Desenvolvimento do método de extração sólido-líquido com partição em baixa temperatura para determinação de inseticidas em grãos de milho ozonizados

The objective of this study was to optimize and validate a solid-liquid extraction method with low-temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) for the analysis of pesticides. This method was coupled with gas chromatography (GC/ECD) and used to evaluate the degradation of bifenthrin and pirimiphos-methyl in maize grains on exposure to ozone. The optimized SLE/LTP-GC/ECD method is simple, effective and consumes low quantities of the solvent. It can be routinely used for the determination of bifenthrin and pirimiphos-methyl in maize samples. The use of this method of analysis determined that the levels of the insecticides in maize grains were reduced on exposure of the grains to the ozone gas. The observed reduction in the levels of insecticide was directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of the ozone gas.

ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO, ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA E CITOTÓXICA DE ESPÉCIMES DE Leonotis nepetifolia L. R. (Br)

Specimens of Leonotis nepetiflolia were obtained from cultivated and wild environments to verify their influences in chemical composition. Phytochemical analyses were conducted for the ethyl acetate phase obtained by partitioning the crude ethanol extract from the cultivated leaves of L. nepetifolia. In doing so, flavonoid 3',4',5-trimethoxy-6,7-dihidroxyflavone (cirsiliol), a chemotaxonomic marker of the family Lamiaceae, was isolated. The results reveal that all phases and extracts tested exhibited weak to moderate antimicrobial activity against the strains of bacteria tested. The evaluation of in vitrocytotoxic and antitumor activity showed that the ethyl acetate phases obtained from both wild and cultivated leaves exhibit high potential cytotoxic and antitumor (> 78.0% of inhibition) activity. The major component of these phases was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses using both 1D and 2D methods. The results further indicate that the flavonoid cirsiliol is the agent responsible for the activity observed in these phases.

Tietovaraston uudelleensuunnittelu ja toteuttaminen

Tietovarastointi on yleistynyt yritysten raportoinnin tietolähteenä. Tietovarastojen avulla voidaan kehittää monipuolisia raportointiratkaisuja. Datamäärän ja käyttäjämäärän kasvu sekä raporttien monipuolistuminen aiheuttavat suorituskykyhaasteita. Tässä työssä käydään läpi tietovaraston uudelleensuunnittelu suorituskykyhaasteisiin keskittyen. Työn tavoitteena oli sekä tietovaraston käytön että ylläpidon tehostaminen. Työvaiheina olivat arkkitehtuurin kehittäminen, faktan ja dimensioiden optimointi, ETL-prosessin tehostaminen, paikallisvarastojen rakentaminen sekä osioinnin, indeksien ja aggregaatiosummien tehokkaampi hyödyntäminen. Tavoitteen toteutumista mitattiin toistamalla työn eri vaiheissa suorituskykytestejä. Tuloksena saavutettiin merkittävä suorituskyvyn parantuminen erityisesti työn aikana luoduissa paikallisvarastoissa. Tietovarastoon tehtävien kyselyiden ja hallintatoimenpiteiden kesto pieneni yleisesti noin kolmannekseen. Erillisiin käyttötarkoituksiin räätälöityihin paikallisvarastoihin tehtävien kyselyjen kesto pieneni noin kymmenykseen tai parhaassa tapauksessa jopa sadasosaan

Granulation tissue formation -The effect of hydroxyapatite coating of cellulose on cellular differentiation

Haavan jyväiskudoksen muodostuminen – Hydroksiapatiittipinnoi-tetun selluloosasienen vaikutus solujen erilaistumiseen paranemisprosessin aikana Etsittäessä uusia luun bioyhteensopivia täytemateriaaleja selluloosasieni päällystettiin luun koostumusta muistuttavalla runsaasti piitä sisältävällä hydroksiapatiittikerroksella. Vastoin odotuksia hydroksiapatiittipinnoitettu selluloosa ei parantanut luun kasvua, vaan päinvastoin ylläpiti tulehdusta ja sidekudossolujen hakeutumista vamma-alueelle. Ihon alle implantoituna sama sienimateriaali edisti merkittävästi haavan verekkään jyväiskudoksen kasvua. Tämän löydöksen perusteella hydroksiapatiittipinnoitetun selluloosasienen vaikutusta haavan soluihin paranemisprosessin aikana tutkittiin tarkemmin ja havaittiin, että tulehdussolujen lisäksi sieniin kertyi tavallista enemmän sekä hematopoieettisia että mesenkymaalisia kantasoluja. Hematopoieettiset kantasolut sijaitsevat luuytimessä lähellä luun sisäpintaa. Luun hydroksiapatiitista vapautuu kalsiumioneja luun jatkuvan fysiologisen uudismuodostuksen ja hajottamisen yhteydessä. Kantasolut etsiytyvät luuytimeen kalsiumia aistivien reseptorien välityksellä. Koska luun pintakerrosta muistuttavasta hydroksiapatiittipinnoitteesta vapautuu kalsiumia, tämän ajateltiin toimivan selityksenä sille, että hematopoieettiset kantasolut hakeutuvat runsaslukuisesti juuri hydroksiapatiittipinnoitettuihin selluloosasieniin. Tämän hypoteesin mukaisesti hydroksiapatiittipinnoitettujen selluloosapalkkien läheisyydestä löydettiin suuria määriä kalsiumreseptoreja sisältäviä soluja. Jatkotutkimuksissa todettiin lisäksi, että hematopoieettiset kantasolut pystyivät sienissä erilaistumaan hemoglobiinia tuottaviksi soluiksi. Havaittujen punasolulinjan merkkiaineiden perusteella näyttäisikin siltä, että haavan paranemiskudoksessa tapahtuu paranemisen aikana ekstramedullaarista erytropoieesia. Nämä soluja ohjaavat vaikutukset saattavat olla hyödyllisiä vaikeasti paranevien haavojen hoidossa.

Thermodynamic quantities of solvation and dilution for some acetanilide derivatives in octanol and water mutually saturateds

Based on published thermodynamic quantities for solution, partitioning and sublimation of acetanilide (ACN), acetaminophen (ACP) and Phenacetin (PNC), the thermodynamic quantities for drugs solvation in octanol-saturated water (W(ROH)) and water-saturated octanol (ROH(W)) as well as the drugs dilution in ROH(W) were calculated. The Gibbs energies of solvation were favourable in all cases. The respective enthalpies and entropies were negative indicating an enthalpy-driving for the solvation process in all cases. On the other hand, the Gibbs energies of dilution were favourable for ACP and PNC but unfavourable for ACN, whereas the respective enthalpies and entropies were negative for ACP and PNC but positive for ACN indicating enthalpy-driving for the dilution process in the case of the former drugs and entropy-driving for the latter. From the obtained values for the transfer processes, an interpretation based on solute-solvent interactions was developed.

The Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone : structure and deformation history of a crustal-scale ductile shear zone in SW Finland

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the structure and the deformation history of a NW-SE trending regional, crustal-scale shear structure in the Åland archipelago, SW Finland, called the Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone (SJSZ). Approaches involving e.g. structural geology, geochronology, geochemistry and metamorphic petrology were utilised in order to reconstruct the overall deformation history of the study area. The study therefore describes several features of the shear zone including structures, kinematics and lithologies within the study area, the ages of the different deformation phases (ductile to brittle) within the shear zone, as well as some geothermobarometric results. The results indicate that the SJSZ outlines a major crustal discontinuity between the extensively migmatized rocks NE of the shear zone and the unmigmatised, amphibolite facies rocks SW of the zone. The main SJSZ shows overall dextral lateral kinematics with a SW-side up vertical component and deformation partitioning into pure shear and simple shear dominated deformation styles that was intensified toward later stages of the deformation history. The deformation partitioning resulted in complex folding and refolding against the SW margin of the SJSZ, including conical and sheath folds, and in a formation of several minor strike-slip shear zones both parallel and conjugate to the main SJSZ in order to accommodate the regional transpressive stresses. Different deformation phases within the study area were dated by SIMS (zircon U-Pb), ID-TIMS (titanite U-Pb) and 40Ar/39Ar (pseudotachylyte wholerock) methods. The first deformation phase within the ca. 1.88 Ga rocks of the study area is dated at ca. 1.85 Ga, and the shear zone was reactivated twice within the ductile regime (at ca. 1.83 Ga and 1.79 Ga), during which the strain was successively increasingly partitioned into the main SJSZ and the minor shear zones. The age determinations suggest that the orogenic processes within the study area did not occur in a temporal continuum; instead, the metamorphic zircon rims and titanites show distinct, 10-20 Ma long breaks in deformation between phases of active deformation. The results of this study further imply slow cooling of the rocks through 600-700ºC so that at 1.79 Ga, 2 the temperature was still at least 600ºC. The highest recorded metamorphic pressures are 6.4-7.1 kbar. At the late stages or soon after the last ductile phase (ca. 1.79 Ga), relatively high-T mylonites and ultramylonites were formed, witnessing extreme deformation partitioning and high strain rates. After the rocks reached lower amphibolite facies to amphibolite-greenschist facies transitional conditions (ca. 500-550ºC), they cooled rapidly, probably due to crustal uplift and exhumation. The shear zone was reactivated at least once within the semi-brittle to brittle regime between ca. 1.79 Ga and 1.58 Ga, as evidenced by cataclasites and pseudotachylytes. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone (and the South Finland shear zone) defines a major crustal discontinuity, and played a central role in accommodating the regional stresses during and after the Svecofennian orogeny.

Innovations of ageing and societal transition : Dynamics of change of the socio-technical regime of ageing

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of the socio-technical system in the field of ageing. The study stems from the notion that the ageing of the population as a powerful megatrend has wide societal effects, and is not just a matter for the social and health sector. The central topic in the study is change: not only the age structures and structures of society are changing, but also at the same time there is constant development, for instance, in technologies, infrastructures and cultural perceptions. The changing concept of innovation has widened the understanding of innovations related to ageing from medical and assistive technological innovations to service and social innovations, as well as systemic innovations at different levels, which means the intertwined and co-evolutionary change in technologies, structures, services and thinking models. By the same token, the perceptions of older people and old age are becoming more multi-faceted: old age is no longer equated to illnesses and decline, but visions of active ageing and a third age have emerged, which are framed by choices, opportunities, resources and consumption in later life. The research task in this study is to open up the processes and mechanisms of change in the field of ageing, which are studied as a complex, multi-level and interrelated socio-technical system. The question is about co-effective elements consisting of macro-level landscape changes, the existing socio-technical regime (the rule system, practices and structures) and bottom-up niche-innovations. Societal transitions do not account for the things inside the regime alone, or for the long-term changes in the landscape, nor for the radical innovations, but for the interplay between all these levels. The research problem is studied through five research articles, which offer micro-level case studies to macro-level phenomenon. Each of the articles focus on different aspects related to ageing and change, and utilise various datasets. The framework of this study leans on the studies of socio-technical systems and multi-level perspective on transitions mainly developed by Frank Geels. Essential factors in transition from one socio-technological regime to another are the co-evolutionary processes between landscape changes, regime level and experimental niches. Landscape level changes, like the ageing of the population, destabilise the regime in the forms of coming pressures. This destabilization offers windows for opportunity to niche-innovations outside or at fringe of the regime, which, through their breakthrough, accelerate the transition process. However, the change is not easy because of various kinds of lock-ins and inertia, which tend to maintain the stability of the regime. In this dissertation, a constructionist approach of society is applied leaning mainly to the ideas of Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, with the dual nature of structures. The change is taking place in the interplay between actors and structures: structures shape people’s practices, but at the same time these practices constitute and reproduce social systems. Technology and other material aspects, as part of socio-technical systems, and the use of them, also take part in the structuration process. The findings of the study point out that co-evolutionary and co-effective relationships between economic, cultural, technological and institutional fields, as well as relationships between landscape changes, changes in the local and regime-level practices and rule systems, are a very complex and multi-level dynamic socio-technical phenomenon. At the landscape level of ageing, which creates the pressures and triggers to the regime change, there are three remarkable megatrends: demographic change, changes in the global economy and the development of technologies. These exert pressures to the socio-technical regime, which as a rule system is experiencing changes in the form of new markets and consumer habits, new ways of perceiving ageing, new models of organising the health care and other services and as new ways of considering innovation and innovativeness. There are also inner dynamics in the relationships between these aspects within the regime. These are interrelated and coconstructed: the prevailing perceptions of ageing and innovation, for instance, reflect the ageing policies, innovation policies, societal structures, organising models, technology and scientific discussion, and vice versa. Technology is part of the inner dynamics of the sociotechnological regime. Physical properties of the artefacts set limitations and opportunities with regard to their functions and uses. The use of and discussion about technology, contributes producing and reproducing the perceptions of old age. For societal transition, micro-level changes are also needed, in form of niche-innovations, for instance new services, organisational models or new technologies, Regimes, as stabilitystriven systems, tend to generate incremental innovations, but radically new innovations are generated in experimental niches protected from ‘normal’ market selection. The windows of opportunity for radical novelties may be opened if the circumstances are favourable for instance by tensions in the socio-technical regime affected by landscape level changes. This dissertation indicates that a change is taking place, firstly, in the dynamic interactionbetween levels, as a result of purposive action and governance to some extent. Breaking the inertia and using the window of opportunity for change and innovation offered by dynamics between levels, presupposes the actors’ special capabilities and actions such as dynamic capabilities and distance management. Secondly, the change is taking place the socio-technological negotiations inside the regime: interaction between technological and social, which is embodied in the use of technology. The use of technology includes small-level contextual scripts that also participate in forming broader societal scripts (for instance defining old age at the society level), which in their turn affect the formation of policies for innovation and ageing. Thirdly, the change is taking place by the means of active formation of the multi-actor innovation networks, where the role of distance management is crucial to facilitate the communication between actors coming from different backgrounds as well as to help the niches born outside the regime to utilise the window of opportunity offered by regime destabilisation. This dissertation has both theoretical and practical contributions. This study participates in the discussion of action-oriented view on transition by opening up of the socio-technological, coevolutionary processes of the multi-faceted phenomenon of ageing, which has lacked systematic analyses. The focus of this study, however, is not on the large-scale coordination and governance, but rather on opening up the incremental elements and structuration processes, which contribute to the transition little by little, and which can be affected to. This increases the practical importance of this dissertation, by highlighting the importance of very tiny, everyday elements in the change processes in the long run.

Marketing plan for a new service concept: case Taksipalvelu MPS Oy

Markkinointisuunnitelmatutkimukset koostuvat pääosin tuotantoalalle tai suurille yrityksille tehdyistä markkinointisuunitelmista. Vaikuttaa siltä, että pienet yritykset tekevät suunnitelmansa ilman nimenomaisesti heille suunniteltua mallia, jos tekevät suunnitelmaa ollenkaan. Kuten sanottu, sovellukset palveluyrityksille ja pk-yrityksille puuttuvat markkinointisuunnitelmiin kohdistuvasta tutkimuksesta, mikä lisää tämän tutkimuksen arvoa keskittyen juuri kyseisiin markkinointisuunnitelman osa-alueisiin. Tutkimusta sovelletaan uuteen palvelukonseptiin, jota case-yritys Taksipalvelu MPS Oy on lanseeraamassa. Palvelu on kohdistettu venäläisille matkailijoille sekä Lappeenrannan alueella eläville venäläisille, ja se perustuu ennen kaikkea korkeaan laatuun. Tutkimus on tärkeä, sillä taksiala on hyvin säännelty, mutta säännöstelyn piirissä on todennäköisesti paljon potentiaalia palveluiden differentaatioon. Segmentointi ja palveluiden kohdistus tiettyihin asiakasryhmiin on taksialalla myös hyvin minimaalista. Tutkimalla kohdistetun palvelun kysyntää ja arvoa saadaan selville olisiko tällainen toiminta kannattavaa vai ei. Venäläisten asiakkaiden määrä on kasvanut Lappeenrannan alueella paljon, minkä potentiaalia ei ole ehkä vielä täysin hyödynnetty. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on luoda hyödyllinen markkinointisuunnitelma case-yritykselle kiinnittäen erityisesti huomiota toimialaan ja kohdeasiakasryhmään. Tarkoituksena on antaa suuntaviivoja kuinka lähestyä kohdeasiakkaita ja kuinka markkinoida palvelua oikein. Tavoitteena on myös selvittää onko valitulla asiakassegmentillä kysyntää vai tulisiko kohdistaminen tehdä toisia määritteitä käyttäen.

Dispersal and metacommunity dynamics in a soft-sediment benthic system : how well is the seafloor connected?

Connectivity depends on rates of dispersal between communities. For marine soft-sediment communities continued small-scale dispersal as post-larvae and as adults can be equally important in maintaining community composition, as initial recruitment of substrate by pelagic larvae. In this thesis post-larval dispersal strategies of benthic invertebrates, as well as mechanisms by which communities are connected were investigated. Such knowledge on dispersal is scarce, due to the difficulties in actually measuring dispersal directly in nature, and dispersal has not previously been quantified in the Baltic Sea. Different trap-types were used underwater to capture dispersing invertebrates at different sites, while in parallel measuring waves and currents. Local community composition was found to change predictably under varying rates of dispersal and physical connectivity (waves and currents). This response was, however, dependent on dispersal-related traits of taxa. Actively dispersing taxa will be relatively better at maintaining their position, as they are not as dependent on hydrodynamic conditions for dispersal and will be less prone to be passively transported by currents. Taxa also dispersed in relative proportions that were distinctly different from resident community composition and a significant proportion (40 %) of taxa were found to lack a planktonic larval life-stage. Community assembly was re-started in a large-scale manipulative field experiment over one year across several sites, which revealed how patterns of community composition (α-, β- and λ-diversity) change depending on rates of dispersal. Results also demonstrated that in response to small-scale disturbance, initial recruitment was by nearby-dominant species after which other species arrived from successively further away. At later assembly time, the number of coexisting species increased beyond what was expected purely by local niche requirements (species sorting), transferring regional differences in community composition (β-diversity) to the local scale (α-diversity, mass effect). Findings of this thesis complement more theoretical studies in metacommunity ecology by demonstrating that understanding how and when individuals disperse relative to underlying environmental heterogeneity is key to interpreting how patterns of diversity change across different spatial scales. Such information from nature is critical when predicting responses to, for example, different types of disturbances or management actions in conservation.

Structural and operational optimisation : applications in energy systems

In this work mathematical programming models for structural and operational optimisation of energy systems are developed and applied to a selection of energy technology problems. The studied cases are taken from industrial processes and from large regional energy distribution systems. The models are based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) and on a hybrid approach of a combination of Non-Linear Programming (NLP) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). The optimisation of the structure and operation of energy systems in urban regions is treated in the work. Firstly, distributed energy systems (DES) with different energy conversion units and annual variations of consumer heating and electricity demands are considered. Secondly, district cooling systems (DCS) with cooling demands for a large number of consumers are studied, with respect to a long term planning perspective regarding to given predictions of the consumer cooling demand development in a region. The work comprises also the development of applications for heat recovery systems (HRS), where paper machine dryer section HRS is taken as an illustrative example. The heat sources in these systems are moist air streams. Models are developed for different types of equipment price functions. The approach is based on partitioning of the overall temperature range of the system into a number of temperature intervals in order to take into account the strong nonlinearities due to condensation in the heat recovery exchangers. The influence of parameter variations on the solutions of heat recovery systems is analysed firstly by varying cost factors and secondly by varying process parameters. Point-optimal solutions by a fixed parameter approach are compared to robust solutions with given parameter variation ranges. In the work enhanced utilisation of excess heat in heat recovery systems with impingement drying, electricity generation with low grade excess heat and the use of absorption heat transformers to elevate a stream temperature above the excess heat temperature are also studied.

Suomalaisen tuulivoimateollisuuden asema, kilpailukyky ja tulevaisuuden näkymät kansainvälisillä markkinoilla

Executive Summary Tuulivoimateollisuus on kasvanut erittäin voimakkaasti 2000-luvulla, ja viime vuonna asennettiin maailmanlaajuisesti ennätysmäärä noin 42 GW uutta tuulivoimakapasiteettia. Kumulatiivinen asennettu kapasiteetti oli vuoden 2011 lopussa noin 241 GW, josta eniten Euroopassa, sitten Kaakkois-Aasiassa, etenkin Kiinassa ja kolmanneksi suurimpana markkina-alueena oli USA. Kiinassa oli eniten asennettua tuulivoimaa, 26 % maailman tuulivoimasta, toisena oli USA, sitten Saksa, Espanja ja Intia. Suurin osa asennetusta koko maailman kapasiteetista on maatuulivoimaa (onshore), merituulivoimaa (offshore) oli asennettu vajaat 4 GW. Teollisuus työllisti arviolta yli 560000 henkilöä maailmanlaajuisesti ja liiketoiminnan arvo oli noin 52 Mrd. euroa (73 Mrd. USD). Tuuliturbiineja oli maailmalla toiminnassa noin 200000 ja niiden keskikoko oli 1,2 MW. Turbiinien koko on tasaisesti kasvanut ja nykyisin suurimmat kaupalliset turbiinit ovat 6-7 MW kokoluokassa. Suomessa oli vuoden 2012 lopussa asennettuna 163 turbiinia yhteisteholtaan 288 MW, joten olemme huomattavasti jäljessä useimpia muita EU maita tuulivoiman hyödyntämisessä. Tuulivoimamarkkinoiden ennakoidaan kasvavan keskimäärin noin 10 % vuosittain, jolloin vuonna 2020 maailmassa olisi asennettuna kapasiteettia noin 900 GW, josta offshore tuulivoimaa 75 GW. Tällöin tuulivoimalla tuotettaisiin noin 8 % sähköntuotannosta, kun arvio vuodelle 2012 on 2,26 %. Nopeinta kasvu olisi Kaakkois-Aasiassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa, merituulivoimaa sen sijaan asennettaisiin eniten Eurooppaan. Suomen ilmasto- ja energiastrategin mukainen tavoite on 2,5 GW tuulivoimaa vuonna 2020. Moderni turbiini koostuu seuraavista pääkomponenteista: tornista, kolmilapaisesta roottorista, vaihteistosta, generaattorista, ja elektroniikasta. Turbiinien hinta vaihtelee projektista ja käytetystä tekniikasta johtuen, mutta tämän hetkisenä keskiarvona voidaan käyttää noin 1 MEUR / MW hintaa Euroopassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa. Kiinassa hinta on vähintään yhden kolmasosan halvempi. Turbiinihintojen ennakoidaan halventuvan jo lähivuosien kuluessa jopa 30 % johtuen muun muassa suuruuden ekonomiasta ja kiristyvästä kilpailusta. Kun mukaan lasketaan kaikki kulut, kuten suunnittelu, luvat, turbiinin perustukset ja kaapeloinnit, tulee asennetulle turbiinille keskihinnaksi noin 1,5 MEUR. Merituulivoima voi olla kaksi kertaa kalliimpi investointi. Generaattoreina käytetään tyypillisesti nopeita tai keskinopeita induktio- (DFIG) tai kestomagneettigeneraattoreita (PMSG) ja yleisesti kolmivaihteisia vaihteistoja. Hidasnopeuksisen (PMSG) suoravetogeneraattorin (DD) käyttö on kuitenkin yleistymässä, sillä tällöin vältetään vika-alttiin vaihteiston käyttö. Korkea toimintaluotettavuus on erityisen tärkeä merituulivoimaloissa. Suurimmat 15 turbiinivalmistajaa toimittivat viime vuonna lähes 90 % maailman tuulivoimaloista. Suurin toimija on tanskalainen Vestas, jonka liikevaihto vuonna 2011 oli noin 6 Mrd euroa ja henkilöstöä yli 22000. Suurimpien valmistajien joukossa oli 7 kiinalaista toimijaa, jotka ovat kasvaneet nopeasti viime vuosina. Useimmat turbiinivalmistajat valmistavat joitakin strategisia komponentteja itse tai ostavat ne omaan konserniin kuuluvalta tytäryhtiöltä ja ostavat muut komponentit ja materiaalit sopimusvalmistajilta. Yhtiöiden valmistusstrategiat kuitenkin vaihtelevat ”tehdään kaikki itse” strategiasta pelkkään avainkomponenttien kokoonpanoon ja turbiinin kokonaistoimitukseen. Tyypillisesti turbiinivalmistajia palvelee vakiintunut joukko kansainväliseen toimintaan kyvykkäitä komponenttitoimittajia varatoimittajineen. Kaiken kaikkiaan sekä turbiini- että komponenttivalmistajien kesken on tapahtunut viime vuosikymmenen kuluessa konsolidoitumista. Valmistus on myös globalisoitunut eli avainkomponentit ja etenkin isot komponentit valmistetaan lähellä asiakasta. Toisaalta kiristynyt hintakilpailu on johtanut siihen, että yritykset ovat siirtäneet tuotantoa Kiinaan, joka nykyisin onkin suurin komponenttien valmistusmaa. Alan keskittyminen ja globalisoituminen tullee jatkumaan myös tulevaisuudessa. Suomessa on eri sektoreilta tuulivoiman huippuosaamista, mutta kokonaisvaltaista tuulivoimaklusteria meillä ei ole. Sellaisen rakentaminen tai rakentuminen vie aikaa ja edellyttäisi selkeän veturiyrityksen olemassaoloa. Tuuliturbiinien kokonaistoimituksista yleensä vastaava turbiinivalmistaja olisi luonteva veturiyritys, mutta kotimaiset valmistajat (Winwind ja Mervento) ovat kansainvälisesti pieniä, ja niiden markkina-asema on haastava. Lisäksi Winwind on ajautunut vakavaan taloudelliseen kriisiin (velkojat hakevat yhtiöltä saataviaan käräjäoikeudessa tammikuussa 2013). Kotimaisille turbiinivalmistajille, kuten muillekin tuulivoima-alan toimijoille olisi ensisijaista, että kotimaiset investoinnit käynnistyisivät täysipainoisesti. Tämä tarkoittaisi paitsi liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia, niin kumuloituvaa osaamista ja ennen kaikkea referenssejä kansainvälistä kilpailua silmälläpitäen. Suomalaisten turbiinivalmistajien kilpailukykyisin businessalue löytynee erityisosaamisesta, kuten esimerkiksi arktisesta tuulivoimasektorista. Mahdollisesti liittoutumalla tai jonkin johtavan turbiinivalmistajan tytäryrityksenä suomalainen niche markkinoille erikoistunut turbiinivalmistus voisi menestyä tulevaisuuden kovenevassa kilpailussa. Kilpailu päämarkkinoilla johtavien turbiinivalmistajien kanssa tuskin tuo menestystä, sillä näiden resurssit ja referenssit ovat ylivertaiset ja osaaminenkin osin suomalaisia edellä. Suomalaista huippuosaamista edustavat muun muassa ABB, The Switch, Vacon, Vaisala, Prysmian sekä Moventas. Yhtiöiden markkina-alue on globaali ja etenkin ABB:n ja Prysmianin resurssit mittavat. Yhtiöillä on edellytykset menestyä jatkossakin kansainvälisesti tuulivoimaliiketoiminnan komponenttien ja systeemien toimittajina. Moventaksen haasteena on yrityksen taloudellinen tilanne ja kilpailukyky markkinoilla (koko henkilöstö lomautetaan määräajaksi keväällä 2013). Muun muassa paperikonevalmistuksen ja meriteollisuuden johdolla Suomeen on syntynyt vahva konepajaosaaminen ja alihankintaverkosto. Esimerkiksi Holming, Componenta, Häkkinen Group ja Metso Foundries palvelevat jo tuulivoimateollisuutta. Osa yhtiöistä toimii kansainvälisesti ja niillä on mahdollisuus jatkossakin palvella tuulivoimateollisuutta, etenkin Suomessa ja lähialueilla. Komponenttitoimittajien ja alihankkijoiden kansainvälistymisen haasteina ovat muun muassa Suomen syrjäinen sijainti Euroopan päämarkkinoilta ja päämiesten jo osin vakiintuneet toimittajaverkostot. Tuulivoiman suunnittelu ja konsultointi sekä käyttö ja kunnossapito tarjoavat suomalaisille yhtiöille liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia Suomessa ja lähialueilla. Merkittävää uutta potentiaalia edustaa telakkateollisuus, ennen muuta STX Finland. STX konsernissa osataan erikoislaivojen tekeminen, konserni omistaa jo turbiinivalmistajan ja konsernin strategiana on tulla merkittäväksi tuulivoimatoimijaksi. Offshore perustukset ja tornit voisivat luontevasti olla omaa tuotantoa oman turbiinivalmistuksen, tuulipuistojen käytön ja kunnossapidon sekä erikoislaivojen ohella. STX Finlandilla olisi potentiaalia toimia suomalaisen tuulivoimateollisuuden veturiyrityksenä. Yhtiön rahoitustilanne ja kilpailukyky ovat kuitenkin tällä hetkellä haastavat. Rautaruukilla on potentiaalia toimittaa muun muassa ristikkorakenteisia torneja ja Parmalla hybriditorneja tuulivoimateollisuudelle. Suomalaisen tuulivoimaosaamisen ja työllisyyden kannalta keskeistä on, että Suomen ilmasto- ja energiastrategian mukaiset tuulivoimainvestoinnit saataisiin viipymättä käyntiin ja investointiympäristö säilyisi suotuisana ja ennustettavana. Tuulivoiman syöttötariffi tukee tuulivoiman taloudellista kannattavuutta lähitulevaisuudessa, mutta tuulivoimarakentamisen rajoituksia ja esteitä tulee myös merkittävästi purkaa tai lieventää.”Työpaikkoja syntyy niihin maihin joissa tuulivoimaa rakennetaan”. Tuulivoima työllistää paitsi suunnittelu- ja rakentamisvaiheessa, niin erityisesti laitosten 20-30 vuoden käyttö- ja kunnossapitoaikana. Teknologiateollisuuden (2012) positiivisen kasvuskenaarion mukaan tuulivoimateollisuus voisi työllistää jopa 25-30000 henkilöä vuonna 2020 nykyisten noin 2000 sijasta ja alan liikevaihto voisi olla jopa 12-14 Mrd. euroa. Tällainen kasvuskenaario sisältää kyllä merkittäviä epävarmuustekijöitä ja Tarastin (2012) selvitys arvioikin kasvun ja työllisyyden kehittyvän kasvuskenaariossakin maltillisemmin. Todennäköisimmät menestysmahdollisuudet ovat alalla jo merkittävässä asemassa olevilla resursseiltaan vahvoilla ja kansainvälisillä yrityksillä. Monialayritykset kestävät pelkästään tuulivoima-alaan keskittyneitä yrityksiä paremmin alalle tyypilliset liiketoiminnan vaihtelut. Erikoistuminen ja uudet radikaalit innovaatiot voivat kuitenkin tuoda tuulivoimaliiketoimintaan täysin uusia toimijoita tai muuttaa nykyisten yritysten kilpailuasetelmia. Kaupallisesti menestyviä uusia keksintöjä harvoin kuitenkaan syntyy ilman panostuksia. Ensiarvoisen tärkeää olisi määritellä kansallinen tahtotila, millä resurssein ja mihin tuulivoimateollisuuden sektoreihin halutaan panostaa, ja kohdentaa resurssit siten, että alan yrityksillä, tutkimuslaitoksilla ja muilla toimijoilla olisi parhaat edellytykset kehittää kilpailukykyisiä tuotteita, palveluita ja systeemeitä. Potentiaalisten uusien teknologioiden ja suomalaisten toimijoiden syvällisempi tarkastelu voisikin olla mielenkiintoisen jatkotutkimuksen aihe.

Reflexive Space. A Constructionist Model of the Russian Reflexive Marker

This study examines the structure of the Russian Reflexive Marker ( ся/-сь) and offers a usage-based model building on Construction Grammar and a probabilistic view of linguistic structure. Traditionally, reflexive verbs are accounted for relative to non-reflexive verbs. These accounts assume that linguistic structures emerge as pairs. Furthermore, these accounts assume directionality where the semantics and structure of a reflexive verb can be derived from the non-reflexive verb. However, this directionality does not necessarily hold diachronically. Additionally, the semantics and the patterns associated with a particular reflexive verb are not always shared with the non-reflexive verb. Thus, a model is proposed that can accommodate the traditional pairs as well as for the possible deviations without postulating different systems. A random sample of 2000 instances marked with the Reflexive Marker was extracted from the Russian National Corpus and the sample used in this study contains 819 unique reflexive verbs. This study moves away from the traditional pair account and introduces the concept of Neighbor Verb. A neighbor verb exists for a reflexive verb if they share the same phonological form excluding the Reflexive Marker. It is claimed here that the Reflexive Marker constitutes a system in Russian and the relation between the reflexive and neighbor verbs constitutes a cross-paradigmatic relation. Furthermore, the relation between the reflexive and the neighbor verb is argued to be of symbolic connectivity rather than directionality. Effectively, the relation holding between particular instantiations can vary. The theoretical basis of the present study builds on this assumption. Several new variables are examined in order to systematically model variability of this symbolic connectivity, specifically the degree and strength of connectivity between items. In usage-based models, the lexicon does not constitute an unstructured list of items. Instead, items are assumed to be interconnected in a network. This interconnectedness is defined as Neighborhood in this study. Additionally, each verb carves its own niche within the Neighborhood and this interconnectedness is modeled through rhyme verbs constituting the degree of connectivity of a particular verb in the lexicon. The second component of the degree of connectivity concerns the status of a particular verb relative to its rhyme verbs. The connectivity within the neighborhood of a particular verb varies and this variability is quantified by using the Levenshtein distance. The second property of the lexical network is the strength of connectivity between items. Frequency of use has been one of the primary variables in functional linguistics used to probe this. In addition, a new variable called Constructional Entropy is introduced in this study building on information theory. It is a quantification of the amount of information carried by a particular reflexive verb in one or more argument constructions. The results of the lexical connectivity indicate that the reflexive verbs have statistically greater neighborhood distances than the neighbor verbs. This distributional property can be used to motivate the traditional observation that the reflexive verbs tend to have idiosyncratic properties. A set of argument constructions, generalizations over usage patterns, are proposed for the reflexive verbs in this study. In addition to the variables associated with the lexical connectivity, a number of variables proposed in the literature are explored and used as predictors in the model. The second part of this study introduces the use of a machine learning algorithm called Random Forests. The performance of the model indicates that it is capable, up to a degree, of disambiguating the proposed argument construction types of the Russian Reflexive Marker. Additionally, a global ranking of the predictors used in the model is offered. Finally, most construction grammars assume that argument construction form a network structure. A new method is proposed that establishes generalization over the argument constructions referred to as Linking Construction. In sum, this study explores the structural properties of the Russian Reflexive Marker and a new model is set forth that can accommodate both the traditional pairs and potential deviations from it in a principled manner.

Adaptive Routing Approaches for Networked Many-Core Systems

Through advances in technology, System-on-Chip design is moving towards integrating tens to hundreds of intellectual property blocks into a single chip. In such a many-core system, on-chip communication becomes a performance bottleneck for high performance designs. Network-on-Chip (NoC) has emerged as a viable solution for the communication challenges in highly complex chips. The NoC architecture paradigm, based on a modular packet-switched mechanism, can address many of the on-chip communication challenges such as wiring complexity, communication latency, and bandwidth. Furthermore, the combined benefits of 3D IC and NoC schemes provide the possibility of designing a high performance system in a limited chip area. The major advantages of 3D NoCs are the considerable reductions in average latency and power consumption. There are several factors degrading the performance of NoCs. In this thesis, we investigate three main performance-limiting factors: network congestion, faults, and the lack of efficient multicast support. We address these issues by the means of routing algorithms. Congestion of data packets may lead to increased network latency and power consumption. Thus, we propose three different approaches for alleviating such congestion in the network. The first approach is based on measuring the congestion information in different regions of the network, distributing the information over the network, and utilizing this information when making a routing decision. The second approach employs a learning method to dynamically find the less congested routes according to the underlying traffic. The third approach is based on a fuzzy-logic technique to perform better routing decisions when traffic information of different routes is available. Faults affect performance significantly, as then packets should take longer paths in order to be routed around the faults, which in turn increases congestion around the faulty regions. We propose four methods to tolerate faults at the link and switch level by using only the shortest paths as long as such path exists. The unique characteristic among these methods is the toleration of faults while also maintaining the performance of NoCs. To the best of our knowledge, these algorithms are the first approaches to bypassing faults prior to reaching them while avoiding unnecessary misrouting of packets. Current implementations of multicast communication result in a significant performance loss for unicast traffic. This is due to the fact that the routing rules of multicast packets limit the adaptivity of unicast packets. We present an approach in which both unicast and multicast packets can be efficiently routed within the network. While suggesting a more efficient multicast support, the proposed approach does not affect the performance of unicast routing at all. In addition, in order to reduce the overall path length of multicast packets, we present several partitioning methods along with their analytical models for latency measurement. This approach is discussed in the context of 3D mesh networks.

Adaptation of TRIZ Method for Problem Solving in Process Engineering

TRIZ is one of the well-known tools, based on analytical methods for creative problem solving. This thesis suggests adapted version of contradiction matrix, a powerful tool of TRIZ and few principles based on concept of original TRIZ. It is believed that the proposed version would aid in problem solving, especially those encountered in chemical process industries with unit operations. In addition, this thesis would help fresh process engineers to recognize importance of various available methods for creative problem solving and learn TRIZ method of creative problem solving. This thesis work mainly provides idea on how to modify TRIZ based method according to ones requirements to fit in particular niche area and solve problems efficiently in creative way. Here in this case, the contradiction matrix developed is based on review of common problems encountered in chemical process industry, particularly in unit operations and resolutions are based on approaches used in past to handle those issues.

Design Space Exploration for MPSoC Architectures

Multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) designs utilize the available technology and communication architectures to meet the requirements of the upcoming applications. In MPSoC, the communication platform is both the key enabler, as well as the key differentiator for realizing efficient MPSoCs. It provides product differentiation to meet a diverse, multi-dimensional set of design constraints, including performance, power, energy, reconfigurability, scalability, cost, reliability and time-to-market. The communication resources of a single interconnection platform cannot be fully utilized by all kind of applications, such as the availability of higher communication bandwidth for computation but not data intensive applications is often unfeasible in the practical implementation. This thesis aims to perform the architecture-level design space exploration towards efficient and scalable resource utilization for MPSoC communication architecture. In order to meet the performance requirements within the design constraints, careful selection of MPSoC communication platform, resource aware partitioning and mapping of the application play important role. To enhance the utilization of communication resources, variety of techniques such as resource sharing, multicast to avoid re-transmission of identical data, and adaptive routing can be used. For implementation, these techniques should be customized according to the platform architecture. To address the resource utilization of MPSoC communication platforms, variety of architectures with different design parameters and performance levels, namely Segmented bus (SegBus), Network-on-Chip (NoC) and Three-Dimensional NoC (3D-NoC), are selected. Average packet latency and power consumption are the evaluation parameters for the proposed techniques. In conventional computing architectures, fault on a component makes the connected fault-free components inoperative. Resource sharing approach can utilize the fault-free components to retain the system performance by reducing the impact of faults. Design space exploration also guides to narrow down the selection of MPSoC architecture, which can meet the performance requirements with design constraints.