood as the insertion of the Fairtrade ASSODANTAS to permit the creation of new production lines, adding value and providing greater identity and autonomy to their small farms, when compared with traditional coffee trade commodity

Foraminíferos em um transecto de manguezal da Ilha do Cardoso (SP): distribuição em função da frequência de inundação e modelos para reconstruções paleoambientais no setor de petróleo & gás

O estudo do conteúdo de foraminíferos de 8 amostras de sedimentos superficiais coletados em manguezal do norte da Ilha do Cardoso, sul do Estado de São Paulo, no verão (período chuvoso) de 2001, ao longo de um transecto no sentido da Baía de Trapandé para o interior, revelou dois segmentos distintos: a) uma planície inferior lamosa, com menor tempo de exposição sub-aérea e maior diversidade específica, dominada por Ammotiumcassis, A.salsum, Arenoparrella mexicana e Trochamminainflata, com abundância expressiva de Caroniaexilis na parte mais baixa e de Miliammina fusca na parte mais alta; b) uma planície superior arenosa, com maior tempo de exposição sub-aérea e menor diversidade, dominada por M. fusca e com abundância expressiva de T. inflatana parte mais baixa. Os sedimentos investigados são colonizados por foraminíferos exclusivamente aglutinantes, representados por 21 espécies de 16 gêneros. Dados de abundância relativa, riqueza, diversidade e equitatividade das espécies ao longo do transecto são apresentados, bem como os valores de salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura, medidos a partir da água intersticial dos sedimentos no momento da coleta das amostras. São feitas comparações com um estudo anterior, similar, que focalizou amostras coletadas, nos mesmos pontos, no inverno (período seco) de 2002. Os resultados obtidos interessam às análises de sistemas estuarinos modernos e antigos, bem como a projetos envolvidos com o diagnóstico do estado de conservação de áreas litorâneas, sendo úteis ao Setor de Petróleo e Gás

Análise microestrutural de tubos API P110, para prospecção de petróleo e gás, soldados pelo processo HF/ERW

On the grounds of the great advances achieved over recent years, the process HF/ERW (High-Frequency/Electric Resistance Welding)welded pipe have played an active role in the oil and gas industry for deep water applications, at high and extremely low temperatures, under high pressure and in highly corrosive environments, gradually replacing manufactured pipes by other processes. However, studies have shown that defects in the welded joints are a the leading causes of pipelines failures, which has required the determination of toughness values in this region, in compliance with the strict recommendations of the codes and standards with manufacturers and construction companies, on the oil and gas sector. As part of the validation process required toughness values, this research project focuses on a microstructural analysis in HF / ERW tubes microalloyed, steel grade API 5CT P110, designed to explore oil and gas in deep waters, the subject of strategic relevance to the country because of the recent discoveries in the Santos mega fields: Tupi and Libra (pre-salt). In this scientific work will be presented and discussed the results of mechanical tensile and Charpy, a few CTOD tests curves (showing the trend of toughness values to be obtained), and the microstructures of the base material obtained by optical microscopy, with special emphasis on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions in the welded joint

Biodegradação de óleos derivados do petróleo e de origem vegetal estimulada por biossurfactantes em meio aquoso e monitoramento de sua toxicidade

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Determinação de metais em água produzida de petróleo

In order to enable the reuse of the large surplus volume of petroleum produced water for irrigation of crops inedible, the quality evaluation of this water is very important. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT) for the determination of labile Cu (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) in petroleum produced water destined to reuse in agriculture. Samples were collected at the exit of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (after separation oil/water and flotation) of a Petrobrás onshore production region. Basically, the laboratory experiments with DGT devices involved the evaluation of the behavior of the main variables of the technique for determination of analytes in the samples (diffusion coefficients, immersion time, fractionation of organic and inorganic species, and performance of diffusion gels with different porosities, among others). Also, experiments were conducted based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol with Chelex- 100 resin using previously established protocols to support the study. During the project the possibility of in situ immersions in water treatment plants was evaluated. The DGT technique presented satisfactory results for determination of Mn in produced water, and can be used for in situ determinations. However, the results obtained for Cu and Zn show the need of additional studies

Seleção de bactérias fenololíticas para tratamento de efluentes de refinarias de petróleo

Os efluentes de indústrias, como refinarias e petroquímicas, frequentemente contém elevadas concentrações de substâncias tóxicas, dentre elas, os compostos fenólicos. Estas substâncias, mesmo em pequenas quantidades, afetam as propriedades organolépticas da água, além de que durante o processo de cloração da água potável, podem ser transformadas em clorofenóis e policlorofenóis, pela reação com o cloro, formando substâncias com características carcinogênicas. Neste sentido, o refino do petróleo produz grande variedade de poluentes cujas propriedades modificam-se em função dos processos utilizados. Os fenóis são compostos tóxicos, com características fungicida e desinfetante, sendo tóxico para a maioria dos microrganismos, além de apresentarem ação de carcinogenicidade, mutagenicidade e serem recalcitrantes, acumulam-se nos corpos receptores, gerando danos à saúde e à vida aquática. No entanto, embora o fenol possua ação bactericida, alguns microrganismos adquiriram a habilidade de se adaptar e utilizar este composto como fonte de carbono e energia. O presente trabalho pretendeu selecionar linhagens bacterianas, a partir do efluente de uma refinaria de petróleo, da região de Paulínia – SP, que sejam capazes de utilizar altos teores de fenóis como fonte de carbono e energia para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento, a fim de serem aplicadas nas estações de tratamento de efluentes industriais, com foco nas refinarias de petróleo. Foram isoladas 3 linhagens a partir das amostras enriquecidas do efluente da refinaria e, após os ensaios, constatou-se que 1 linhagem apresentou resistência à concentração de fenol de 1.000 mg.L-1. Os ensaios de biodegradação e crescimento em fenol como única fonte de carbono, demonstraram que estas linhagens são capazes de biodegradar aproximadamente 20% do fenol disponível no meio, no período de 24 horas. A quantificação do fenol residual foi realizada em...

Variação histórica dos preços e das reservas de petróleo brasileiras e internacionais no período 1992-2011

The oil market is not a common market, and its complexity increases dramatically when considering the strategic and geopolitical involved, thus resulting in large uncertainties and concerns. The attempt to control prices has always been a challenge for the major world powers, since the increase in oil prices benefits the exporting countries, but harms importers, especially those regarded as less developed. Understand and try to predict some strategies adopted up the oil crises is one of the main points of the research, in order to demonstrate how economics can be used as an instrument of power and domination between nations, and how plans and strategies and rearrangements of supply and demand favor the growth of this economy, especially in the current period, with the new Brazilian oil era, beginning with the discovery of pre-salt, amid a context of growing need for the use of oil and its derivatives

Interpretação tectono-estratigráfica do reservatório Quissamã (Eo-meso-albiano) nos campos de Pampo, Bicudo e Bonito, Bacia de Campos

Hydrocarbon accumulations occur in marine carbonate reservoirs of Quissamã Formation (early to midlle Albian), southwest Campos Basin. We investigated Pampo, Bicudo and Bonito fields, in order to understand the tectono-structural framework of oncolite/bioclast coarse-grained calcarenite reservoir and the calcilutite-marl-shale sealing interval (Late Albian to Turonian). The database of eleven wells from those fields allowed to elaborate structural sections correlating the Macaé Group – both Quissamã reservoir and Outeiro seal, the latter corresponding to the tectonic deepening phase of basin evolution. Based on density and electric logs, it was prepared structural sections of the carbonate reservoirs with consequent identification of porous zones and oil-water contacts. An extensive 3-D seismic database (~300 Km2) allowed to map three reflectors which represent the limiting units of Macaé Group

Caracterização geotécnica com base na compartimentação fisiográfica: aplicação em Poços de Caldas - MG

This work presents a comparison of alkaline and cristaline terrains of an area inside a Poços de Caldas (MG) contry for appropriate urban expansion. The study area has 52km2 through rural and urban terrains with geological and geomorphological differences. At present Poços de Caldas has more than 130 thousand people and expansion government plans are from 1993 showing the necessity of studies of infrastructure to population and tourists. At last 40 years the city became a place with job offers in bauxite minning causing a population increase about 200%. At this way this work uses the Vedolvello (2000)´s method of terrains physiographic compartimentalization (UBCs) with integrated analysis (Land Systems) made by remote sensing products (air photos). After that field trips was performed to check unity limits by observation of rocks, relief and weathering soil profile. The main results are Engineering Geological Map and a classification table of Basic Units of Compartimentalization to presents the characteristics to uses and soil occupation.

Impactos de atividades de exploração de petróleo e gás natural sobre a comunicação acústica de Mysticeti (ordem Cetacea): uma revisão

Acoustic communication is essential in mammals and has three main functions: acquisition of information about the environment, intraspecific communication and detection of predators and prey. Studies indicate that the introduction of sounds produced by anthropogenic activities such as military exercises, use of sonar and activities related to the extraction of oil and natural gas can cause interference in cetacean communication. Recently, the discovery of pre-salt tends to increase these activities. After a decade since the launch date of IBAMA`s licensing and before the imminent increase in exploration activities in Brazil, it is essential to conduct studies to monitor closely the impact of this type of activity on the marine ecosystem. Thus, this study aims to identify potential impacts that the process of oil and natural gas exploration and production might have on the communication of baleen whales. Data from literature on bioacoustics and ecology of these animals were linked with technical-scientific data regarding this type of activity. 310 documents related to the topic were analyzed. Among them only 81 documents are of academic origin, and the others mostly action plans and reports from government agencies. 80% of the documents do not have any species as a focus, and in the remaining 20%, 17% were focused on the Greenland Whale (Balaena mysticetus) and 22% on the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). The main impacts identified in this study were the increased frequency and amplitude of vocalization, reduction or cessation of more elaborate songs and masking problems

Avaliação da toxicidade sobre Ceriodaphnia dubia das águas dos rios Atibaia, Jaguari e efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo

Ensuring availability of quality water for human consumption causes becomes an increasing number of studies for the analysis of effluent before and after treatment, so that its release into receiving bodies do not cause significant changes in the river water and on the biological communities related to them. The biomarkers of toxicity have long been used to verify the potential toxic effluent and its correlation with the treatment efficiency of them. In this context, the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia stands out because it is a benthic aquatic organism highly sensitive to environmental changes. In this study, to evaluate the interference of the release of treated wastewater of oil refinery in Rio Atibaia, we sought to determine the toxicity on population dynamics of Ceriodaphnia dubia microcrustacean in water samples upstream and downstream from the launch site, compared with samples from Rio Jaguarí at the point of capture by the company itself and treated effluent. We have studied the number of offspring produced in 10 replicates, each starting with a test individual of up to 24 hours for each sample and correlated the results with physical-chemical and microbiological tests performed by a laboratory technician. For most tests, the results indicate that the treated effluent gives sub-lethal toxicity to the microcrustacean, as delay the onset of the reproductive cycle of the same

Equações de taxa aplicadas na modelagem de dispositivos fotodetectores baseados em poços quânticos

In this work, it is presented a novel method for calculating some intrinsic parameters such as capture mean time, thermic emission mean time, capture probability and noise gain on quantum well infrared photodetectors. Such devices are built by depositing layers of semiconductors of different energy gap, forming quantum wells. The present method uses rate equations to describe the occupation of discrete states of the quantum wells, that together with noise gain equations given in literature, are solved self consistently. The input data of the method is experimental measurement of dark current (current measured with no relevant incident photon) versus applied bias. In order to validate this approach, the values obtained were compared with results from literature

Eficiência das resinas XAD4 e C18 na extração de compostos mutagênicos presentes em efluente de refinaria de petróleo para a realização do Teste de Ames

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Toxicidade de petróleo bruto sobre microcrustáceo Daphnia similis em água de rio e água de produção de petróleo

Aquatic ecosystems are suffering many impacts caused by human activities resulting from the activities occurring around them. With technological progress observed in recent years, this environment has received large amounts of chemicals from industries, agriculture and urban area that affect the aquatic biota. Among these sources of contamination, the oil industry has contributed to the pollution of aquatic environments with both effluents as produced water well as oil spills and their derivatives having toxicity to various organisms. With all the environmental issues has increased concern about water quality and has been used ecotoxicological tests with aquatic organisms to ecosystems to assess the toxicity of chemicals present in the water. In this context the microcrustacea Daphnia similis stands out as a freshwater organism very representative of the aquatic fauna of rivers and high sensitivity to environmental impacts. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the lethal toxicity of crude oil and produced water on this microcrustacea. The results showed that the microcrustacea presented high sensitivity to contaminants primarily crude oil. There was also the influence of environmental variables pH and temperature on the survival of organisms

Análise dos royalties do petróleo sob a perspectiva jurídica

This research aims to discuss the division of royalties from a legal perspective and its substitute role towards the non-taxation at source, in other words the taxation of destiny at the Brazilian petroleum industry. The analysis aims to deal with the historical evolution in relation to the aspect of royalties’ payment and its deviation of compensatory character in order to supply the ICMS function. There are some specific study objects in this research: 1. how the transformation of royalties’ payment led to financial compensation; 2. to whom the transference of mineral rent belongs – to the UNIÃO or to the fortunate regions which the oil is extracted; 3. would a tax reform be enough to minimize the competition of States and Cities towards the royalties? The research aims to clarify the real expectation that States have on the royalties’ payment. There is no compensation for damage to the environment as it is stated by the initial characteristic of the Constitution, and, by the contrast, from a compensatory character, there is a lacking of taxation from the sector mentioned before, this fact damages the producing states checked out by this research