The mechanisms of agglomeration: Evidence from the effect of inter-industry relations on the location of new firms

The objective of this paper is to explore the relative importance of each of Marshall's agglomeration mechanisms by examining the location of new manufacturing firms in Spain. In particular, we estimate the count of new firms by industry and location as a function of (pre-determined) local employment levels in industries that: 1) use similar workers (labor market pooling); 2) have a customer- supplier relationship (input sharing); and 3) use similar technologies (knowledge spillovers). We examine the variation in the creation of new firms across cities and across municipalities within large cities to shed light on the geographical scope of each of the three agglomeration mechanisms. We find evidence of all three agglomeration mechanisms, although their incidence differs depending on the geographical scale of the analysis.

Genesis and classification of Oxisols in a highland toposequence of the upper Jequitinhonha Valley (MG)

The Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS) is a taxonomic system, open and in permanent construction, as new knowledge on Brazilian soils is obtained. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical, physical, morphological, micro-morphological and mineralogical properties of four pedons of Oxisols in a highland toposequence in the upper Jequitinhonha Valley, emphasizing aspects of their genesis, classification and landscape development. The pedons occupy the following slope positions: summit - Red Oxisol (LV), mid slope (upper third) - Yellow-Red Oxisol (LVA), lower slope (middle third)- Yellow Oxisol (LA) and bottom of the valley (lowest third) - "Gray Oxisol" ("LAC"). These pedons were described and sampled for characterization in chemical and physical routine analyses. The total Fe, Al and Mn contents were determined by sulfuric attack and the Fe, Al and Mn oxides in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and oxalate extraction. The mineralogy of silicate clays was identified by X ray diffraction and the Fe oxides were detected by differential X ray diffraction. Total Ti, Ga and Zr contents were determined by X ray fluorescence spectrometry. The "LAC" is gray-colored and contains significant fragments of structure units in the form of a dense paste, characteristic of a gleysoil, in the horizons A and BA. All pedons are very clayey, dystrophic and have low contents of available P and a pH of around 5. The soil color was related to the Fe oxide content, which decreased along the slope. The decrease of crystalline and low- crystalline Fe along the slope confirmed the loss of Fe from the "LAC". Total Si increased along the slope and total Al remained constant. The clay fraction in all pedons was dominated by kaolinite and gibbsite. Hematite and goethite were identified in LV, low-intensity hematite and goethite in LVA, goethite in LA. In the "LAC", no hematite peaks and goethite were detected by differential X ray diffraction. The micro-morphology indicated prevalence of granular microstructure and porosity with complex stacking patterns.. The soil properties in the toposequence converged to a single soil class, the Oxisols, derived from the same source material. The landscape evolution and genesis of Oxisols of the highlands in the upper Jequitinhonha Valley are related to the evolution of the drainage system and the activity of excavating fauna.

Nutrient supply by mass flow and diffusion to maize plants in response to soil aggregate size and water potential

Nutrients are basically transported to the roots by mass flow and diffusion. The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of these two mechanisms to the acquisition of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and cationic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) by maize plants as well as xylem exudate volume and composition in response to soil aggregate size and water availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with samples of an Oxisol, from under two management systems: a region of natural savanna-like vegetation (Cerradão, CER) and continuous maize under conventional management for over 30 years (CCM). The treatments were arranged in a factorial [2 x (1 + 2) x 2] design, with two management systems (CER and CCM), (1 + 2) soil sifted through a 4 mm sieve and two aggregate classes (< 0.5 mm and 0.5 - 4.0 mm) and two soil matric potentials (-40 and -10 kPa). These were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The experiment was conducted for 70 days after sowing. The influence of soil aggregate size and water potential on the nutrient transport mechanisms was highest in soil samples with higher nutrient concentrations in solution, in the CER system; diffusion became more relevant when water availability was higher and in aggregates < 0.5 mm. The volume of xylem exudate collected from maize plants increased with the decrease in aggregate size and the increased availability of soil water in the CER system. The highest Ca and Mg concentrations in the xylem exudate of plants grown on samples from the CER system were related to the high concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution of this management system.

Molecular mechanisms implicated in NF-κB activation and antiviral defense

SUMMARY Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors control many aspects of cell fate through induction of inflammatory, immune or survival molecules. We have identified two novel proteins, named receptor interacting protein (RIP)-4 and caspase recruitment domain (CARD) adaptor inducing interferon-β (Cardif), which activate NF-κB. Further, we have found that Cardif plays a prominent antiviral function. Antiviral innate immunity is mounted upon recognition by the host of virally associated structures like double-stranded (ds) RNA, which constitutes a viral replication product of many viruses within infected cells. dsRNA, depending on its subcellular localization, can be sensed by two separate arms of host defense. Firstly, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, a member of the type I transmembrane TLR family, recognizes endosomally-located dsRNA. Secondly, cytoplasmic dsRNA is detected by the recently identified RNA helicase retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I). Triggering of TLR3- and RIG-I-dependent pathways results in the activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3, which cooperatively transduce antiviral immune responses. We have demonstrated that RIP1, a kinase previously shown to be required for TNF signaling, transmits TLR3-dependent NF-κB activation. Further we have identified and characterized Cardif as an essential adaptor transmitting RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses, including activation of NF-κB and IRF3. In addition, we showed that Cardif is cleaved and inactivated by a serine protease of hepatitis C virus, and therefore may represent an attractive target for this virus to escape innate immune responses. RESUME Les facteurs de transcription "nuclear factor kappa B" (NF-κB) contrôlent divers aspects du devenir cellulaire à travers l'induction de molécules inflammatoires, immunitaires ou de survie. Nous avons identifié deux nouvelles protéines, nommées "receptor interacting protein" (RIP)-4 et "caspase recruitment domain (CARD) adaptor inducing interferon-β" (Cardif), qui activent NF-κB. En outre, nous avons trouvé que Cardif joue un rôle antiviral crucial. L'immunité innée antivirale s'établit au moment de la reconnaissance par l'hôte de structures virales, comme l'ARN double brin, qui constitue un produit de réplication de beaucoup de virus à l'intérieur de cellules infectées. L'ARN double brin, dépendant de sa localisation subcellulaire, peut être détecté par deux branches de défense distinctes. Premièrement, le récepteur transmembranaire "Toll-like" (TLR), TLR3, reconnaît l'ARN double brin lorsque localisé dans les endosomes. Deuxièmement, l'ARN double brin cytoplasmique est reconnu par l'ARN hélicase récemment décrite "retinoic acid inducible gene I" (RIG-I). Le déclenchement de voies dépendantes de TLR3 et RIG-I active les facteurs de transcription NF-κB et IRF3, qui coopèrent afin de transduire des réponses immunitaires antivirales. Nous avons démontré que RIP1, une kinase décrite précédemment dans le signalement du TNF, transmet l'activation de NF-κB dépendante de TLR3. De plus, nous avons identifié et caractérisé Cardif comme un adapteur essentiel transmettant les réponses antivirales médiées par RIG-I, qui incluent l'activation de NF-κB et IRF3. De surcroît, Cardif est clivé et inactivé par une sérine protéase du virus de l'hépatite C, et ainsi pourrait représenter une cible attractive pour ce virus afin d'échapper aux réponses immunitaires innées.

Occupational respiratory exposures to irritating and sensitizing volatile compounds deriving from cleaning products

Recent findings suggest an association between exposure to cleaning products and respiratory dysfunctions including asthma. However, little information is available about quantitative airborne exposures of professional cleaners to volatile organic compounds deriving from cleaning products. During the first phases of the study, a systematic review of cleaning products was performed. Safety data sheets were reviewed to assess the most frequently added volatile organic compounds. It was found that professional cleaning products are complex mixtures of different components (compounds in cleaning products: 3.5 ± 2.8), and more than 130 chemical substances listed in the safety data sheets were identified in 105 products. The main groups of chemicals were fragrances, glycol ethers, surfactants, solvents; and to a lesser extent phosphates, salts, detergents, pH-stabilizers, acids, and bases. Up to 75% of products contained irritant (Xi), 64% harmful (Xn) and 28% corrosive (C) labeled substances. Hazards for eyes (59%), skin (50%) and by ingestion (60%) were the most reported. Monoethanolamine, a strong irritant and known to be involved in sensitizing mechanisms as well as allergic reactions, is frequently added to cleaning products. Monoethanolamine determination in air has traditionally been difficult and air sampling and analysis methods available were little adapted for personal occupational air concentration assessments. A convenient method was developed with air sampling on impregnated glass fiber filters followed by one step desorption, gas chromatography and nitrogen phosphorous selective detection. An exposure assessment was conducted in the cleaning sector, to determine airborne concentrations of monoethanolamine, glycol ethers, and benzyl alcohol during different cleaning tasks performed by professional cleaning workers in different companies, and to determine background air concentrations of formaldehyde, a known indoor air contaminant. The occupational exposure study was carried out in 12 cleaning companies, and personal air samples were collected for monoethanolamine (n=68), glycol ethers (n=79), benzyl alcohol (n=15) and formaldehyde (n=45). All but ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether air concentrations measured were far below (<1/10) of the Swiss eight hours occupational exposure limits, except for butoxypropanol and benzyl alcohol, where no occupational exposure limits were available. Although only detected once, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether air concentrations (n=4) were high (49.5 mg/m3 to 58.7 mg/m3), hovering at the Swiss occupational exposure limit (49 mg/m3). Background air concentrations showed no presence of monoethanolamine, while the glycol ethers were often present, and formaldehyde was universally detected. Exposures were influenced by the amount of monoethanolamine in the cleaning product, cross ventilation and spraying. The collected data was used to test an already existing exposure modeling tool during the last phases of the study. The exposure estimation of the so called Bayesian tool converged with the measured range of exposure the more air concentrations of measured exposure were added. This was best described by an inverse 2nd order equation. The results suggest that the Bayesian tool is not adapted to predict low exposures. The Bayesian tool should be tested also with other datasets describing higher exposures. Low exposures to different chemical sensitizers and irritants should be further investigated to better understand the development of respiratory disorders in cleaning workers. Prevention measures should especially focus on incorrect use of cleaning products, to avoid high air concentrations at the exposure limits. - De récentes études montrent l'existence d'un lien entre l'exposition aux produits de nettoyages et les maladies respiratoires telles que l'asthme. En revanche, encore peu d'informations sont disponibles concernant la quantité d'exposition des professionnels du secteur du nettoyage aux composants organiques volatiles provenant des produits qu'ils utilisent. Pendant la première phase de cette étude, un recueil systématique des produits professionnels utilisés dans le secteur du nettoyage a été effectué. Les fiches de données de sécurité de ces produits ont ensuite été analysées, afin de répertorier les composés organiques volatiles les plus souvent utilisés. Il a été mis en évidence que les produits de nettoyage professionnels sont des mélanges complexes de composants chimiques (composants chimiques dans les produits de nettoyage : 3.5 ± 2.8). Ainsi, plus de 130 substances listées dans les fiches de données de sécurité ont été retrouvées dans les 105 produits répertoriés. Les principales classes de substances chimiques identifiées étaient les parfums, les éthers de glycol, les agents de surface et les solvants; dans une moindre mesure, les phosphates, les sels, les détergents, les régulateurs de pH, les acides et les bases ont été identifiés. Plus de 75% des produits répertoriés contenaient des substances décrites comme irritantes (Xi), 64% nuisibles (Xn) et 28% corrosives (C). Les risques pour les yeux (59%), la peau (50%) et par ingestion (60%) était les plus mentionnés. La monoéthanolamine, un fort irritant connu pour être impliqué dans les mécanismes de sensibilisation tels que les réactions allergiques, est fréquemment ajouté aux produits de nettoyage. L'analyse de la monoéthanolamine dans l'air a été habituellement difficile et les échantillons d'air ainsi que les méthodes d'analyse déjà disponibles étaient peu adaptées à l'évaluation de la concentration individuelle d'air aux postes de travail. Une nouvelle méthode plus efficace a donc été développée en captant les échantillons d'air sur des filtres de fibre de verre imprégnés, suivi par une étape de désorption, puis une Chromatographie des gaz et enfin une détection sélective des composants d'azote. Une évaluation de l'exposition des professionnels a été réalisée dans le secteur du nettoyage afin de déterminer la concentration atmosphérique en monoéthanolamine, en éthers de glycol et en alcool benzylique au cours des différentes tâches de nettoyage effectuées par les professionnels du nettoyage dans différentes entreprises, ainsi que pour déterminer les concentrations atmosphériques de fond en formaldéhyde, un polluant de l'air intérieur bien connu. L'étude de l'exposition professionnelle a été effectuée dans 12 compagnies de nettoyage et les échantillons d'air individuels ont été collectés pour l'éthanolamine (n=68), les éthers de glycol (n=79), l'alcool benzylique (n=15) et le formaldéhyde (n=45). Toutes les substances mesurées dans l'air, excepté le 2-butoxyéthanol, étaient en-dessous (<1/10) de la valeur moyenne d'exposition aux postes de travail en Suisse (8 heures), excepté pour le butoxypropanol et l'alcool benzylique, pour lesquels aucune valeur limite d'exposition n'était disponible. Bien que détecté qu'une seule fois, les concentrations d'air de 2-butoxyéthanol (n=4) étaient élevées (49,5 mg/m3 à 58,7 mg/m3), se situant au-dessus de la frontière des valeurs limites d'exposition aux postes de travail en Suisse (49 mg/m3). Les concentrations d'air de fond n'ont montré aucune présence de monoéthanolamine, alors que les éthers de glycol étaient souvent présents et les formaldéhydes quasiment toujours détectés. L'exposition des professionnels a été influencée par la quantité de monoéthanolamine présente dans les produits de nettoyage utilisés, par la ventilation extérieure et par l'emploie de sprays. Durant la dernière phase de l'étude, les informations collectées ont été utilisées pour tester un outil de modélisation de l'exposition déjà existant, l'outil de Bayesian. L'estimation de l'exposition de cet outil convergeait avec l'exposition mesurée. Cela a été le mieux décrit par une équation du second degré inversée. Les résultats suggèrent que l'outil de Bayesian n'est pas adapté pour mettre en évidence les taux d'expositions faibles. Cet outil devrait également être testé avec d'autres ensembles de données décrivant des taux d'expositions plus élevés. L'exposition répétée à des substances chimiques ayant des propriétés irritatives et sensibilisantes devrait être investiguée d'avantage, afin de mieux comprendre l'apparition de maladies respiratoires chez les professionnels du nettoyage. Des mesures de prévention devraient tout particulièrement être orientées sur l'utilisation correcte des produits de nettoyage, afin d'éviter les concentrations d'air élevées se situant à la valeur limite d'exposition acceptée.

Acute alcohol consumption and injury: risk associations and attributable fractions for different injury mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: Most studies on alcohol as a risk factor for injuries have been mechanism specific, and few have considered several mechanisms simultaneously or reported alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs)-which was the aim of the current study. METHOD: Data from 3,592 injured and 3,489 noninjured patients collected between January 2003 and June 2004 in the surgical ward of the emergency department of the Lausanne University Hospital (Switzerland) were analyzed. Four injury mechanisms derived from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, were considered: transportation-related injuries, falls, exposure to forces and other events, and interpersonal violence. Multinomial logistic regression models were calculated to estimate the risk relationships of different levels of alcohol consumption, using noninjured patients as quasi-controls. The AAFs were then calculated. RESULTS: Risk relationships between injury and acute consumption were found across all mechanisms, commonly resulting in dose-response relationships. Marked differences between mechanisms were observed for relative risks and AAFs, which varied between 15.2% and 33.1% and between 10.1% and 35.9%, depending on the time window of consumption (either 6 hours or 24 hours before injury, respectively). Low and medium levels of alcohol consumption generally were associated with the most AAFs. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the implications of even low levels of alcohol consumption on the risk of sustaining injuries through any of the mechanisms considered. Substantial AAFs are reported for each mechanism, particularly for injuries resulting from interpersonal violence. Observation of a so-called preventive paradox phenomenon is discussed, and prevention or intervention measures are described.

Biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo na região fisiográfica Campos das Vertentes - MG

A biomassa e a atividade microbiana têm sido apontadas como indicadores adequados de alterações provocadas por diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações na biomassa e na atividade microbiana de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico típico, sob Cerrado nativo e diferentes sistemas de manejo, na região fisiográfica Campos das Vertentes, Minas Gerais. Os sistemas avaliados foram: cultivo convencional com batata (CCB); cultivo com batata, sucedido por aveia e rotação com milho (CBAM); cultivo convencional com milho (CCM); plantio direto com milho (PDM); cultivo convencional com eucalipto (CCE); e o Cerrado nativo (CN) como referência. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, analisados o C microbiano (Cmic) e a respiração basal e calculados o quociente metabólico (qCO2) e a relação Cmic/C orgânico. A biomassa e a atividade microbiana foram influenciadas pelos diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo, e as condições mais satisfatórias para a microbiota do solo ocorreram no Cerrado nativo. O manejo mais intensivo do solo e o uso frequente de agrotóxicos, característicos dos sistemas CCB e CBAM, determinaram redução nos teores de Cmic, menores valores da relação Cmic/C orgânico e maiores valores de qCO2, indicando uma provável condição de estresse para a biomassa microbiana.

Estabilidade temporal do conteúdo de água em três condições de uso do solo, em uma bacia hidrográfica da região da Serra da Mantiqueira, MG

A descrição de processos hidrológicos é relativamente complexa, principalmente da variação do conteúdo de água no solo, devido à influência de fatores edáficos, topográficos, climáticos e de vegetação. Em condições de campo, a estimativa do conteúdo de água no solo requer um plano de amostragem adequado, considerando as variações no tempo e no espaço. Visando representar adequadamente o conteúdo de água no solo com reduzido esforço amostral e custo, o conceito de estabilidade temporal tem sido muitas vezes empregado. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar a estabilidade temporal do conteúdo de água na camada superficial do solo (0-0,20 m de profundidade), sob diferentes usos do solo, em uma bacia hidrográfica experimental da região da Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais, nos períodos de estiagem e chuvoso, estimando os pontos mais representativos para essa determinação. Houve maior estabilidade temporal do conteúdo de água no solo na área de vegetação de várzea, menor na área ocupada por Mata Atlântica e intermediária na área de pastagem. Ocorreram, também, variações significativas da diferença relativa média entre os períodos de medição, concluindo-se que as características de cada área devem ser consideradas particularmente para escolha dos pontos. Na área de pastagem, foi possível identificar apenas um ponto para monitoramento tanto para o período chuvoso como para o de estiagem. Por outro lado, nas áreas de Mata Atlântica e vegetação de várzea foram identificados dois pontos, sendo um especificamente para o período chuvoso e outro para o período de estiagem, sendo recomendada uma análise individual específica para cada estação.

Rhizosphere properties of maize genotypes with contrasting phosphorus efficiency

An experiment was conducted in a growth chamber to evaluate characteristics of the rhizosphere of maize genotypes contrasting in P-use efficiency, by determining length and density of root hairs, the rhizosphere pH and the functional diversity of rhizosphere bacteria. A sample of a Red Oxisol was limed and fertilized with N, K and micronutrients. In the treatment with the highest P level, 174 mg kg-1 P was added. Each experimental unit corresponded to a PVC rhizobox filled with 2.2 dm-3 soil. The experiment was completely randomized with three replications in a 5 x 2 factorial design, corresponding to five genotypes (H1, H2 and H3 = P-efficient hybrids, H4 and H5 = P-inefficient hybrids) and two P levels (low = 3 mg dm-3, high = 29 mg dm-3). It was found that 18 days after transplanting, the nodal roots of the hybrids H3 and H2 had the longest root hairs. In general, the pH in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes was higher than in non-rhizosphere soil, irrespective of the P level. The pH was higher in the rhizosphere of lateral than of nodal roots. At low P levels, the pH variation of the hybrids H2, H4 and H5 was greater in rhizospheric than in non-rhizospheric soil. The functional microbial activity in the rhizosphere of the hybrids H3 and H5 was highest. At low soil P levels, the indices of microbial functional diversity were also higher. The microbial metabolic profile in the rhizosphere of hybrids H1, H2, H3, and H5 remained unaltered when the plants were grown at low P. The variations in the rhizosphere properties could not be related to patterns of P-use efficiency in the tested genotypes.

Calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule: regulation by sodium, pH, and flow.

We developed a mathematical model of Ca transport along the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT2) and the connecting tubule (CNT) to investigate the mechanisms that regulate Ca reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT. The model accounts for apical Ca influx across transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5) channels and basolateral Ca efflux via plasma membrane Ca-ATPase pumps and type 1 Na/Ca exchangers (NCX1). Model simulations reproduce experimentally observed variations in Ca uptake as a function of extracellular pH, Na, and Mg concentration. Our results indicate that amiloride enhances Ca reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT predominantly by increasing the driving force across NCX1, thereby stimulating Ca efflux. They also suggest that because aldosterone upregulates both apical and basolateral Na transport pathways, it has a lesser impact on Ca reabsorption than amiloride. Conversely, the model predicts that full NCX1 inhibition and parathyroidectomy each augment the Ca load delivered to the collecting duct severalfold. In addition, our results suggest that regulation of TRPV5 activity by luminal pH has a small impact, per se, on transepithelial Ca fluxes; the reduction in Ca reabsorption induced by metabolic acidosis likely stems from decreases in TRPV5 expression. In contrast, elevations in luminal Ca are predicted to significantly decrease TRPV5 activity via the Ca-sensing receptor. Nevertheless, following the administration of furosemide, the calcium-sensing receptor-mediated increase in Ca reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT is calculated to be insufficient to prevent hypercalciuria. Altogether, our model predicts complex interactions between calcium and sodium reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT.

Densidade e diversidade fenotípica de bactérias diazotróficas não simbióticas em solos da Reserva Biológica Serra dos Toledos, Itajubá (MG)

Bactérias diazotróficas não simbióticas (BDNS) atuam no desenvolvimento das plantas por meio da fixação biológica de nitrogênio e também pela produção e liberação de substâncias reguladoras do crescimento vegetal. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a densidade e diversidade fenotípica desse grupo de bactérias em fragmentos de solo da Reserva Biológica Serra dos Toledos e entorno, em Itajubá/MG. Essa reserva localiza-se na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Mantiqueira, constituindo-se em uma importante área de recarga e de abrigo à flora e fauna endêmicas. Amostras de solo superficial foram coletadas em áreas com diferentes declividades na reserva, em épocas representativas das estações de inverno (setembro/2006) e verão (abril/2007). A densidade, avaliada pelo número mais provável, utilizando os meios de cultura NFb, JNFb e Fam, para Azospirillum spp., Herbaspirillum spp. e A. amazonense, respectivamente, variou de 0,12 a 75,60 (NMP x 10(5)) bactérias g-1 solo seco. Foram obtidos 172 e 174 isolados, respectivamente para as amostras de inverno e verão, dos quais 30 e 55 % apresentaram similaridade igual ou superior a 70 % com as estirpes-tipo Azospirillum brasilense, A. amazonense, A. lipoferum, Herbaspirillum seropedicae e Burkholderia brasilensis. O resultado do comportamento dos isolados com base na tolerância à salinidade nem sempre foi semelhante ao obtido pelas características fenotípicas culturais a 70 % de similaridade, sendo indicado para estudos complementares de diversidade desses organismos. As BDNS apresentam potencial de utilização em estudos de avaliação da qualidade e sustentabilidade de ecossistemas. No entanto, apesar da alta densidade e diversidade fenotípica em solos da reserva, maiores valores foram obtidos no entorno, evidenciando o efeito positivo da cobertura vegetal do tipo gramíneas sobre elas, independentemente da variação climática.

Atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo em ambientes de voçorocas no município de Lavras - MG

A região Sul de Minas Gerais apresenta grandes áreas comprometidas por erosões do tipo voçoroca, e a avaliação dos atributos do solo nesses ambientes é de extrema importância, pela sua sensibilidade às alterações na qualidade do solo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos dos solos e suas relações com a cobertura vegetal ocorrente no interior das voçorocas. O estudo foi realizado em três voçorocas, uma sob Cambissolo Háplico e as outras duas sob Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo - LVA1 e LVA2, localizadas em Lavras, MG. Diferentes ambientes das voçorocas foram avaliados, compreendendo o leito, o terço médio sem vegetação (TMSV) e o terço médio com vegetação (TMCV), que foram comuns às três voçorocas, bem como outros dois ambientes encontrados na voçoroca sob LVA2: terço médio com eucalipto (TMEucalipto) e terço médio com candeia (Eremanthus incanus) (TMCandeia), além de áreas sob vegetação nativa (VN), próximas de cada voçoroca, adotadas como referência. Entre os atributos físicos, os mais alterados foram volume total de poros (VTP), macro e microporosidade e densidade do solo (Ds). A erosão hídrica provocou decréscimo acentuado na fertilidade do solo, expresso pela redução de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P e teores de matéria orgânica, além do acréscimo dos teores de Al3+, H + Al e saturação por Al3+ (m). Entre os atributos biológicos analisados, o C da biomassa microbiana apresentou reduções superiores a 80 % nos ambientes TMSV nas voçorocas sob Cambissolo e LVA1 e leito sob LVA2, em relação às suas respectivas áreas de referência. O qCO2 mostrou-se um índice sensível às alterações do ambiente, e os maiores valores encontrados foram no leito, ocasionados pelo excesso de umidade, e no ambiente TMSV, devido ao baixo teor de matéria orgânica e à ausência de vegetação. O número de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares apresentou decréscimo superior a 75 % nos ambientes mais degradados. Os resultados evidenciam que os atributos de solo analisados foram sensíveis às alterações nos ambientes de voçorocas e podem servir como indicadores para o monitoramento da dinâmica de ambientes degradados pela erosão hídrica.

Óxidos de manganês em solos do quadrilátero ferrífero (MG)

A mineralogia dos óxidos de Mn é muito variada e complexa, devido ao grande número de minerais e ao conhecimento inexato de algumas de suas estruturas. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que tratam especificamente de óxidos de Mn em solos brasileiros e seu conteúdo muito elevado em alguns solos do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (MG), este estudo objetivou caracterizar a química e a mineralogia desses óxidos nos solos dessa região, estratificando-os conforme os materiais de origem e posições na paisagem. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma área representativa do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, referente à Área de Proteção Ambiental da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte - APA Sul RMBH, com extensão de 1.625,32 km²; a amostragem foi direcionada para a caracterização de solos com elevado teor de Mn, relacionados a três materiais de origem distintos: itabiritos, dolomitos ferruginosos e serpentinitos, tendo sido incluídos ainda alguns solos provenientes de outros materiais de origem, dentro do Quadrilátero. Alguns solos do Quadrilátero Ferrífero possuem teores de Mn na fração terra fina extraordinariamente elevados, principalmente aqueles relacionados aos dolomitos ferruginosos da Formação Gandarela. Foram identificados diversos minerais de Mn na fração argila dos solos, sem quaisquer pré-tratamentos de concentração, representados por todoroquita, litioforita e, ainda, pirolusita. A influência do material de origem no contexto deste estudo foi superior àquela da posição na paisagem e grau de intemperismo de solos ricos em Mn.

Routine therapeutic drug monitoring in patients treated with 10-360 mg/day citalopram

From data collected during routine TDM, plasma concentrations of citalopram (CIT) and its metabolites demethylcitalopram (DCIT) and didemethylcitalopram (DDCIT) were measured in 345 plasma samples collected in steady-state conditions. They were from 258 patients treated with usual doses (20-60 mg/d) and from patients medicated with 80-360 mg/d CIT. Most patients had one or several comedications, including other antidepressants, antipsychotics, lithium, anticonvulsants, psychostimulants and somatic medications. Dose-corrected CIT plasma concentrations (C/D ratio) were 2.51 +/- 2.25 ng mL-1 mg-1 (n = 258; mean +/- SD). Patients >65 years had significantly higher dose-corrected CIT plasma concentrations (n = 56; 3.08 +/- 1.35 ng mL-1 mg-1) than younger patients (n = 195; 2.35 +/- 2.46 ng mL-1 mg-1) (P = 0.03). CIT plasma concentrations in the generally recommended dose range were [mean +/- SD, (median)]: 57 +/- 64 (45) ng/mL (10-20 mg/d; n = 64), 117 +/- 95 (91) ng/mL (21-60 mg/d; n = 96). At higher than usual doses, the following concentrations of CIT were measured: 61-120 mg/d CIT, 211 +/- 103 (190) ng/mL (n = 93); 121-200 mg/d: 339 +/- 143 (322) ng/mL (n = 70); 201-280 mg/d: 700 +/- 408 (565) ng/mL (n = 18); 281-360 mg/d: 888 +/- 620 (616) ng/mL (n = 4). When only one sample per patient (at the highest daily dose if repeated dosages) is considered, there is a linear and significant correlation (n = 48, r = 0.730; P < 0.001) between daily dose (10-200 mg/d) and CIT plasma concentrations. In experiments with dogs, DDCIT was reported to affect the QT interval when present at concentrations >300 ng/mL. In this study, DDCIT concentration reached 100 ng/mL in a patient treated with 280 mg/d CIT. Twelve other patients treated with 140-320 mg/d CIT had plasma concentrations of DDCIT within the range 52-73 ng/mL. In a subgroup comprised of patients treated with > or =160 mg/d CIT and with CIT plasma concentrations < or =300 ng/mL, and patients treated with < or =200 mg/d CIT and CIT plasma concentrations > or = 600 ng/mL, the enantiomers of CIT and DCIT were also analyzed. The highest S-CIT concentration measured in this subgroup was 327 ng/mL in a patient treated with 140 mg/d CIT, but the highest S-CIT concentration (632 ng/mL) was measured in patient treated with 360 mg/d CIT. In conclusion, there is a highly linear correlation between CIT plasma concentrations and CIT doses, well above the usual dose range.

Continuidade espacial da condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Rio Grande, MG

A distribuição espacial da condutividade hidráulica saturada (k0) é essencial para estudos relacionados a erosão do solo e escoamento superficial. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a continuidade espacial do atributo hidrológico do solo k o na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Rio Grande, MG, e realizar seu mapeamento por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas, utilizando dados sem e com transformação logarítmica. Os modelos de semivariograma esférico e exponencial foram ajustados ao semivariograma experimental pelo método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) e Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados (MQP). Técnicas de validação cruzada e preditiva foram aplicadas para a escolha do melhor modelo. Os resultados indicaram que, ao se trabalhar com o logaritmo dos dados de k o, houve redução de pontos discrepantes e de anisotropia, entretanto os valores mais elevados de grau de dependência espacial foram observados nos dados sem transformação. O ajuste do modelo esférico, por meio do método MQO, foi o que produziu melhor desempenho na modelagem da continuidade espacial de k0. Os mapas gerados a partir dos dados sem e com transformação logarítmica não apresentaram o mesmo comportamento na distribuição espacial dos valores, e o mapa dos dados na forma transformada teve o melhor detalhamento da distribuição espacial.