The past, present and projected scenarios in the Lake Albert and Albert Nile fisheries: implications for sustainable management

Lake Albert is one of the largest lakes in Uganda that still supports a multi-species fishery which as a result of variable adult sizes of the species, causes management challenges especially in relation to gear mesh size enforcement. Prior to the 1980s, commercial species were 17 large sized fishes especially Citharinus citharinus, Distichodus niloticus and Lates spp. that were confimed to inshore habitats of the lake and were thus rapidly over fished. Frame and catch assessment surveys conducted in this study revealed a >80% dominance of small size fish species (Neobola bredoi and Brycinus nurse) and a 40 -60% decrease in the contribution of the large commercial species. Sustainability of small size fish species is uncertain due to seasonal fluctuations and low beach value. At about 150,000 tons of fish recorded from Lake Albert and Albert Nile, the beach value was estimated at 55.3 million USD. Despite the noted decline in catches of the large sized fishes their contribution was more than 50% of total beach value. Therefore, management measures should couple value addition for the small sized species and maintain effort regulation targeting recovery of the large previously important commercial species.

Os efeitos nucleares em processos de produ��c��ao de quarkonium no Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) e no Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Neste trabalho de disserta��c��ao, investigamos os efeitos nucleares em processos de produ��c��ao de quarkonium no Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) e no Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Para tanto, consideramos o Modelo de Evapora��c��ao de Cor (CEM), baseado em processos part��onicos calculados mediante a QCD perturbativa e em intera��c��oes n��ao perturbativas via troca de gl��uons suaves para a forma��c��ao do quarkonium. Supress��ao de quarkonium ��e um dos sinais de forma��c��ao do assim chamado Plasma de Quarks e Gl��uons (QGP) em colis��oes ultrarelativ����sticas de ����ons pesados. No entanto, a supress��ao n��ao ��e somente causada em colis��oes n��ucleo-n��ucleo (AA) devido `a forma��c��ao do QGP. De fato, a supress��ao de quarkonium tamb��em foi observada em colis��oes pr��oton-n��ucleo (pA). A fim de separar os efeitos da mat��eria quente (devidos ao QGP) e fria (efeitos n��ao devidos ao QGP), pode-se olhar primeiro para colis��oes pA, onde somente efeitos de mat��eria fria desempenham um papel fundamental, e depois aplicar esses efeitos em colis��oes AA, uma vez que parte da supress��ao ��e devido a efeitos de mat��eria fria. No regime de altas energias, a produ��c��ao do quarkonium ��e fortemente dependente da distribui��c��ao de gl��uons nuclear, o que viabiliza uma oportunidade ��unica de estudar o comportamento de pequeno x dos gl��uons dentro do n��ucleo e, consequentemente, restringir os efeitos nucleares. Estudamos os processos nucleares utilizando distintas parametriza��c��oes para as distribui��c��oes part��onicas nucleares. Calculamos a raz��ao nuclear para processos pA e AA em fun��c��ao da vari��avel rapidez para a produ��c��ao de quarkonium, o que permite estimar os efeitos nucleares. Al��em disso, apresentamos uma compara��c��ao com os dados do RHIC para a produ��c��ao do m��eson J/�� em colis��oes pA, demonstrando que a an��alise deste observ��avel ��e uma quest��ao em aberto na literatura. Adicionalmente, estimamos a produ��c��ao de quarks pesados e quarkonium na etapa inicial e durante a fase termal de uma colis��ao ultrarelativ����stica de ����ons pesados. O objetivo deste estudo ��e estimar as distintas contribui��c��oes para a produ��c��ao e de alguns efeitos do meio nuclear.

New Directions in Commercial Secrecy and Encryption Protocols

Secure transmission of bulk data is of interest to many content providers. A commercially-viable distribution of content requires technology to prevent unauthorised access. Encryption tools are powerful, but have a performance cost. Without encryption, intercepted data may be illicitly duplicated and re-sold, or its commercial value diminished because its secrecy is lost. Two technical solutions make it possible to perform bulk transmissions while retaining security without too high a performance overhead. These are: 1. a) hierarchical encryption - the stronger the encryption, the harder it is to break but also the more computationally expensive it is. A hierarchical approach to key exchange means that simple and relatively weak encryption and keys are used to encrypt small chunks of data, for example 10 seconds of video. Each chunk has its own key. New keys for this bottom-level encryption are exchanged using a slightly stronger encryption, for example a whole-video key could govern the exchange of the 10-second chunk keys. At a higher level again, there could be daily or weekly keys, securing the exchange of whole-video keys, and at a yet higher level, a subscriber key could govern the exchange of weekly keys. At higher levels, the encryption becomes stronger but is used less frequently, so that the overall computational cost is minimal. The main observation is that the value of each encrypted item determines the strength of the key used to secure it. 2. b) non-symbolic fragmentation with signal diversity - communications are usually assumed to be sent over a single communications medium, and the data to have been encrypted and/or partitioned in whole-symbol packets. Network and path diversity break up a file or data stream into fragments which are then sent over many different channels, either in the same network or different networks. For example, a message could be transmitted partly over the phone network and partly via satellite. While TCP/IP does a similar thing in sending different packets over different paths, this is done for load-balancing purposes and is invisible to the end application. Network and path diversity deliberately introduce the same principle as a secure communications mechanism - an eavesdropper would need to intercept not just one transmission path but all paths used. Non-symbolic fragmentation of data is also introduced to further confuse any intercepted stream of data. This involves breaking up data into bit strings which are subsequently disordered prior to transmission. Even if all transmissions were intercepted, the cryptanalyst still needs to determine fragment boundaries and correctly order them. These two solutions depart from the usual idea of data encryption. Hierarchical encryption is an extension of the combined encryption of systems such as PGP but with the distinction that the strength of encryption at each level is determined by the "value" of the data being transmitted. Non- symbolic fragmentation suppresses or destroys bit patterns in the transmitted data in what is essentially a bit-level transposition cipher but with unpredictable irregularly-sized fragments. Both technologies have applications outside the commercial and can be used in conjunction with other forms of encryption, being functionally orthogonal.

K��ytt��p����oman hallinnan vaikutus suomalaisten pk-yritysten maksuvalmiuteen

T��m��n kandidaatintutkielman tavoite on tarkastella suomalaisten pk-yritysten maksuvalmiuden ja k��ytt��p����oman hallinnan v��list�� yhteytt��. Tarkoitus on selvitt����, voidaanko suomalaisten pk-yritysten maksuvalmiutta parantaa k��ytt��p����oman hallintaa tehostamalla ja onko siit�� saatava hy��ty toimialariippuvaista. Toimialavertailuun valittiin rakentaminen, koneiden ja laitteiden valmistus sek�� j��lleenmyynti. Aineisto tutkimukseen hankittiin Amadeus-tietokannasta. Tutkimuksessa hy��dynnet����n tilastollisia menetelmi��. Tilastolliset analyysit suoritetaan SAS Enterprise Guide -ohjelmistolla. Muuttujien v��lisi�� suhteita tarkastellaan regressioanalyysin avulla, jotka suoritetaan jokaiselle toimialaluokalle ja kaikista toimialoista koostuvalle otokselle erikseen. Tutkimustulosten mukaan toimialasta riippumatta pk-yrityksen maksuvalmiutta voidaan parantaa k��ytt��p����oman hallintaa tehostamalla. Vaikutuksen suuruus riippuu kuitenkin toimialasta. Tutkimustulokset huomioiden pk-yritysten johdon tulisi resurssien niukkuudesta huolimatta kiinnitt���� huomiota k��ytt��p����oman hallintaan, erityisesti silloin kuin yrityksen maksuvalmius on uhattuna.

High performance terahertz resonant tunnelling diode sources and broadband antenna for air-side radiation

Resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) is known to be the fastest electronics device that can be fabricated in compact form and operate at room temperature with potential oscillation frequency up to 2.5 THz. The RTD device consists of a narrow band gap quantum well layer sandwiched between two thin wide band gap barriers layers. It exhibits negative differential resistance (NDR) region in its current-voltage (I-V) characteristics which is utilised in making oscillators. Up to date, the main challenge is producing high output power at high frequencies in particular. Although oscillation frequencies of ~ 2 THz have been already reported, the output power is in the range of micro-Watts. This thesis describes the systematic work on the design, fabrication, and characterisation of RTD-based oscillators in microwave/millimetre-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC) form that can produce high output power and high oscillation frequency at the same time. Different MMIC RTD oscillator topologies were designed, fabricated, and characterised in this project which include: single RTD oscillator which employs one RTD device, double RTDs oscillator which employs two RTD devices connected in parallel, and coupled RTD oscillators which combine the powers of two oscillators over a single load, based on mutual coupling and which can employ up to four RTD devices. All oscillators employed relatively large size RTD devices for high power operation. The main challenge was to realise high oscillation frequency (~ 300 GHz) in MMIC form with the employed large sized RTD devices. To achieve this aim, proper designs of passive structures that can provide small values of resonating inductances were essential. These resonating inductance structures included shorted coplanar wave guide (CPW) and shorted microstrip transmission lines of low characteristics impedances Zo. Shorted transmission line of lower Zo has lower inductance per unit length. Thus, the geometrical dimensions would be relatively large and facilitate fabrication by low cost photolithography. A series of oscillators with oscillation frequencies in the J-band (220 ��� 325 GHz) range and output powers from 0.2 ��� 1.1 mW have been achieved in this project, and all were fabricated using photolithography. Theoretical estimation showed that higher oscillation frequencies (> 1 THz) can be achieved with the proposed MMIC RTD oscillators design in this project using photolithography with expected high power operation. Besides MMIC RTD oscillators, reported planar antennas for RTD-based oscillators were critically reviewed and the main challenges in designing high performance integrated antennas on large dielectric constant substrates are discussed in this thesis. A novel antenna was designed, simulated, fabricated, and characterised in this project. It was a bow-tie antenna with a tuning stub that has very wide bandwidth across the J-band. The antenna was diced and mounted on a reflector ground plane to alleviate the effect of the large dielectric constant substrate (InP) and radiates upwards to the air-side direction. The antenna was also investigated for integration with the all types of oscillators realised in this project. One port and two port antennas were designed, simulated, fabricated, and characterised and showed the suitability of integration with the single/double oscillator layout and the coupled oscillator layout, respectively.

Allocating reforestation areas for sediment flow minimization: an integer programming formulation and a heuristic solution method

Policy and decision makers dealing with environmental conservation and land use planning often require identifying potential sites for contributing to minimize sediment flow reaching riverbeds. This is the case of reforestation initiatives, which can have sediment flow minimization among their objectives. This paper proposes an Integer Programming (IP) formulation and a Heuristic solution method for selecting a predefined number of locations to be reforested in order to minimize sediment load at a given outlet in a watershed. Although the core structure of both methods can be applied for different sorts of flow, the formulations are targeted to minimization of sediment delivery. The proposed approaches make use of a Single Flow Direction (SFD) raster map covering the watershed in order to construct a tree structure so that the outlet cell corresponds to the root node in the tree. The results obtained with both approaches are in agreement with expert assessments of erosion levels, slopes and distances to the riverbeds, which in turn allows concluding that this approach is suitable for minimizing sediment flow. Since the results obtained with the IP formulation are the same as the ones obtained with the Heuristic approach, an optimality proof is included in the present work. Taking into consideration that the heuristic requires much less computation time, this solution method is more suitable to be applied in large sized problems.

Impacto tributario de la facturaci��n electr��nica en peque��as y medianas empresas del cant��n Cuenca

Los avances en Tecnolog��as de la Informaci��n y la Comunicaci��n permiten que el hombre se desempe��e de una manera eficiente y esta eficiencia, en gran medida, motiva a las empresas a afrontar nuevos y mayores retos, uno de ellos es la Facturaci��n Electr��nica, proceso que provoca en el conjunto de las peque��as y medianas empresas PYMES, la necesidad de innovar y optimizar sus recursos. La Ciudad de Cuenca se destaca por su desarrollo social y econ��mico, proporcion��ndole ventajas para consolidar pol��ticas en diferentes ��reas; igualmente, Cuenca posee una trayectoria de ser ciudad piloto en varios proyectos. El presente estudio investigativo ���IMPACTO TRIBUTARIO DE LA FACTURACI��N ELECTR��NICA EN PEQUE��AS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS DEL CANT��N CUENCA��� eval��a la incorporaci��n del sistema de Facturaci��n Electr��nica a la peque��a y mediana empresa de Cuenca y las ventajas y desventajas de adherirse a este sistema.

A ind��stria hoteleira do Algarve: uma an��lise de dados em painel da estrutura de capital

Disserta����o de Mestrado, Finan��as Empresariais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Cross-country report:a first cross-country analysis and profiling of social enterprises prepared by the SEFOR��S research consortium

This cross-country report shares first insights from the World's Largest Panel Study of Social Enterprises, which covers seven European Countries (Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom), China and Russia. It captures the behavior and characteristics of representative samples of social enterprises in these countries who are employers. The report covers a range of topics from profiling social enterprise directors and their social enterprises, to innovation activities and barriers, their entrepreneurial orientation, social missions, social impact metrics to summarizing policy recommendations that social entrepreneurs would like to see being implemented in their countries. Who should read this report? The report is written for social enterprises, social enterprises support organisations and policy makers who want to get an overview of social enterprise in the UK. Thank you to all the social entrepreneurs who made this report possible by participating in our study!

The EU landing obligation and European small-scale fisheries: What are the odds for success?

A landing obligation was formally implemented in the European Union (EU) for the first time, as part of the recent reform of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). Given the reasonable success of the landing obligation in some countries such as the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Norway, this policy is seen as a viable approach to tackle the long-recognized discarding problem in EU waters. However, there has been some debate on whether there is sufficient evidence to support the feasibility of such a measure in the EU-CFP. The EU landing obligation will implicitly include all small-scale fisheries (SSF) provided the species captured are subject to catch limits or minimum sizes (in the case of the Mediterranean). SSF were included irrespective of the fact that the discarding problem in the EU has been historically associated with medium- to large-scale fleets (in particular largely mixed species trawl fisheries). Additionally, past experiences with a discard ban policy are still limited to specific countries and/or specific fisheries. This paper examined the appropriateness and feasibility of the recently implemented EU landing obligation in SSF. The effects in the long-term are unpredictable, but available evidence suggests that in the short to medium-term a landing obligation is likely to bring more negative social, economic and ecological impacts than benefits. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Creaci��n de marca mediante la utilizaci��n de mecanismos estrat��gicos comunitarios y marketing

El presente documento pretende mostrar la manera como se debe ejecutar la creaci��n de marca mediante la utilizaci��n de mecanismos estrat��gicos comunitarios y marketing. El objetivo del estudio se basa en encontrar los mecanismos adecuados para el desarrollo y creaci��n de una marca enfoc��ndose en el an��lisis de las principales pr��cticas y modelos desarrollados en el ��rea del marketing, examinando el impacto que la marca pueda generar en la comunidad en la cual la organizaci��n est�� incluida, estableciendo adem��s un conexi��n directa con el modo de vida de los consumidores. Durante el desarrollo del documento se demuestra que las estrategias de marketing aplicadas por cada compa����a, sirven para construir una relaci��n estrecha y fuerte con todos los agentes involucrados en la construcci��n de una marca, principalmente con los clientes, ya que la forma m��s efectiva de establecer relaciones a largo plazo, es enfoc��ndose exclusivamente en las necesidades desarrolladas por los consumidores, y a partir de ellas ajustar los valores (misi��n, visi��n, cultura organizacional, objetivos) de la organizaci��n. Estas estrategias comunitarias son tambi��n influenciadas por varios factores internos y externos a la organizaci��n, los cuales deben ser tenidos en cuenta al momento de elegir la estrategia adecuada. Los mecanismos estrat��gicos que desarrollan las empresas pueden cambiar significativamente de un sector comercial a otro, la importancia de las necesidades que se deben suplir y el consumidor final se deben evaluar desde un aspecto comunitario, entendiendo como comunidad como el conjunto de grupos sociales y comerciales que tienen relaci��n directa o indirecta con la empresa. Con la investigaci��n llevada a cabo acerca de las estrategias que deben aplicar las compa����as se concluye que las marcas reflejan la imagen que la empresa transmite a sus compradores estableciendo una relaci��n emocional entre los consumidores y la marca desarrollada, adem��s de estimular la oferta y demanda del negocio. Se espera que por medio de la obtenci��n de informaci��n te��rica y conceptual, se pueda aclarar la manera como se puede desarrollar la creaci��n de una marca por medio de la correcta utilizaci��n de mecanismos estrat��gicos comunitarios y de marketing.

Annual Average Value of Solar Radiation and its Variability in Portugal

Solar resource assessment is essential for the different phases of solar energy projects, such as preliminary design engineering, financing including due diligence and, later, insurance phases. An important aspect is the long term resource estimation. This kind of estimation can only be obtained through the statistical analysis of long-term data series of solar radiation measurements, preferably ground measurements. This paper is a first step in this direction, with an initial statistical analysis performed over the radiation data from a national measurement network, consisting of eighty-nine meteorological stations. These preliminary results are presented in figures that represent the annual average values of Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) and its Variability in the Portuguese continental territory. These results show that the South of Portugal is the most suitable area for the implementation of medium to large scale solar plants.

Trypanosoma Cruzi Strains From Triatomine Collected In Bahia And Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.

Collection of triatomines in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments in states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Northeastern and Southern Brazil respectively, and isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi strains. First, the captured triatomines were identified using insect identification keys, then their intestinal content was examined by abdominal compression, and the samples containing trypanosomatid forms were inoculated in LIT medium and Swiss mice. Six triatomine species were collected in cities in Bahia, namely Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) and T. sordida (460), and two in cities in Rio Grande do Sul, namely T. circummaculata (11) and T. rubrovaria (115). Out of the specimens examined, T. cruzi was isolated from 28 triatomine divided into four different species: T. melanocephala (one), T. lenti (one), T. rubrovaria (16) and T. sordida (10). Their index of natural infection by T. cruzi was 6.4%. The isolation of T. cruzi strains from triatomines found in domestic and peridomestic areas shows the potential risk of transmission of Chagas disease in the studied cities. The maintenance of those T. cruzi strains in laboratory is intended to promote studies that facilitate the understanding of the parasite-vector-host relationship.

[gait Speed, Grip Strength And Self-rated Health Among The Elderly: Data From The Fibra Campinas Network, S��o Paulo, Brazil].

The article seeks to investigate patterns of performance and relationships between grip strength, gait speed and self-rated health, and investigate the relationships between them, considering the variables of gender, age and family income. This was conducted in a probabilistic sample of community-dwelling elderly aged 65 and over, members of a population study on frailty. A total of 689 elderly people without cognitive deficit suggestive of dementia underwent tests of gait speed and grip strength. Comparisons between groups were based on low, medium and high speed and strength. Self-related health was assessed using a 5-point scale. The males and the younger elderly individuals scored significantly higher on grip strength and gait speed than the female and oldest did; the richest scored higher than the poorest on grip strength and gait speed; females and men aged over 80 had weaker grip strength and lower gait speed; slow gait speed and low income arose as risk factors for a worse health evaluation. Lower muscular strength affects the self-rated assessment of health because it results in a reduction in functional capacity, especially in the presence of poverty and a lack of compensatory factors.

All Green, But Equal? Morphological Traits And Ecological Implications On Spores Of Three Species Of Mosses In The Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Spores of the tropical mosses Pyrrhobryum spiniforme, Neckeropsis undulata and N. disticha were characterized regarding size, number per capsule and viability. Chemical substances were analyzed for P. spiniforme and N. undulata spores. Length of sporophyte seta (spore dispersal ability) was analyzed for P. spiniforme. Four to six colonies per species in each site (lowland and highland areas of an Atlantic Forest; Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil) were visited for the collection of capsules (2008 - 2009). Neckeropsis undulata in the highland area produced the largest spores (ca. 19 ��m) with the highest viability. The smallest spores were found in N. disticha in the lowland (ca. 13 ��m). Pyrrhobryum spiniforme produced more spores per capsule in the highland (ca. 150,000) than in lowland (ca. 40,000); longer sporophytic setae in the lowland (ca. 64 mm) than in the highland (ca. 43 mm); and similar sized spores in both areas (ca. 16 ��m). Spores of N. undulata and P. spiniforme contained lipids and proteins in the cytoplasm, and acid/neutral lipids and pectins in the wall. Lipid bodies were larger in N. undulata than in P. spiniforme. No starch was recorded for spores. Pyrrhobryum spiniforme in the highland area, different from lowland, was characterized by low reproductive effort, but presented many spores per capsule.