Influences of strain rate and temperature variation on material intrinsic length of plasticity strain gradient theory

Cowper-Symonds and Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relations are used to study the influence of both strain rate effect and temperature variation on the material intrinsic length scale in strain gradient plasticity. The material intrinsic length scale decreases with increasing strain rates, and this length scale increases with temperature.

Strain Gradient Effects on Deformation Strengthening Behavior of Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

Dislocation models with considering the mismatch of elastic modulus between matrix and reinforcing particles are used to determine the effective strain gradient \ita for particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCp) in the present research. Based on Taylor relation and the kinetics of dislocation multiplication, glide and annihilation, a strain gradient dependent constitutive equation is developed. By using this strain gradient-dependent constitutive equation, size-dependent deformation strengthening behavior is characterized. The results demonstrate that the smaller the particle size, the more excellent in the reinforcing effect. Some comparisons with the available experimental results demonstrate that the present approach is satisfactory.

Establecimiento y caracterización dendrológica de cultivares clonales Spondia sp., en el arboretum Alain Meyrat de la Universidad Nacional Agraria

El presente trabajo se realizó en el Arboretum de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. El objetivo del estudio es identificar las características morfológicas de cada cultivar clónal como: largo de la hoja, número y largo de folíolo, ancho de la base y ápice, sobrevivencia, número y tamaño de rebrotes. La metodología consta de tres etapas: recorrido entre los municipios de Masaya y Granada para la obtención de el material vegetativo con una dimensión de 1.30 m de altura y 10cm de diámetro por estaca. Establecimiento de plantación de 10 cultivares de Spondia sp. para un total de 40 estacas con una distancia de 3 x 3 m. para un área total de 243m2. Toma de datos cada seis meses para realizar el análisis estadístico empleando el programa INFOSTAT y mediante el encadenamiento simple (Distancia Euclidiana) se dividieron los 9 cultivares en 4 grupos y se procedió a realizar un ANOVA obteniendo que los cultivares clónales presentan diferencia significativa (p<000.1) en cuanto a sus variables. Como resultados se obtiene una sobrevivencia del 100% en los cultivares clónales de jocote perro, jocote agosteño, jocote rosa y jocote diente de perro, siendo el jocote de cocer sabanero el que no sobrevivió. Dentro de las características morfológicas sobresaliente se identifica como el raquis más largo al jocote rosa, con un promedio de 23.4 cm y el de menor longitud con 13.8 es el jocote agosteño, el mayor promedio de folíolos por hoja lo tiene el jocote bejuco con 20 y el de menor promedio el jocote agosteño con 14. Entre las variables número y largo de foliolo, largo del raquis, ancho de la base y ápice mediante un ANOVA se obtuvo diferencia significativa (p<000.1). De acuerdo a los estudios morfológicos aplicados a los nueve cultivares clónales sobrevivientes se ubican dentro de la especie Spondias purpurea.

A New Finite Element Method for Strain Gradient Theories and Applications to Fracture Analyses

A new compatible finite element method for strain gradient theories is presented. In the new finite element method, pure displacement derivatives are taken as the fundamental variables. The new numerical method is successfully used to analyze the simple strain gradient problems – the fundamental fracture problems. Through comparing the numerical solutions with the existed exact solutions, the effectiveness of the new finite element method is tested and confirmed. Additionally, an application of the Zienkiewicz–Taylor C1 finite element method to the strain gradient problem is discussed. By using the new finite element method, plane-strain mode I and mode II crack tip fields are calculated based on a constitutive law which is a simple generalization of the conventional J2 deformation plasticity theory to include strain gradient effects. Three new constitutive parameters enter to characterize the scale over which strain gradient effects become important. During the analysis the general compressible version of Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity is adopted. Crack tip solutions, the traction distributions along the plane ahead of the crack tip are calculated. The solutions display the considerable elevation of traction within the zone near the crack tip.

Thermal Strain Analysis of a Flip-Chip Package by a Modified Hybrid Method

介绍一种可用于微电子封装局部应变场分析的实验/计算混合方法,该方法结合了有限元的整体/局部模型和实时的激光云纹干涉技术,利用激光云纹干涉技术所测得的应变场来校核有限元整体模型的计算结果,并用整体模型的结果作为局部模型的边界条件,对实验难以确定的封装结构局部位置的应力、应变场进行分析.用这种方法对可控坍塌倒装封装结构在热载荷作用下焊球内的应变场分布进行了分析,结果表明该方法能够提供封装结构内应力-应变场分布的准确和可靠的结果,为微电子封装的可靠性分析提供重要的依据. For the reliability analysis of electronic packages, strains in very localized areas, such as an interconnection or a corner, need to be determined. In this paper, a modified hybrid method of global/local modeling and real time moire interferometry is presented. In this method, a simplified, coarsely meshed global model is developed to get rough information about the deformation of the microelectronic package. In order to make sure the global model has been reasonably simplified and the material properties ...

Produccion y composicion quimica de la morera (Morus sp), a diferentes frecuencias de corte, Rancho Ebenezer, Masaya, Nicaragua

Se llevó a cabo un estudio durante el período lluvioso del año 2005, ‘Rancho Agropecológico’ “EBENEZER” Comarca ‘Hoja Chigüe’ Niquinohomo, Masaya, Nicaragua. El objetivo fue determinar la producción de materia seca y composición química de la biomasa a diferentes frecuencias de corte en Morera (Morus sp).Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con tres repeticiones. Las frecuencias de corte fueron; 30, 45 y 60 días de rebrote. Las variables de estudio fueron longitud de rebrotes (cm), rendimiento de materia seca (kg de MS/ha/corte), porcentajes de materia seca, proteína cruda, fibra cruda, calcio y fósforo. Se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separaciones de medias, usando Duncan (P<0.05). Las variables codificadas en porcentajes se transforma ron, según, transformaciones arco seno de la raiz cuadrada de la proporción, con el fin de ajustar los datos porc entuales a una distribución normal, posteriormente se realizaron comparaciones de medias usando Duncan. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para las variables; longitud de rebrote (67 y 36 cm para frecuencias de 60 y 30 días);rendimiento de materia seca (1,368 y 480 kg/ha/corte, para las mismas frecuencias). Se encontraron diferencias significativas para la materia seca (27.50, 17.17 % para 60 y 30 días), fibra cruda (19.41 y,16.30 % para las mismas frecuencias), y Fósforo. Esta ultima variable presentó un comportamiento diferente; los mayores porcentajes a los 30 días (0.75) y los menores porcentajes a los 45 días, no presentándose diferencias entre 45 y 60 días (0.42). Referente a la proteína cruda y calcio, no presentaron diferencias significativas. El estudio permitió demostrar diferencias marcadas en la producción y composición química del forraje de Morera (Morus sp), observándose que, a diferencias de otros forrajes, los parámetros de calidad no presentan una disminución drástica a medida que se aumenta la edad de rebrote , con las frecuencias estudiadas.

Large strain field near a crack tip in a rubber sheet

The distribution of stress-strain near a crack tip in a rubber sheet is investigated by employing the constitutive relation given by Gao (1997). It is shown that the crack tip field is composed of two shrinking sectors and one expanding sector. The stress state near the crack tip is in uniaxial tension. The analytical solutions are obtained for both expanding and shrinking sectors.

Strain Rate-Dependent Compressive Deformation Behavior of Nd-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

Compressive deformation behavior of the Nd60Fe20Co10Al10 bulk metallic glass was characterized over a wide strain rate range (6.0 x 10(-4) to 1.0x10(3) s(-1)) at room temperature. Fracture stress was found to increase and fracture strain decrease with increasing applied strain rate. Serrated flow and a large number of shear bands were observed at the quasi-static strain rate (6.0 x 10(-4)s(-1)). The results suggest that the appearance of a large number of shear bands is probably associated with flow serration observed during compression; and both shear banding and flow serration are a strain accommodation and stress relaxation process. At dynamic strain rates (1.0 x 10(3) s(-1)), the rate of shear band nucleation is not sufficient to accommodate the applied strain rate and thus causes an early fracture of the test sample. The fracture behavior of the Nd60Fe20Co10Al10 bulk metallic glass is sensitive to strain rate.

Finite Element Solutions for Plane Strain Mode I Crack with Strain Grading Effect

In this paper, a new phenomenological theory with strain gradient effects is proposed to account for the size dependence of plastic deformation at micro- and submicro-length scales. The theory fits within the framework of general couple stress theory and three rotational degrees of freedom omega(i) are introduced in addition to the conventional three translational degrees of freedom mu(i). omega(i) is called micro-rotation and is the sum of material rotation plus the particles' relative rotation. While the new theory is used to analyze the crack tip field or the indentation problems, the stretch gradient is considered through a new hardening law. The key features of the theory are that the rotation gradient influences the material character through the interaction between the Cauchy stresses and the couple stresses; the term of stretch gradient is represented as an internal variable to increase the tangent modulus. In fact the present new strain gradient theory is the combination of the strain gradient theory proposed by Chen and Wang (Int. J. Plast., in press) and the hardening law given by Chen and Wang (Acta Mater. 48 (2000a) 3997). In this paper we focus on the finite element method to investigate material fracture for an elastic-power law hardening solid. With remotely imposed classical K fields, the full field solutions are obtained numerically. It is found that the size of the strain gradient dominance zone is characterized by the intrinsic material length l(1). Outside the strain gradient dominance zone, the computed stress field tends to be a classical plasticity field and then K field. The singularity of stresses ahead of the crack tip is higher than that of the classical field and tends to the square root singularity, which has important consequences for crack growth in materials by decohesion at the atomic scale. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.