NICARAGUA UNAESTRUCTURA PRODUCTIVA SECTORIAL DISFORME. ACUMULACION EN EL CAMPO Y CONCENTRACION GEOGRAFICA DE LA INDUSTRIA. 1945-1979

En este artículo se analiza el modelo agroexportador incluyente-marginante y los estidos de crecimeinto de Nicaragua.

Variability of thermohaline properties in Pearl Lagoon, Nicaragua (ESP)

Several hydrographic surveys were carried out in Pearl Lagoon, Nicaragua between april 1995 and december 1997 under the DIPAL (Proyecto para el Desarrollo Integral de la Pesca Artesanal en la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur) project. Surface temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity have been measured in 88 hydrographic campaigns. The annual cycle shows maximum and minimum temperatures in May (29.4 °C) and December (25.6 °C) respectively, maximum salinity (25.6 °C) in April, one month before the thermal peak, and minimum salinities (2‰) between July and August, when the annual precipitation index attains its seasonal maximum in the study area. In the case of dissolved O2 the maximum values of oxygen saturation were observed between March and May (90%), when the water turbidity in the lagoon is at its lowest and freshwater contributions from the rivers attains its minimum value. During the rainy season, in the second half of the year, there is an important decrease in oxygen contents, mainly as a consequence of the degradation of organic matter of riverine origin.

Participatory photography and self-empowerment in different nations

Volunteering Qld’s Project Creatives continues to explore the critical role creative disciplines and creative people play in providing new models of engagement and action in social change and community work. This article explores three different non-profit organisations that have used collaborative photography to enable locals to empower themselves. Written by Alice Baroni a volunteer with the Education, Research and Policy Unit of Volunteering Qld. Alice is undertaking a PhD at the Queensland University of Technology, exploring (photo) journalism, participatory content creation and community photography in Brazil’s low income suburbs. She is part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, and a Brazilian research group ‘Storytellers and Narratives: Contemporary Journalism’. Two of the initiatives explored in this publication are Viva Favela and Imagens do Povo that are ideologically and physically supported by, respectively, Viva Rio and Observatório de Favelas, based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ‘Favela’ is often translated simply as ‘slum’ or ‘shantytown’, but these terms connote negative characteristics such as shortage, poverty, and deprivation, which end up stigmatising these low-income suburbs. Fotografi Senza Frontiere (FSF) (Photographers Without Borders) is an Italian non-governmental organisation that gathers together a group of photographers who aim to provide youth from extreme regions in Nicaragua, Algeria, Argentina, Panama, Uganda, and Palestine with skills to photograph and document their own reality by establishing permanent photo laboratories. This idea, which is similar to that of Viva Favela and Imagens do Povo, is to enable youth to become professional photographers as a means of self-representation and self-empowerment. Afterwards, students become educators in established photographic labs so as to pass on what they have learnt through FSF’s photographic courses.

Grenada, Education and Revolution, 1979-83

Grenada’s New Jewel Movement, led by Maurice Bishop, was the first indigenous political grouping in the history of the English-speaking Caribbean to overthrow an existing government by armed force. Yet most of the four and a half years of the Revolution (1979-83) were characterized by considerable popular support for the new People’s Revolutionary Government before it came to it’s tragic, unexpected and shocking end in October 1983. Social, economic and political change seems possible in the 1970s and ‘80s. People in newly decolonizing countries were encouraged by the beginnings of the Non-Aligned Movement of Third World nations demanding new international economic order that would win them some economic justice after the ravages of colonialism. People also saw that some radical regimes, such as that led by Michael Manley in Jamaica and the Sandinistas in Nicaragua, were articulating and implementing basic rights that held the promise of countering the social and political oppression that they had endured throughout the centuries of colonial history. A majority of Grenadians committed themselves to fighting by the side of the People’s Revolutionary Government for such new goals. This chapter will analyse how the Grenada Revolution reconceptualised the education, planned new goals, and implemented bold new educational policies. It will discuss the extent to which the government and people were able to reshape education as a tool for national reconstruction and the raising of national consciousness.

Mercado

Poem

Lago Nicaraguense

Poem

The Hazards

"The much-anticipated second collection from the 2007 winner of the Thomas Shapcott Prize. Charged with fierce imagination and swift lyricism, Holland-Batt’s cosmopolitan poems reflect a predatory world rife with hazards both real and imagined. Opening with a vision of a leveret’s agonising death by myxomatosis and closing with a lover disappearing into dangerous waters, this collection careens through diverse geographical territory – from haunted post-colonial landscapes in Australia to brutal animal hierarchies in the cloud forests of Nicaragua. Engaging everywhere with questions of violence and loss, erasure and extinction, The Hazards inhabits unsettling terrain, unafraid to veer straight into turbulence."--Publisher website

Genomic architecture of ecologically divergent body shape in a pair of sympatric crater lake cichlid fishes

Determining the genetic bases of adaptations and their roles in speciation is a prominent issue in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fish species flocks are a prime example of recent rapid radiations, often associated with adaptive phenotypic divergence from a common ancestor within a short period of time. In several radiations of freshwater fishes, divergence in ecomorphological traits - including body shape, colour, lips and jaws - is thought to underlie their ecological differentiation, specialization and, ultimately, speciation. The Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus spp.) of Nicaragua provides one of the few known examples of sympatric speciation where species have rapidly evolved different but parallel morphologies in young crater lakes. This study identified significant QTL for body shape using SNPs generated via ddRAD sequencing and geometric morphometric analyses of a cross between two ecologically and morphologically divergent, sympatric cichlid species endemic to crater Lake Apoyo: an elongated limnetic species (Amphilophus zaliosus) and a high-bodied benthic species (Amphilophus astorquii). A total of 453 genome-wide informative SNPs were identified in 240 F-2 hybrids. These markers were used to construct a genetic map in which 25 linkage groups were resolved. Seventy-two segregating SNPs were linked to 11 QTL. By annotating the two most highly supported QTL-linked genomic regions, genes that might contribute to divergence in body shape along the benthic-limnetic axis in Midas cichlid sympatric adaptive radiations were identified. These results suggest that few genomic regions of large effect contribute to early stage divergence in Midas cichlids.

Central America: Labor Reports and Child Labor Reports Pursuant to the Trade Act of 2002, Section 2102(c)(8)-(9)

[Excerpt] These comments are in response to the “Request for Information Concerning Labor Rights in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua and their Laws Governing Exploitative Child Labor” published at 68 Fed. Reg. 19580 (April 21, 2003). This Request for Information was issued pursuant to Section 2102(c)(8) and (9) of the Trade Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-210, which requires the President, with respect to any proposed trade agreement, to submit to Congress a “meaningful labor rights report” and a “report describing the extent to which the country or countries that are parties to the agreement have in effect laws governing exploitative child labor.”

Content of zinc, iron and their absorption inhibitors in Nicaraguan common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Protein-energy malnutrition and mineral deficiencies are two of the three forms of nutritional deficiencies that affect most developing countries due to inadequate access to food and diets based on a sole crop. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the staple crop of Nicaragua and it has the potential to improve the nutritional status of the poorest group of the nation. Its high content of both protein and nonhaem iron provides many nutrients, but inhibitors also may prevent absorption of iron and zinc by the human consumer. A proper production chain must be followed to ensure the best grain quality for the consumer. To achieve food security, both production and high nutritional content must be maintained. Four nationally important accessions of common bean, with different harvesting dates, were selected to be submitted to two treatments: to evaluate the impact of storage conditions on the end quality of the grain. The duration of the study was six months with sampling every six weeks, and the two treatments were controlled one stored at 40°C and 75 RH %, and the other was stored in in-situ conditions. Proximate and mineral composition was evaluated as well as tannin, phytate and bioavailability. Significant differences among different accessions were found, being the most significant in protein, Fe and Zn content, tannins and phytate. Protein values ranged from 21-23%. Iron content was 61-81 mg/kg but only 3-4% was bioavailable. Zinc content was 21-25 mg/kg and 10-12% was bioavailable. The concentration of phytate ranged from 8.6-9.6 mg/g while tannin values ranged within 37.7-43.8 mg/g. Storage at high temperatures was demonstrated to have an impact on certain nutritional compounds and proved detrimental to final grain quality. Soluble sugar content and tannin content decreased after six months in both storage conditions, IDF decreased in the in-situ and SDF in the stress. The iron content and bioavailability in INTA Biofortificado were not as outstanding as expected, so experiments should be conducted to compare its iron uptake and delivery with other cultivars.

Las caras nuevas : Nicaragualaisten korkeakouluopiskelijoiden poliittinen identiteetti sukupolvikokemuksena.

Tässä opinnäytetyössä olen tutkinut nicaragualaisia korkeakouluopiskelijoita. Aineistonani on 11 puolistrukturoitua haastattelua ja toissijaisena aineistonani 5 sähköpostihaastattelua. Vastaajina ovat olleet aikavälillä 1984 - 1990 syntyneet nicaragualaiset korkeakouluopiskelijat. Opinnäytetyöni keskeisimmät kysymykset ovat, miten haastattelemani nicaragualaiset korkeakouluopiskelijat rakentavat ja ilmentävät poliittista identiteettiään suhteessa aiempiin sukupolviin ja muihin oman sukupolvensa jäseniin, ja miten sukupolvitietoisuus näkyy nicaragualaisten korkeakouluopiskelijoiden haastatteluissa. Teoreettinen lähtökohtani on Karl Mannheimin yhteiskunnallisten sukupolvien käsite, jonka mukaan sukupolvet eivät muodostu vain saman syntymäajankohdan vaan myös yhdessä jaettujen keskeisten kokemusten perusteella. Laajemman taustan tutkimukselleni muodostaa nuorisotutkimus, jonka nuorista ja nuorisosta esittämiä yleistyksiä suhteutan omaan aineistooni. Haastateltujen poliittinen identiteetti muodostuu sekä kollektiivisista että yksilöllisistä piirteistä. He tuovat itsensä selkeästi esiin poliittisena kollektiivina, nuorisona, jota vanhempi ikäluokka hallitsee, ja jonka ääni on jäänyt kuulumattomiin. Vastaajat tekevät selkeän eron itsensä ja vanhemman sukupolven sekä muiden nuorten välillä. Erityisen selkeä jako on suhteessa hallituspuoluetta kannattavaan opiskelijajärjestöön kuuluviin opiskelijoihin. Tästä huolimatta vastaajat yhdistävät itsensä kokemustensa kautta selkeästi nuorisoon yhtenäisenä ryhmänä, joka eroistaan huolimatta jakaa yhteisen kokemuksen yhteiskunnan muuttumattomuudesta. Sukupolvitietoisuus näkyy erityisesti keskusteltaessa nuorten elämän näköalattomuudesta. Nuorisona, eli nimenomaan ryhmänä puhuminen antaa vastaajille enemmän rohkeutta kommentoida politiikan arvoperusteita. Nuoruus toimii turvaidentiteettinä, jonka suojista vastaajat uskaltautuivat rohkeammin kritisoimaan yhteiskunnan epäkohtia. Tiedostavan nuorison kollektiiviseen poliittiseen identiteettiin liittyy voimakkaita individualistisia arvoja yksilön oikeudesta mielipiteisiinsä ja niiden esittämiseen. He kokevat roolinsa opiskelijoina edellyttävän heiltä muuta nuorisoa kirkkaampaa kykyä analysoida poliittista toimintaa. Nicaraguasta vaikuttaa löytyvän sekä Mannheimin määritelmän mukaan aktualisoitunut sukupolviryhmä että massamittainen kokemuksellinen sukupolvi, joka tunnistaa tietyt yhteiset kokemukset. Yhtä lukuun ottamatta haastateltavat kuuluvat jälkimmäiseen ryhmään. Havaintojeni perusteella hallituspuoluetta kannattavaan opiskelijajärjestöön kuuluvat nuoret vaikuttavat muodostavan mannheimilaisittain aktualisoituneen sukupolviryhmän. Vastaajien poliittinen identiteetti muokkautuu jatkuvasti kansainvälistyvän maailman ja oman kotimaan arkirealiteettien ristipaineessa. Nicaragualaiset nuoret ovat väliinputoajia, jotka ovat jääneet nopeiden globaalien muutosten ja maailman mittakaavassa äärimmäisen köyhän maan todellisuuden välimaastoon. Vallalla olevat nuorista, heidän poliittisesta toiminnastaan ja sukupolvien määrittämisestä päätelmiä esittävät teoriat ja tutkielmat ovat lähtökohdiltaan syntyneet hyvin erilaisissa yhteiskunnissa kuin Nicaragua eivätkä ole sellaisenaan siirrettävissä tulkitsemaan nicaragualaisten nuorten elämää ja sukupolvien muodostumista nicaragualaisessa yhteiskunnassa. Opinnäytetyöni tulosten perusteella olisi tärkeää kehittää metodologinen näkökulma, jonka lähtökohtina eivät ole länsimainen yhteiskuntarakenne ja nuoruuskäsite. Näkökulmaa tulisi myös laajentaa kattamaan niin mannheimilaisittain aktualisoituneet kuin massamittaiset sukupolvet ja niiden mahdollinen yhtäaikaisuus ja lomittaisuus Nicaraguan kaltaisissa yhteiskunnissa.

Osallistuminen ja läpinäkyvyys kuntatasolla : tapaustutkimus Nicaraguasta

In this Master's thesis I go through the principals of the good governance. I apply these principals to the Nicaraguan context and especially in two rural municipalities in Chontales department. I clarify the development of the space of participation in Nicaraguan municipal level. I start my examination from the period when Somoza dictatorship ended and first open elections were held, and I end it to the municipal eleccions held in November 2008. These elections were robbed in 33 municipalities and because of this there started a crisis in Nicaragua and among the actors of development cooperation. As a methods of research I use two types of interview in the thesis, the interviews for the citizens and interviews for the experts. These interviews answer to my questions of the methods of participation. I also review the level of the trust of a citizen to an authority by asking if s/he voted in the municipal eleccions in November 2008. Furthermore, I define the work of municipal government in the point of view of the citizen. I also find out if a citizen wants to take more part in the decision making in her/his municipal. I have classified the types of citizens by the interviews I made. Due to this classification I explain how many people actually have opportunity to participate the dialogue of the municipal decision making and how many can follow the activity of the municipal governance. The result is that after the elections in November 2008 only one typed group can freely take part in the dialogue. This does not apply the principals of good governance, especially in subterms of participation and transparency. The incidents after the municipal elections have affected strongly on the co-operation of Finland and Nicaragua. Because of the fault of the elections Finland like the other co-operative countries brought down the directly paid budget support. This has caused a great economical crisis in Nicaragua which the covering will take a long time. The Master's thesis is a case study of two rural municipalities called Santo Tómas and Villa Sandino. Santo Tómas has a sandinista municipal government which is not legitimate. In Villa Sandino the government is liberal and legitimate.

Evaluación inicial de Hymenaea courbaril (Guapinol) en una plantación en la unidad de experimentación y evaluación en la finca el plantel-UNA

En la finca El Plantel ubicada en el kilómetro 31 ½ carretera Tipitapa-Masaya, en el Municipio de Nindirí departamento de Masaya Nicaragua, se realizó un estudio del establecimiento inicial de Hymeneae courbaril con el fin de conocer su comportamiento en diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia a pleno sol. La plantación se estableció en parcelas con dimensiones de 15mx15m con un distanciamiento entre plantas de 3m x 3m. El número de plantas por parcela fue de 36 para un total de 108 individuos. Se realizaron dos mediciones (Octubre del 2009 y Octubre del 2010) de las variables diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia; y un único monitoreo (en Octubre del 2010) de los daños en la plantación. Los resultados de sobrevivencia obtenidos en la plantación correspondió a un 61,6%. En la evaluación del incremento corriente anual en altura y diámetro alcanzados por la especie se muestra un comportamiento positivo con incremento corriente anual en diámetro de 4.79mm; valores de incremento corriente anual en altura de 4.80cm. Los daños registrados en la plantación corresponden principalmente a la defoliación por hormigas del genero Atta, registrándose una frecuencia del 58% de plantas afectadas.

Insectos y enemigos naturales asociados que colonizan troncos de pino en el municipio de San Fernando, Nueva Segovia, 2009

Con el objetivo de conocer los insectos que colonizan troncos cortados de pino y sus enemigos naturales asociados, se realizó el presente estudio en tres sitios: la Unión, Las Tapias y San José del municipio de San Fernando en Nueva Segovia durante el periodo comprendido entre Diciembre 06 a Mayo 07. Varios tipos de insectos descortezadores, barrenadores y descomponedores de la madera a ser: Ips sp, Xyleborus sp, Lochmaeocles sp y termites fueron encontrados. Comparativamente Ips sp fue mas abundante en el sitio Las Tapias con un total de 179 emergencias, que representó el 44,58 % de los Ips sp que emergieron de los tres sitios de estudio. Asociados a Ips sp tres tipos de enemigos naturales fueron encontrados: el depredador Medetera sp (Diptera: Dolich opodidae), el parasitoide Heterospilus sp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) y un parasitoide de identificado (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). En los tres sitios de estudio el depredador Medetera sp fue el más abundante con 170 individuos que representaron el 88,54 % del total de todos los parasitoides emergidos en los tres sitios. El periodo y patrón de emergencia de Ips sp y los tres enemigos naturales observados fue similar para los tres sitios de estudio. La referencia de los dos parasitoides observados constituye la primera referencia de estos insectos afectando insectos descortezadores en Nicaragua, así también lo constituye la primer referencia del cerambicido Lochmaeocles sp como colonizador de trozas de pino en nuestro país.

Instrumento metodológico de evaluación de la efectividad de manejo de la reserva de bíosfera Bosawas por los pueblos índigenas Mayangnas y Miskitus

La Facultad de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (FARENA) de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) en conjunto con la Secretaria Técnica de BOSAWAS (SETAB) y el Proyecto Reserva de Biósfera Transfronteriza “Corazón del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano” (PRBT - CCBM) , consideraron como objetivo principal d el presente estudio adecuar un instrumento de e valuación de la efectividad de manejo de la Reserva de Biosfera BOSAWAS (RB B), considerando las prácticas, costumbres y tradiciones de los pueblos indígenas Mayangnas y Miskitus d e Jinotega y RAAN, que habitan dentro de este valioso espacio natural d e Nicaragua . Fueron seleccionados tres modelos metodológicos de evaluación (CIPIPPR, RAPPAM y CIPP) para adecuar y aplicar un solo modelo denominado “ c iclo de evaluación – CPPPR” . Con la implementación del nuevo mode lo : (1) se evaluó el c ontexto de los pueblos indígenas desde el punto de vista de su cosmovisión , cultura y administración indígena ; (2) se p lanific aron los p rocesos logísticos, financieros, informantes claves o grupo meta, metodologías participativas para cada taller programado y las formas de recabar la información de manera flexible en cada encuentro ; (3) se obtuvieron los p roductos requeridos para ir generando el instrumento de evaluación de la efectividad de manejo en conjunto con los participantes ind ígenas y se realizaron tres evaluaciones en los períodos 2010, 2011 y 2012 ; (4) y con los r esultados de los 5 talleres - encuentros realizados se identificaron los ámbitos, criterios e indicadores propios para estos pueblos indígenas. La propuesta del nuevo Instrumento denominado e valuación de la e fectividad de m anejo de la RBB por los pueblos indígenas Mayangnas y Miskitos, fue oficializado por l os gobiernos territoriales indígenas (GTI) por su ley de autonomía y publicado por MARENA como “Los indígena de BO SAWAS, apropiados y restituidos en el derecho de seguimiento al cuido, amor y resguardo de la madre tierra. Est e instrumento orienta a los GTI c ó mo monitorear y evalua r cuantitativa mente (valores numéricos y p onderaciones ) y cualitativa mente ( revisión y an álisis de sus condiciones en función de su ponderación adquirida y escenario óptimo ) . El instrumento comprende 4 ámbitos , 12 Criterios y 36 indicadores constru idos conjunta y consensuadamente por los líderes indígenas participantes con su propio sentir, co nceptos, tradiciones, necesidades y cosmovisión que les caracterizan . Participaron un promedio de 18 líderes indígenas de 7 territorios convocados, con poca as istencia de mujeres indígenas . La calificación ponderada resultante de la s tres evaluaciones real izadas indica que el pueblo Miskitus desde su perspectiva valora su efectividad de manejo de ntro del Área protegida RBB con e l 68% del cumplimiento , alcanzando una calificación de 122 puntos ; y el territorio Mayangna la evalúa con el 52%, equivalente a 96 puntos. S in embargo al ubicar el valor del cumplimiento en función de la escala de calificaciones , amb a s etnias se ubican en la ponderación de ACEPTABLE. Los líderes coincide n que el instrumento es una vía para el desar roll o de capacidades de auto gestiones locales y regionales para alcanzar el manejo Satisfactorio u óptimo para sus pueblos