La teoría del aprendizaje significativo de David Ausubel en la aplicación de los textos de estudios sociales proporcionados por el Ministerio de Educación a los octavos años del Colegio Técnico Referencial "Luis Fernando Ruiz" de Latacunga, provincia de Cotopaxi, en el año lectivo 2012-2013

En momentos en que la principal preocupación es mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje (enseñanza de calidad), el docente debe encontrar los medios más efectivos para alcanzar los objetivos educativos y de esta manera lograr un aprendizaje significativo. El concepto de aprendizaje significativo fue desarrollado por David Ausubel para tratar de comprender desde el punto de la psicología, como se produce el aprendizaje en el sujeto, así como sus limitaciones para lo cual relacionó las prácticas educativas de entonces con su teoría. El proceso demanda, además de la mediación efectiva del docente, del apoyo de materiales educativos que a decir de Ausubel son parte fundamental en el proceso del aprendizaje significativo, en este caso el material potencialmente significativo. Esta investigación efectúa un análisis de un texto escolar de Estudios sociales para octavo año, con el fin de establecer si este permite o dificulta el aprendizaje significativo en el contexto de la reflexión teórica de Ausubel. Aunque el objeto de estudio es el texto de trabajo de los estudiantes, se utilizó como referente del aprendizaje a docentes y estudiantes del Colegio Técnico Referencial “Luis Fernando Ruiz con el fin de lograr una mejor estimación de la efectividad del texto para apoyar el aprendizaje.

La máscara transgresora: análisis e interpretación de la obra poética de David Ledesma Vázquez (1934-1961)

La presente tesis de maestría tiene como finalidad el análisis e interpretación de la obra poética del escritor ecuatoriano David Ledesma Vázquez (1934-1961), desarrollada en los años cincuenta del siglo XX. Para ello, se ha buscado entretejer varios componentes de su producción lírica, desde la perspectiva de dos conceptos modernos: el enmascaramiento y la transgresión, que a su vez se encuentran atravesados por temas relacionados con lo erótico, lo ficcional y lo existencial. Y, además, de ponerlos en diálogo con la poesía de Ledesma para así poder identificar estos elementos dentro de la producción ledesmiana. Por tal razón se ha considerado pertinente desarrollar un análisis de la obra de Ledesma desde algunas categorías, la mayoría de ellas modernas, sin descuidar la distancia que las separa de la época del poeta, posibilitar una relectura de su creación y, a la vez, realizar una nueva interpretación de su poesía, la cual es catalogada como una de las más interesantes de las producidas en el siglo anterior.

David Ledesma Vázquez: la conciencia de ser abyecto (Crítica)

Este ensayo examina la obra poética del ecuatoriano David Ledesma Vázquez desde algunos conceptos teóricos propuestos por Kristeva y Butler, que permiten entender cómo se va consolidando una conciencia de ser abyecto ante el otro, y cómo desde ahí, y a partir de un muy cuidado manejo de la palabra poética y de ciertos recursos tipográficos, se construye un universo amatorio que se opone al aparato heteronormativo y se enfoca en los afectos. También se destaca, en esta misma línea de resistencia, cómo en la poesía de Ledesma Vázquez se erige un cuestionamiento a la violencia uniformadora de la vida moderna y al impulso teleológico del capitalismo, en particular, al contraponer la hostilidad de la ciudad real –dibujada en varios textos– con la armonía de Sodoma.

Identification of Putative Wintering Areas and Ecological Determinants of Population Dynamics of Common House-Martin (Delichon urbicum) and Common Swift (Apus apus) Breeding in Northern Italy

To identify the causes of population decline in migratory birds, researchers must determine the relative influence of environmental changes on population dynamics while the birds are on breeding grounds, wintering grounds, and en route between the two. This is problematic when the wintering areas of specific populations are unknown. Here, we first identified the putative wintering areas of Common House-Martin (Delichon urbicum) and Common Swift (Apus apus) populations breeding in northern Italy as those areas, within the wintering ranges of these species, where the winter Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which may affect winter survival, best predicted annual variation in population indices observed in the breeding grounds in 1992–2009. In these analyses, we controlled for the potentially confounding effects of rainfall in the breeding grounds during the previous year, which may affect reproductive success; the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), which may account for climatic conditions faced by birds during migration; and the linear and squared term of year, which account for nonlinear population trends. The areas thus identified ranged from Guinea to Nigeria for the Common House-Martin, and were located in southern Ghana for the Common Swift. We then regressed annual population indices on mean NDVI values in the putative wintering areas and on the other variables, and used Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and hierarchical partitioning (HP) of variance to assess their relative contribution to population dynamics. We re-ran all the analyses using NDVI values at different spatial scales, and consistently found that our population of Common House-Martin was primarily affected by spring rainfall (43%–47.7% explained variance) and NDVI (24%–26.9%), while the Common Swift population was primarily affected by the NDVI (22.7%–34.8%). Although these results must be further validated, currently they are the only hypotheses about the wintering grounds of the Italian populations of these species, as no Common House-Martin and Common Swift ringed in Italy have been recovered in their wintering ranges.

Modelling European winter wind storm losses in current and future climate

Severe wind storms are one of the major natural hazards in the extratropics and inflict substantial economic damages and even casualties. Insured storm-related losses depend on (i) the frequency, nature and dynamics of storms, (ii) the vulnerability of the values at risk, (iii) the geographical distribution of these values, and (iv) the particular conditions of the risk transfer. It is thus of great importance to assess the impact of climate change on future storm losses. To this end, the current study employs—to our knowledge for the first time—a coupled approach, using output from high-resolution regional climate model scenarios for the European sector to drive an operational insurance loss model. An ensemble of coupled climate-damage scenarios is used to provide an estimate of the inherent uncertainties. Output of two state-of-the-art global climate models (HadAM3, ECHAM5) is used for present (1961–1990) and future climates (2071–2100, SRES A2 scenario). These serve as boundary data for two nested regional climate models with a sophisticated gust parametrizations (CLM, CHRM). For validation and calibration purposes, an additional simulation is undertaken with the CHRM driven by the ERA40 reanalysis. The operational insurance model (Swiss Re) uses a European-wide damage function, an average vulnerability curve for all risk types, and contains the actual value distribution of a complete European market portfolio. The coupling between climate and damage models is based on daily maxima of 10 m gust winds, and the strategy adopted consists of three main steps: (i) development and application of a pragmatic selection criterion to retrieve significant storm events, (ii) generation of a probabilistic event set using a Monte-Carlo approach in the hazard module of the insurance model, and (iii) calibration of the simulated annual expected losses with a historic loss data base. The climate models considered agree regarding an increase in the intensity of extreme storms in a band across central Europe (stretching from southern UK and northern France to Denmark, northern Germany into eastern Europe). This effect increases with event strength, and rare storms show the largest climate change sensitivity, but are also beset with the largest uncertainties. Wind gusts decrease over northern Scandinavia and Southern Europe. Highest intra-ensemble variability is simulated for Ireland, the UK, the Mediterranean, and parts of Eastern Europe. The resulting changes on European-wide losses over the 110-year period are positive for all layers and all model runs considered and amount to 44% (annual expected loss), 23% (10 years loss), 50% (30 years loss), and 104% (100 years loss). There is a disproportionate increase in losses for rare high-impact events. The changes result from increases in both severity and frequency of wind gusts. Considerable geographical variability of the expected losses exists, with Denmark and Germany experiencing the largest loss increases (116% and 114%, respectively). All countries considered except for Ireland (−22%) experience some loss increases. Some ramifications of these results for the socio-economic sector are discussed, and future avenues for research are highlighted. The technique introduced in this study and its application to realistic market portfolios offer exciting prospects for future research on the impact of climate change that is relevant for policy makers, scientists and economists.

Laboratory kinetic studies of the reactions of Cl atoms with species of biogenic origin: δ3-Carene, isoprene, methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone

The rate coefficients for the reaction between atomic chlorine and a number of naturally occurring species have been measured at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure using the relative rate technique. The values obtained were (4.0 ± 0.8) × 10-10, (2.1 ± 0.5) × 10-10, (3.2 ± 0.5) × 10-10, and (4.9 ± 0.5) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, for reactions with isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein and δ3-carene, respectively. The value obtained for isoprene compares favourably with previously reported values. No values have been reported to date for the rate constants of the other reactions.