Biblioclastía y bibliotecología : Recuerdos que resisten en la ciudad de La Plata

La biblioclastía fue definida como la compulsión humana por destruir libros. Desde tiempos inmemoriales el hombre ha querido imponer sus ideas a través de la destrucción de aquellas que se contraponían a las propias y los libros han sido objeto de esa "pulsión biblioclástica" durante toda la historia de la humanidad. La última dictadura militar que sufrió nuestro país dejó importantes secuelas en la sociedad. Mediante la censura e intervención en diferentes ámbitos (educación, cine, teatro, literatura, entre otros) se construyeron un discurso, un lenguaje y unas prácticas que hoy se reconocen como propias de ese tiempo histórico. Igual que pasó con la desaparición de las personas y sus cuerpos, la represión en el ámbito de la cultura fue parte de un plan sistemático, pensado, calculado y llevado a cabo por dependencias del Estado argentino destinadas a tal fin y por funcionarios (militares y civiles) que fueron parte de ese plan. Se considera de especial importancia que los bibliotecarios, como parte de aquéllos profesionales que contribuyen día a día a la preservación de la memoria, abordemos este tipo de problemáticas y reflexionemos en torno de la mismas. Este trabajo se enmarca en las investigaciones sobre el pasado reciente, teniendo como eje la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos y su postura frente a la libertad de expresión. Intenta reconstruir los mecanismos censorios y cómo se plasmaron en las vivencias de diferentes actores relacionados con el ámbito del libro y del movimiento cultural y político platense, con el objetivo de contribuir a la memoria social de nuestra ciudad.

Conocer el Nuevo Mundo : Referencialidad en las ilustraciones de Fernández de Oviedo

Las ilustraciones realizadas por el cronista oficial de Indias Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo para sus apartados sobre la flora americana son las primeras de este tipo aparecidas mundialmente en una edición impresa. Entre los paradigmas del saber libresco medieval y el de la creciente valoración del testimonio de vista, el Veedor del Oro en el Nuevo Mundo, escritor y dibujante, recurre a las herramientas del lenguaje visual para, por un lado, ofrecer pruebas fehacientes de la naturaleza que estaba presenciando y, por el otro, para aprehenderla mediante las formas de discernimiento del discurso imperial. Sirviéndonos de un análisis de estas imágenes que Oviedo incorporó a sus impresos y manuscritos sobre las Indias, en este trabajo, demostramos cómo en ellas se concentran múltiples referencias sorprendentemente significativas en su conjunto: referencias a la realidad americana por mímesis y semejanza, referencias a los esquemas familiares de las tradiciones pictóricas de Occidente y, por último, a las jerarquías imperiales cristianas. Todo este complejo referencial se encuentra finalmente al servicio de la expansión imperial

Estudios sobre la transmisión escolar de las memorias de la última dictadura militar

El artículo presenta las diferentes perspectivas que abordan el tema de la transmisión de la memoria de la dictadura en la escuela. Estas perspectivas analizan aspectos diferentes: los vectores de transmisión, las narrativas dominantes en cada momento histórico, los trabajos subjetivos de los actores involucrados, la incidencia del carácter traumático de la última dictadura en los procesos de transmisión. Estos estudios incluyen los análisis de libros de texto y libros de historia de la escuela secundaria, los actos escolares, las efemérides y otras fuentes. En cuanto a la transmisión de la memoria, los estudios existentes permiten formular preguntas que aún siguen sin respuesta, sobre todo las relacionadas con la forma en que esa transmisión se produce y hace posible las reinterpretaciones del pasado

Biblioclastía y bibliotecología : Recuerdos que resisten en la ciudad de La Plata

La biblioclastía fue definida como la compulsión humana por destruir libros. Desde tiempos inmemoriales el hombre ha querido imponer sus ideas a través de la destrucción de aquellas que se contraponían a las propias y los libros han sido objeto de esa "pulsión biblioclástica" durante toda la historia de la humanidad. La última dictadura militar que sufrió nuestro país dejó importantes secuelas en la sociedad. Mediante la censura e intervención en diferentes ámbitos (educación, cine, teatro, literatura, entre otros) se construyeron un discurso, un lenguaje y unas prácticas que hoy se reconocen como propias de ese tiempo histórico. Igual que pasó con la desaparición de las personas y sus cuerpos, la represión en el ámbito de la cultura fue parte de un plan sistemático, pensado, calculado y llevado a cabo por dependencias del Estado argentino destinadas a tal fin y por funcionarios (militares y civiles) que fueron parte de ese plan. Se considera de especial importancia que los bibliotecarios, como parte de aquéllos profesionales que contribuyen día a día a la preservación de la memoria, abordemos este tipo de problemáticas y reflexionemos en torno de la mismas. Este trabajo se enmarca en las investigaciones sobre el pasado reciente, teniendo como eje la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos y su postura frente a la libertad de expresión. Intenta reconstruir los mecanismos censorios y cómo se plasmaron en las vivencias de diferentes actores relacionados con el ámbito del libro y del movimiento cultural y político platense, con el objetivo de contribuir a la memoria social de nuestra ciudad.

Aprender a leer y escribir durante la última dictadura

El objetivo general de esta ponencia es dar a conocer cómo se enseñaba a leer y escribir en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante la última dictadura y qué elementos condicionaban la enseñanza. Se analizan diseños curriculares del período y anteriores, programas, libros de texto, políticas legislativas y circulares. La estrategia cualitativa se sirve también de una técnica conversacional: la entrevista en profundidad y no estructurada a antiguas docentes del primer ciclo. Concluimos, a partir del caso de la enseñanza de la lecto-escritura, en que no es posible establecer una simple imbricación en todas las esferas -práctica y teoría pedagógica, curriculum, rol del docente, formación intelectual del alumno, etc.- entre la estrategia política y la política educativa dictatorial. El texto pretende generar una reflexión sobre los peligros de utilizar una cronología política abocada a las rupturas al hacer historia de la educación.

Cooperativa Agrícola Lucienville Ltda

A partir de la evolución del cooperativismo agrario argentino y a través de sus memorias y balances el presente estudio analiza el desenvolvimiento de la Cooperativa Agrícola Lucienville Ltda. durante el peronismo histórico. En esta etapa la institución adquiere particular incidencia en las diversas actividades económicas del agro regional (acopio de semillas, su industrialización y comercialización), al tiempo que refuerza su rol como centro de servicios sociales para los asociados.

Geochemistry at DSDP Leg 82 Holes

The nine holes (556-564) drilled during DSDP Leg 82 in a region west and southwest of the Azores Platform (Fig. 1) exhibit a wide variety of chemical compositions that indicate a complex petrogenetic history involving crystal fractionation, magma mixing, complex melting, and mantle heterogeneity. The major element chemistry of each hole except Hole 557 is typical of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), whereas the trace element and rare earth element (REE) abundances and ratios are more variable, and show that both depleted Type I and enriched Type II basalts have been erupted in the region. Hole 556 (30-34 Ma), located near a flow line through the Azores Triple Junction, contains typically depleted basalts, whereas Hole 557 (18 Ma), located near the same flow line but closer to the Azores Platform, is a highly enriched FeTi basalt, indicating that the Azores hot-spot anomaly has existed in its present configuration for at least 18 Ma, but less than 30-34 Ma. Hole 558 (34-37 Ma), located near a flow line through the FAMOUS and Leg 37 sites, includes both Type I and II basalts. Although the differences in Zr/Nb and light REE/heavy REE ratios imply different mantle sources, the (La/Ce)ch (>1) and Nd isotopic ratios are almost the same, suggesting that the complex melting and pervasive, small-scale mantle heterogeneity may account for the variations in trace element and REE ratios observed in Hole 558 (and FAMOUS sites). Farther south, Hole 559 (34-37 Ma), contains enriched Type II basalts, whereas Hole 561 (14-17 Ma), located further east near the same flow line, contains Type I and II basalts. In this case, the (La/Ce)ch and Nd isotopic ratios are different, indicating two distinct mantle sources. Again, the existence along the same flow line of two holes exhibiting such different chemistry suggests that mantle heterogeneity may exist on a more pervasive and transient smaller scale. (Hole 560 was not sampled for this study because the single basalt clast recovered was used for shipboard analysis.) All of the remaining three holes (562, 563, 564), located along a flow line about 100 km south of the Hayes Fracture Zone (33°N), contain only depleted Type I basalts. The contrast in chemical compositions suggests that the Hayes Fracture Zone may act as a "domain" boundary between an area of fairly homogeneous, depleted Type I basalts to the south (Holes 562-564) and a region of complex, highly variable basalts to the north near the Azores hot-spot anomaly (Holes 556-561).

Geochemistry of basalts from ODP Hole 113-690C

Basalts from Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, are vesicular and olivine-phyric. Major, trace, and rare earth element concentrations are similar to those of alkali basalts from ocean islands and seamounts. The rocks are low in MgO, Cr, Ni, and Sc, and high in TiO2, K2O, P2O5, Zr, and LREE contents. The abundance of "primary" biotite and apatite in the matrix indicates the melting of a hydrous mantle. Prevalence of olivine and absence of plagioclase in the rocks suggests that the volatile in the melt was an H2O-CO2 mixture, where H2O was <0.5. Mantle derived xenocrysts in the basalt include corroded orthopyroxene, chromite, apatite, and olivine. Olivine (Fo90) is too magnesian to be in equilibrium with the basalts, as they contain only 5-6 wt% MgO. Based on the presence of mantle xenocrysts, the high concentration of incompatible elements, the spatial and chemical affinity with other ocean island basalts from the area, and the relative age of the basalt (overlain by late Campanian sediments), it is suggested that Maud Rise was probably generated by hot-spot activity, possible during a ridge crest jump prior to 84 Ma (anomaly 34 time). Iddingsite, a complex intergrowth of montmorillonite and goethite, is the major alteration product of second generation olivine. It is suggested that iddingsite crystallized at low temperatures (<200°C) from an oxidized fluid during deuteric alteration. Vesicles are commonly filled by zeolites which have been replaced by K-feldspars.

Composition of Fe-Mn minerals from island arcs of the West Pacific

This paper presents materials on the chemical and mineralogical composition of Fe-Mn mineralization in island arcs (Kuril, Nampo, Mariana, New Britain, New Hebrides, and Kermadec) in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The mineralization was proved to be of hydrothermal and/or hydrogenic genesis. The former is produced by hydrothermal Fe and Mn oxi-hydroxides that cement volcanic-terrigenous material in sediments. Some Fe oxyhydroxides can be derived via the halmyrolysis of volcaniclastic material. Crusts of this stage are characterized by fairly low concentrations of trace and rare elements, and their REE composition is inherited from the volcanic-terrigenous material. The minerals of the Mn oxyhydroxides are todorokite and "Ca-birnessite". The Mn/Fe ratio increases away from the discharge sites of the hydrothermal solutions. The hydrogenic Fe-Mn crusts are characterized by high concentrations of trace and minor elements of both the Mn group (Co, Ni, Tl, and Mo) and the Fe group (REE, Y, and Th). The hydrogenic crusts consist of Fe-vernadite and Mn-feroxyhyte. Some of the hydrothermal crusts originally had a hydrothermal genesis. The first data were obtained on crust B30-72-10 from the Macauley Seamount in the Kermadec island arc, which contained anomalously high concentrations of Co (2587 ppm) and other Mn-related trace elements in the absence of hydrogeneous Fe oxyhydroxides.

Trioctahedral micas in xenolithic ejecta from recent volcanism of the Somma-Vesuvius

This study reports the first crystal chemical database resulting from a detailed structural investigation of trioctahedral micas found in xenolithic ejecta produced during the AD 1631, 1872 and 1944 eruptions, three explosive episodes of recent volcanic period of Vesuvius volcano (Southern Italy). Three xenolith types were selected: metamorphic/metasomatic skarns, pyrometamorphic/hydrothermally altered nodules and mafic cumulates. They are related to different magma chemistry and effusive styles: from sub-plinian and most evolved (AD 1631 eruption) to violent strombolian with medium evolution degree (AD 1872 eruption) to vulcanian-effusive, least evolved (AD 1944 eruption) event, respectively. Both xenoliths and micas were investigated employing multiple techniques: the xenoliths were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and quantitative energy-dispersive microanalysis; the micas were studied by electron probe microanalysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The mica-bearing xenoliths show variable texture and mineralogical assemblage, clearly related to their different origin. Based on the major oxide chemistry, only one xenolithic sample falls in the skarn compositional field from the Somma-Vesuvius literature, some fall close to the skarns and cumulate fields, others plot close to the syenite/foidolite/essexite field. A subgroup of the selected ejecta does not fall or approach any of the compositional fields. Trace and rare earth element patterns show some petrological affinity between studied xenoliths and erupted magmas with typical Eu, Ta and Nb negative anomalies. Strongly depleted patterns were detected for the 1631 metamorphic/metasomatic skarns xenoliths. Three distinct mica groups were distinguished: 1) Mg-, Al-rich, low Ti-bearing, low to moderate F-bearing varieties (1631 xenolith), 2) Al-moderate, F- and Mg-rich, Ti-, Fe-poor varieties (1872 xenolith), and 3) Al-, Ti- and Fe-rich, F-poor phases (1944 xenolith). All the analysed mica crystals are 1M polytypes with the expected space group C2/m. Micas from xenoliths of the 1631 Vesuvius eruption are phlogopites characterized by a combination of low extent of oxy-type and variable extent OH-F-substitutions, as testified by the range of F concentration (from ~ 0.20 to 0.80 apfu). Micas from xenoliths of the 1872 Vesuvius eruption exhibit structural peculiarities typical of fluorophlogopites, i.e. OH-F-substitution is predominant. Micas from the xenolith of the 1944 Vesuvius eruption display features typical of oxy-substituted micas. The variability of the crystal chemical features of the studied micas are consistent with the remarkable variation of their host rocks. Micas from 1631 nodules are related to metasomatic, skarn-type environment, deriving from the metamorphosed wall-rocks hosting the magma reservoir. The fluorophlogopites from the 1872 xenoliths testify for strongly dehydrated environmental conditions compared to those of the 1631 and 1944 hosts. Finally, magma storage condition at depth, associated to a decreasing aH2O may have promoted major oxy-type substitutions in 1944 biotites.

Chemical composition of Black Sea bottom sediments

Concentrations of major-, trace- and rare earth elements in recent and Old Black Sea bottom sediments are reported in the paper. Data presented suggest that accumulation of black shale deposits was not constrained to a certain time span but proceeds in certain modern basins and generates sediments with metal contents close to those in their ancients analogues in hydrogen sulfide contaminated environments. If REE are involved in the process, their composition can vary depending on such factors as variations in redox conditions and occurrence of phosphate and barite nodules, which can induce development of either positive or negative Eu anomalies.

(Table 1) Platinum group element abundanves in ODP Leg 135 samples

Ocean Drilling Program Leg 135 backarc basin lavas are characterized by anomalously high Au contents (1.0-11.4 ppb) and strongly fractionated relative platinum group element (PGE) abundances (Pd/Ir ratio, approximately 100). The Rh and Ir contents are very low, ranging from below detection (approximately 0.02 ppb) to 0.08 ppb. The Pd and Pt contents range from <0.3 to 4 ppb. Rh, Pd, and Pt values are consistently and significantly higher in Site 836 and 839 samples relative to those from Sites 834 and 835. Major, trace, and rare earth element (REE) data suggest Sites 836 and 839 have a more pronounced arc signature than Sites 834 and 835. No correlation exists between noble metal abundance and indices of alteration or fractionation (e.g., loss on ignition (LOI), Mg#, and Cr or Ni contents), suggesting that measured values and ratios are primary and reflect characteristics of the mantle source. The evaluation of Leg 135 noble metal data with respect to potential mantle-source components is hindered by the lack of data on magmas derived from such sources. However, analyses of the limited available data for the different magma types suggest that the characteristic enrichment of Leg 135 lavas in Au, relative to Pd and Cu, cannot be derived solely from simple MORB-type or ocean-island-type mantle, or mantle depleted by a previous melt extraction event. The Au-enriched signature of the Lau basin lavas could, however, be produced through the addition of a sedimentary component from the downgoing slab. Separation of Au from the PGE occurs within oceanic hydrothermal systems and gold values of the resultant precipitates are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than other oceanic crustal components. Even small additions of this component from the downgoing oceanic crust to a supra-subduction zone mantle melt could account for the high mean Au/Pd ratios of the Leg 135 samples (Sites 834 and 835, Au/Pd = 5.04; Sites 836 and 839, Au/Pd = 2.26).

Maestrichtian planktonic foraminifera of the Maud Rise

The southernmost record of Maestrichtian pelagic carbonate sedimentation was recovered from ODP Leg 113 Holes 689B and 690C, drilled on the Maud Rise in the eastern Weddell Sea sector of the Southern Ocean (65°S). Well preserved and abundant planktonic foraminifers occur throughout Maestrichtian cores from both holes, providing a nearly complete biogeographic and biostratigraphic history of this region. Diversity is low compared to tropical and subtropical assemblages, with a maximum within sample diversity of 16 planktonic foraminifer species and a diversity total for the Maestrichtian of 24 species. The assemblages are dominated throughout by Heterohelix, Globigerinelloides, and a new species of Archaeoglobigerina, whereas keeled taxa are completely absent from the lower Maestrichtian and rare in the middle through upper Maestrichtian sediments. Three planktonic foraminifer species are described as new and are recognized as being endemic to the Austral Province. These include Archaeoglobigerina australis n. sp., Hedbergella sliteri n. sp., and Archaeoglobigerina mateola n. sp. The former two species were previously illustrated in reports on Late Cretaceous foraminifers from the Falkland Plateau and the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Two keeled and five non-keeled planktonic foraminifers, previously not found in high latitude Maestrichtian sediments, first appeared at the Maud Rise during the late early and late Maestrichtian. Correlation with their stratigraphic ranges in low latitude sequences shows that their first appearance datums are considerably younger at the Maud Rise than in the lower latitudes. The most likely explanation for this observation is that there was a warming in the south polar region during the late early and late Maestrichtian and a concomitant poleward migration of stenothermal taxa. However, oxygen isotopic paleotemperature results from Sites 689 and 690 (Barrera and Huber, 1990, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.137.1990) show a long-term cooling trend throughout the Maestrichtian, indicating that other factors may have played a more important role than temperature in the distribution of Maestrichtian planktonic foraminifers. A new biostratigraphic scheme is proposed for the Antarctic because of the absence of thermophilic planktonic foraminifers used to identify existing low to middle latitude zones. The Globigerinelloides impensus Partial Range Zone is defined for the late Campanian-Maestrichtian, the Globotruncanita havanensis Partial Range Zone is redefined for the early to late early Maestrichtian, and the Abathomphalus mayaroensis Total Range Zone is recognized. Good quality magnetic polarity data obtained from both Maud Rise sites (Hamilton, 1990, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.179.1990) enables magnetobiostratigraphic correlation of twelve foraminifer datums with the geomagnetic polarity time scale of Haq et al. (1987). The geochronology thus obtained is crucial for accurate cross-latitudinal correlation and interpretation of the paleoceanographic history of the Antarctic region during the Maestrichtian time period.