Anisotropic-source-induced changes of the degree of polarization of stochastic electromagnetic beams on propagation

It is shown that stochastic electromagnetic beams may have different degrees of polarization on propagation, even though they have the same coherence properties in the source plane. This fact is due to a possible difference in the anisotropy of the field in the source plane. The result is illustrated by some examples.

Organic detritus and its role as a food source in chalk streams

This review deals with the variation in populations of invertebrates and the relationships between invertebrate production and detrital food material in chalk streams. The total quantity of detrital material processed by invertebrate consumers is many times greater than the production of these consumers. The amount of detritus ingested each year by chalk stream invertebrates may well be similar to the annual input of autochthonous primary production plus that from allochthonous tree cover.

Specklegram in a multiple-mode fiber and its dependence on longitudinal modes of the laser source

A specklegram in a multimode fiber (MMF) has successfully been used as a sensor for detecting external disturbance. Our experiments showed that the sensitivity in the sensor with a multiple longitudinal-mode laser as its source was much higher than that with a single longitudinal-mode laser. In addition, the near-field pattern observations indicated that the coupling between different transverse modes in the MMF is quite weak. Based on the experimental results, a theoretical model for the speckle formation is proposed, taking a bend-caused phase factor into consideration. It is shown in the theoretical analysis that the interferences between different longitudinal modes make a larger contribution to the specklegram signals. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Real-time micro-vibration measurement in sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometry

As there exist some problems with the previous laser diode (LD) real-time microvibration measurement interferometers, such as low accuracy, correction before every use, etc., in this paper, we propose a new technique to realize the real-time microvibration measurement by using the LD sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometer, analyze the measurement theory and error, and simulate the measurement accuracy. This interferometer utilizes a circuit to process the interference signal in order to obtain the vibration frequency and amplitude of the detective signal, and a computer is not necessary in it. The influence of the varying light intensity and light path difference on the measurement result can be eliminated. This technique is real-time, convenient, fast, and can enhance the measurement accuracy too. Experiments show that the repeatable measurement accuracy is less than 3.37 nm, and this interferometer can be applied to real-time microvibration measurement of the MEMS. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Understanding Micro- and Macro-Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction: A Necessary Step for Field-Scale Assessment

Liquefaction is a devastating instability associated with saturated, loose, and cohesionless soils. It poses a significant risk to distributed infrastructure systems that are vital for the security, economy, safety, health, and welfare of societies. In order to make our cities resilient to the effects of liquefaction, it is important to be able to identify areas that are most susceptible. Some of the prevalent methodologies employed to identify susceptible areas include conventional slope stability analysis and the use of so-called liquefaction charts. However, these methodologies have some limitations, which motivate our research objectives. In this dissertation, we investigate the mechanics of origin of liquefaction in a laboratory test using grain-scale simulations, which helps (i) understand why certain soils liquefy under certain conditions, and (ii) identify a necessary precursor for onset of flow liquefaction. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanics of liquefaction charts using a continuum plasticity model; this can help in modeling the surface hazards of liquefaction following an earthquake. Finally, we also investigate the microscopic definition of soil shear wave velocity, a soil property that is used as an index to quantify liquefaction resistance of soil. We show that anisotropy in fabric, or grain arrangement can be correlated with anisotropy in shear wave velocity. This has the potential to quantify the effects of sample disturbance when a soil specimen is extracted from the field. In conclusion, by developing a more fundamental understanding of soil liquefaction, this dissertation takes necessary steps for a more physical assessment of liquefaction susceptibility at the field-scale.

Evolución de la tecnología micro-nanoelectrónica a través de patentes

El trabajo tiene como objetivos mostrar el uso de las patentes como medio de difusión de conocimiento y encontrar las claves más significativas de la evolución de la tecnología escogida.

Design of a highly stable, high-conversion-efficiency pumping source for optical parametric amplifier by extending efficient crystal length

The objective of this study is to improve the stability of pumping source of optical parametric amplifier. Analysis by simulation leads to the conclusion that the stability of the second harmonic can be improved by using properly the intensity of fundamental light and corresponding length of the crystal. By the method of the noncollinear two-pass second harmonic or the tandem second harmonic, the efficient crystal length is extended to a proper value, and the stability of the second harmonic output has been improved two times more than that for the fundamental light, and the conversion-efficiency is about 70% in experiment. When the variation of the fundamental light is about 10%, the variation of the second harmonic intensity has been controlled within 5%. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PIM-SM extension for Source-Specific Multicast through non multicast networks

Barneko ikerkuntza-txostena

Diferenças históricas, espaciais, sociais e por grupos de idade da razão de sexo, na população internada pelo SUS por HIV

A epidemia de HIV/AIDS, pelo seu histórico, é de natureza mutável em vários contextos sociais em todo o mundo. Desde a notificação dos primeiros casos até hoje, observa-se um curso diferenciado no decorrer do tempo, tanto no campo social como na biomedicina, o que a torna um problema passível de controle a longo prazo. Essas mudanças, entretanto, não são percebidas de igual maneira em todos os países ou regiões. Devido a vários fatores, a epidemia persiste como uma das dez primeiras causas de morte no mundo, sendo a primeira delas na África. No Brasil, o perfil da epidemia assemelha-se ao global, tendendo a diminuir/estabilizar a velocidade do surgimento de novos casos. Essa contenção deve-se ao impacto de ações preventivas desenvolvidas por iniciativas governamentais e não governamentais no sentido de promover práticas sexuais mais seguras. Neste mesmo contexto, algumas análises espaciais revelam transições demográficas da epidemia de HIV/AIDS nos anos mais recentes. Há mudanças e desigualdades na razão de sexo em diferentes condições sociodemográficas e do ponto de vista geracional. Em razão disso, este trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de analisar as mudanças na razão de sexo, fornecendo informações importantes para o planejamento e política de prevenção no tratamento da AIDS, tendo em vista a vulnerabilidade da população feminina. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar diferenças históricas, espaciais e sociais da razão de sexo e idade na população internada pelo SUS em consequência da infecção pelo HIV no período de 1998 a 2009. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e ecológico das diferenças históricas, espaciais e por grupos de idade na Razão de Sexo abrangendo também uma análise da Regressão Linear Múltipla das variáveis. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS-SIH/SUS - DATASUS/MS, como fonte de informação para os casos de AIDS internados no período de 1998 a 2009. Foram considerados casos com idade compreendida entre 15 e 49 anos, bem como estratificados e analisados dados gerados nas microrregiões, a fim de homogeneizar as informações dentro de cada estrato com dados do censo de 2000. As variáveis independentes foram representadas pelos seguintes indicadores (fatores de vulnerabilidade): a) percentagem da população rural residente na região; b) tamanho da população da microrregião, para testar se o tamanho da população está associado à razão de sexo por HIV e c) percentagem da população de 15 a 49 anos de idade não alfabetizada. Nos resultados é possível notar que em quase todas as regiões há um aumento considerável do número de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, o que leva à dedução da presença de um processo de feminização, atrelado à heterossexualização da epidemia. Os resultados do estudo apontam que a epidemia de HIV/AIDS tende a atingir indiscriminadamente as regiões Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste, especialmente as duas últimas. Esta constatação de que, em anos recentes, as mulheres vêm sendo infectadas em proporções maiores que os homens, corrobora o processo de feminização da AIDS, já anunciado por alguns autores.

Estimating the underwater shape of tuna longlines with micro-bathythermographs

An estimation method for the three-dimensional underwater shape of tuna longlines is developed, using measurements of depth obtained from micro-bathythermographs (BTs) attached to the main line at equally spaced intervals. The shape of the main line is approximated by a model which consists of a chain of unit length lines (folding-rule model), where the junction points are placed at the observed depths. Among the infinite number of possible shapes, the most likely shape is considered to be the smoothest one that can be obtained with a numerical optimization algorithm. To validate the method, a series of experimental longline operations were conducted in the equatorial region of the eastern Pacific Ocean, using 13 or 14 micro-BTs per basket of main line. Concurrent observations of oceanographic conditions (currents and temperature structure) were obtained. The shape of the main line can be calculated at arbitrary times during operations. Shapes were consistent with the current structure. On the equator, the line was elevated significantly by the Equatorial Undercurrent. It is shown that the shape of main line depends primarily upon the vertical shear and direction of the current relative to the gear. Time sequences of calculated shapes reveals that observed periodic (1-2 hours) oscillations in depth of the gear was caused by swinging movements of the main line. The shortening rate of the main line is an important parameter for formulating the shape of the longline, and its precise measurement is desirable.