A poesia de Paul Auster

This thesis examines Paul Austers extremely neglected early work: his poetry. Five books were published: Unearth (1974), Wall writing (1976), Effigies (1977), Fragments from cold (1977) and Facing the music (1980), available only at antiquarians and restrective universities libraries in the United States, as well as at the New York Public Library. Studies around Austers poetic oeuvre are restricted to papers, reviews, translators introduction, and a thesis that focus on his poetry to produce new analyses and interpretations of Austers novelistic works. The aim of this thesis is to gather this scattered material and provide new parameters of study around his poetry. Divided into three chapters, the first one maps the literary magazines where Auster published his poems at first, the translations of his poems and critical fortune; the second examines Austers five books according to three specific topics authorship, language, I and other themes related to them; the third analyzes White Spaces, text considered by the author as the bridge that leads him to prose and in this thesis as a singular writing in which Auster consolidates his literary project, since poetry, previous to prose, yet to come. Maurice Blanchot, Karlheinz Stierle and, principally, Auster, lay the foundation of the investigation. Other theorists who contribute to the understanding of the subject will be called to build the sui generis comparativism put into effect here

Tornar-se professor de história: um estudo das experiências de professores iniciantes com a formação e o trabalho docente

A presente dissertação se situa no debate que envolve os saberes, as práticas, os processos formativos e o trabalho docente. Os referencias teóricos elencados propõem um debate teórico amplo sobre a realidade atual que perpassa a formação institucionalizada de professores, bem como a educação escolar pública. Assim, evidencia-se na atualidade um campo de forças na educação, que ora revela um sistema educacional marcado pela perversidade, ora aponta para a possibilidade de movimentos transformadores capazes de romper com as mazelas instituídas na educação escolar. Algumas questões orientam a discussão, tais como: Como o sujeito se torna professor? Qual o papel da formação inicial no processo na preparação dos professores? Como é ser um professor iniciante de História na realidade atual do ensino público? Como os professores experenciam o choque de realidade ao ingressarem profissionalmente em sala de aula? Quais os maiores desafios e possibilidades no início de carreira? Neste sentido, o trabalho tem como propósito central compreender o processo de tornar-se professor, dialogando com as experiências formativas e profissionais de dois professores iniciantes de História, egressos da Faculdade de Formação de Professores FFP-UERJ e atuantes na rede estadual de ensino do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa é embasada nas contribuições de Arroyo, Frigotto, Gatti e Barretto, Guarnieri, Monteiro, Nóvoa, Tardif, e, notadamente, nas experiências narradas pelos docentes. A investigação é de cunho qualitativo e sobre/com os sujeitos do cotidiano escolar, lançando mão da abordagem teórico-metodológica das histórias de vida com recorte temático. Como procedimento metodológico, utiliza-se as entrevistas/conversas a fim de se ter uma escuta sensível, além de um entrosamento maior e mais profundo com as narrativas dos participantes. A dissertação dialoga com temáticas forjadas no debate entre a literatura na área e as experiências docentes, tais como: trajetória e escolha profissional, formação inicial na FFP-UERJ, desafios do início de carreira, dentre outros. A partir dos achados da pesquisa e das reflexões feitas juntamente com os professores de História, aponta-se para a necessidade de (re)pensarmos elementos que perpassam as instituições formadoras de professores, assim como a cultura escolar e as políticas públicas educacionais. A pesquisa tenciona, assim, lançar luz e contribuir no debate sobre a formação inicial institucionalizada e o trabalho docente, os processos formativos, saberes e práticas de professores.

Efeitos do controle de temperatura e da vimpocetina sobre os déficits neurocomportamentais decorrentes do estresse por separação materna em camundongos suíços neonatos

O estresse durante o desenvolvimento está associado com diversas desordens neurocomportamentais, que podem persistir ao longo da vida. A hiperatividade é um dos transtornos comportamentais que, com maior frequência, observa-se em humanos submetidos ao estresse precoce. Esse transtorno pode ser a manifestação clínica predominante, ou mesclar-se com déficit de atenção, impulsividade e retardo da aprendizagem, constituindo o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), com número de casos diagnosticados em ascensão. Diversos protocolos experimentais utilizam a separação materna (SM) de roedores neonatos para mimetizar as consequências do estresse precoce em humanos. Esta predileção por roedores recém-nascidos se deve à sua equivalência aproximada com fetos humanos no terceiro trimestre da gestação em termos de neurodesenvolvimento, quando ocorre o maior crescimento do Sistema Nervoso Central fetal. Neste trabalho, camundongos suíços neonatos foram submetidos a sessões diárias de isolamento com separação materna, entre o 2 e o 10 dias de vida pós-natal (PN2 a PN10), variando-se a temperatura de isolamento dos filhotes, que permaneciam sem aquecimento (na temperatura do biotério, entre 22 e 25C) ou eram mantidos aquecidos a 37C durante essas sessões. Portanto, foram três grupos experimentais: isolamento aquecido com SM; isolamento não aquecido com SM; e controle. Os animais do grupo controle foram pesados em PN2 e PN10 e, prontamente, devolvidos às progenitoras. Todos os animais foram desmamados e sexados em PN21, não sendo perturbados até a realização dos testes neurocomportamentais, a partir de PN30, que incluíram os Testes de Campo Aberto e de Esquiva Inibitória. Num segundo estudo, foram realizadas dosagens séricas da corticosterona basal e dos hormônios tireoidianos nos três grupos experimentais, em PN6, PN10 e PN30. Finalmente, num terceiro estudo, camundongos do grupo controle e do grupo submetido ao isolamento não aquecido com SM foram tratados com vimpocetina (20g/kg), um neuroprotetor potencial, ou com veículo (Dimetilsulfóxido), a fim de avaliar os efeitos da vimpocetina na atividade locomotora. O 1 estudo demonstrou que a temperatura foi um fator crítico para a manifestação de hiperatividade locomotora no Teste do Campo Aberto, que ocorreu, somente, nos animais do grupo submetido ao isolamento não aquecido. Adicionalmente, não houve diferenças entre os grupos experimentais no Teste da Esquiva Inibitória, quanto à memória e à aprendizagem. O 2 estudo demonstrou que a temperatura do isolamento influenciou os níveis da corticosterona basal e dos hormônios tireoidianos em PN10 e em PN30. No 3 estudo, a vimpocetina reduziu a hiperatividade locomotora no grupo de animais submetidos ao isolamento não aquecido com SM. De todo o exposto, conclui-se que o isolamento com SM de camundongos suíços neonatos à temperatura de 22 a 25C aumentou a atividade locomotora nesses animais, e que a vimpocetina foi capaz de atenuar esse comportamento, sem aumento da mortalidade. Finalmente, considerando-se o maior risco de desenvolvimento do TDAH em crianças e adolescentes com históricos de prematuridade, levanta-se a hipótese de que o estresse térmico pelo frio seja um dos fatores envolvidos na fisiopatogenia da hiperatividade nesses casos.

A PCSR model to improve performance of the fish commodity system

There is now, more than ever before, a growing demand in this country for research to be directed towards the development programmes of the country. Researchers have come under increasing pressure to relate their work to specific development problems and design their investigations to produce results which will be applicable in addressing these problems. The Fish Commodity Systems Economics (U) Project is an attempt to strengthen the focus of studies at UFFRO and elsewhere within the fish system towards the problems of the fish commodity sub-sector in Uganda in order to formulate measures which will improve the performance of the sub-sector in alleviating some of the nation's socio-economic problems

Effects of Cu-Wire Surface Fluctuations on Early Failures

Different chemical mechanical polishing （CMP） slurries are used to obtain single-damascene Cu-wires with different surface fluctuations as well as pre-existing surface-defects in wires with rougher surfaces. The presence of such pre-existing defects strongly increases the rate of early failures to almost 100%, reduces electromigration lifetime rapidly to the level of early failures, and changes the multimodal failure distribution into monomodal. The activation energy （0. 74±0.02eV） for the failure mechanism associated with these pre-existing defects confirms a dominant surface diffusion. It shows how a weakest link approximation analysis can he applied to a single wire by dividing the wire into relevant segments and assigning different failure mechanisms to the various segments. The analysis confirms that, although surface-defects are not the fastest early failure mechanism, the ten times higher surface-defectdensity in the rougher wires is responsible for the observed high early-failure rate and unreliable performance.

Effects of azadirachtin on hemolymph protein expression in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)

The botanical insecticide azadirachtin affects a variety of biological processes. Our early work indicated that protein level and type are significantly influenced by azadirachtin in pupae of Osttiniafumacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) because a correlation exists between protein content and azadiraebtin concentration. By use of proteomic techniques, we analyzed changes in hemolymph protein expression of 48-h-old pupae in O. furnacalis induced by azadirachtin treatment. After feeding by third instars on an artificial diet containing 10 ppm azadirachtin until pupation, 48-b-old pupae were collected, and hemolymph protein samples were prepared. They were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and six proteins were significantly affected by azadiracbtin treatment compared with an untreated control. Two of these proteins were identified by database searching with peptide mass fingerprinting by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ time-of-flight mass spectrometry after in-gel trypsin digestion. They belong to the insect apolipophorin-III and phospboribosyltransferase family, respectively. These two proteins may function on lipid metabolism in insect hemolymph. Furthermore, fat body is the center of synthesis and secretion of hemolymph proteins. We suggest that the azadirachtin exerts its insecticidal effects on the fat body of O. furnacalis by interfering with protein expression related to hemolymph lipid metabolism.

乍得西南部中新生代火山作用与盆地演化

Located in the Central and West African, Chad, which is not well geological explored, is characterized by Mesozoic- Cenozoic intra-continental rift basins. The boreholes exposed that, during Mesozoic-Cenozoic times, volcanic activities were intense in these basins, but study on volcanic rocks is very weak, especially on those embedded in rift basins, and so far systematic and detailed work has still no carried out. Based on the project of China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corporation, “The analysis of reservoir condition and the evaluation of exploration targets of seven basins in block H in Chad”, and the cooperative project between Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS and CNPC International (Chad) Co. Ltd., “Chronology and geochemistry studies on Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad Basins”, systematic geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry studies on volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad basins have been done in the thesis for the first time. Detailed geochronological study using whole-rock K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods shows the mainly eruption ages of these volcanic rocks are Late Cretaceous- Paleogene. Volcanic rocks in the well Nere-1 and Figuier-1 from Doba basin are products of the Late Cretaceous which majority of the K-Ar (Ar-Ar) ages fall in the interval 95-75 Ma, whereas volcanic rocks in the well Ronier-1 from Bongor Basin and the Well Acacia-1 from Lake Chad Basin formed in the Paleogene which the ages concentrated in 66-52Ma. Two main periods of volcanic activity can be recognized in the study area, namely, the Late Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period. Volcanic activities have a general trend of south to north migration, but this may be only a local expression, and farther future studies should be carried on. Petrology study exhibits these volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad basins are mainly tholeiitic basalt. Major- and trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry studies show that the late Cretaceous and the Paleogene basalts have a definitely genetic relationship, and magmas which the basalts in southwestern Chad basins derived from were produced by fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene and had not do suffered from crustal contamination. These basalts are prominently enriched light rare earth elements (LREE), large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) and depleted compatible elements. They have positive Ba, Pb, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf anomalies and negative Th, U, P,Y anomalies. It is possible that the basalts from southwestern Chad basins mainly formed by mixing of depleted mantle (DM) and enriched mantle (EMⅡ) sources. The late Cretaceous basalts have higher (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios than the Paleogene basalts’, whereas have lower (143Nd/144Nd)i ratios than the latter, showing a significant temporal evolution. The mantle sources of the Late Cretaceous basalts may have more enriched mantle(EMⅡ) compositions, whereas those of the Paleogene basalts are relatively more asthenospheric mantle (DM) components. The mantle components with temporal change observed in basalts from Chad basins were probably correlated with the asthenospheric mantle upwelling and lithospheric thinning in Central and Western Africa since Mesozoic. Mesozoic- Cenozoic Volcanism in Chad basins probably is a product of intra- plate extensional stress regime, corresponded to the tectonic setting of the whole West and Central African during Cretaceous. Volcanism is closely correlated with rifting. As time passed from early period to late, the basaltic magma of Chad basins, characterized with shallower genetic depth, higher density and smaller viscosity, probably indicates the gradual strengthening evolution of the rifting. In the initial rife stage, volcanic activities are absent in the study area. Volcanic activities are basiccally corresponded with the strong extensional period of Chad basins, and the eruption of basalts was slightly lagged behind the extensional period. In the post-rift stage (30-0Ma), these basins shifted to the thermal sag phase, volcanic activities in the study area significantly decreased and then terminated.

东濮凹陷文－桥－白地区异常高压储层沉积成岩特征及成因初探

In Dongpu depression, there are obviously overpressure phenomena below 2000-3200m. Research to the relationship between sedimentation-diagenesis and overpressure of reservoirs is in great need. In this paper, after analyzing and simulating the overpressure in Wendong, Qiaokou and Baimiao regions, we draw a conclusion that the fast sedimentation since Low Tertiary is one of the most important mechanisms for the formation of overpressure in Dongpu Depression. The gypsum in northern part of Dongpu Depression is the good seal for the development of overpressure. On the base of detailed work to the distribution and magnitude of overpressure in Wen-qiao-Bai regions, we selected several wells that have different overpressure to find the sedimentary and diagenetic differences of these wells. We find that compaction is obviously inhibited in overpressured reservoirs, which results in the linear relation between physical properties of reservoirs and sedimentary parameters, such as sorting coefficient, the content of matrix, etc. Reservoirs with great magnitude of overpressure have undergone more extensive erosion than the ones with low magnitude of overpressure, which probably is the result of the great solubility of CO_2 under high pressure. The great burial depth, the high content of matrix and the extensively developed cement of carbonate are the most important factors that influence the physical properties of reservoirs in Dongpu depression. Overpressure plays a constructive role in the physical properties of reservoirs. the overpressured reservoirs of Es_3~3 subsection in Wendong region are probably the ones that have good physical properties. From homogenetic temperatures that obtained form the fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowth, we find that there were 4 episodes of fluid flows in Dongpu depression. In conjunction with the analysis of the burial history of overpressured reservoirs, we draw conclusions that the first, second and third episodes of fluid flows took place in the extensive rifting stage of Dongpu Depression, the burial depth when the first episode of fluid flow took place was about 1500m, the age was about 36 my; the burial depth of the second and third episodes of fluid flow was between 1800-3000m at that time, the age was between 35-28my. The fluid flows of the second, third, and fourth episodes were in close relation to the overpressure and maybe were the results of the episodic hydrofracturing of overpressured mudstones and shales. The episodic fluid flow of overpressured mudstones and shales probably facilitates the cementation of carbonate, which decreases the physical properties of overpressured reservoirs. The dolomites and ferrodolomites maybe the products of the episodic hydrofracturing of overpressured mudstones and shales.

新疆萨吾尔金矿带构造-流体地球化学及成矿作用

The Sawuer gold belt is located in the transition belt between Siberian plate and Kazakhstan-Junggar plate. Based on the geological and geochemical studies on the Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits, in Sawuer gold mineralization belt, the time-space structure of mineralization and mineralizing factor are studied, the metallogenic regularity is concluded in thistheses. The ore bodies have the regularity that orebody are of the extensive and compressive in the sallow and depth of volcanic apparatue, respectively, and the vertical extension of orebody is more intensive than the horizontal extension. The gold deposits were controlled by the fractures of volcanic apparatus and regional faults, and featured by the hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism type disseminated mineralization and filling type vein mineralization. By virtue of the geological and geochemical studies on the two deposits that the formation of the two deposits are significantly related to the volcanic activity, we propose new ideas about their origin: (1) the two deposits are located in the same strata, and share the same genesis. (2) both of two deposits are volcanogenic late-stage hydrothermal gold deposits. Based on mapping of volcanic lithofacies and structure for the first time, it is discovered that a volcanic apparatus existed in the study area. Volcanic-intrusive activity can be divided into three cycles and nine lithofacies. where the two deposits are hosted in the same volcanic cycle, in this case, the wall-rock should belong to the same strata. The 40Ar-39Ar age method is employed in this work to analyze the fluid inclusions of quartz in the ore bodies from Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits. The results show that the main mineralization occurred in 332.05 + 2.02-332.59 + 0.5IMa and 335.53 + 0.32Ma~336.78 + 0.50Ma for Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits respectively, indicating that the two deposits are formed almost at the same time, and the metallogenic epoch of the tow deposits are close to those of the hosting rocks formed by volcanic activity of Sawuer gold belt. This geochronological study supplies new evidence for determining the timing of gold mineralization, the geneses of gold deposits? and identifies that in Hercynian period, the Altai developed tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization of Early Carboniferous period, except known two metallogenic mineralization periods including tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization of Devonian period and Late Carboniferous-Permian period respectively. The study of fluid inclusions indicates that the ore-forming fluid is a type of NaCl-HbO fluid with medium-low temperature and low salinity, Au is transported by the type of auric-sulfur complex (Au (HS)2-), the ore is formed in reduction condition. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of fluid inclusions in the major mineralizating stage show that the solutions mainly originated from magmatic water and meteoric water. The fluid mixing and water-rock reaction cause the deposition of Au. The helium and argon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in pyrite have been measured from Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits in Sawuer gold belt. The results show that the ore-forming fluids of two deposits possessed the same source and is a mixture of mantle- and partial meteoric water-derived fluid, and the reliability of He and Ar isotopic compositions in Hercynian period is discussed. Isotopic studies including H, O, He, C, S, Pb and Sr reveal the same result that the ore-forming fluids of two deposits possessed the same source: the water derived mainly from magmatic water, partially from meteoric water; the mineralizers and ore materials derived mainly from mantle beneath the island arc, and partially from crust. The ore-forming fluids of two deposits are a mixture of mantle-derived fluids being incorporated by crust-derived fluid, and shallow partial meteoric water. Based on these results, it is proposed that the geneses of the two gold deposits are the same, being volcanogenic late-stage hydrothermal gold deposits that the ore-forming fluids filled in fractures of volcanic apparatus and metasomatized the host rocks in the volcanic apparatus. It is the first time we carried out the geophysical exploration, that is, the EH-4 continuous electrical conductivity image system measurement, the results show that relative large-size mineralizing anomalies in underground have been discovered.lt can confirm the law and genesis of the deposits mentioned above, and change the two abandoned mines to current large-size potenial exploration target.

New Collected Poems of W. S. Graham

Francis, Matthew, New Collected Poems of W. S. Graham, (London: Faber and Faber, 2004 RAE2008

Keats, Cornwall and the 'Scent of Strong-Smelling Phrases'

Marggraf Turley, Richard, 'Keats, Cornwall and the 'Scent of Strong-Smelling Phrases,' Romanticism (2006) 12 (2), pp. 102-114 RAE2008

A post-structuralist analysis of Irish youth crime prevention policy with specific emphasis on the Garda youth diversion projects

Garda Youth Diversion Projects (GYDPs) have since their beginnings in the early 1990s gained an increasingly important role and now constitute a central feature of Irish youth justice provision. Managed by the Irish Youth Justice Service and implemented by the Gardai and a variety of youth work organisations as well as independent community organisations, GYDPs are located at the crossroads of welfarist and corporatist approaches to youth justice, combining diversionary and preventative aspects in their work. To date, these projects have been subjected to very little systematic analysis and they have thus largely escaped critical scrutiny. To address this gap, this thesis locates the analysis of GYDP policy and practice within a post-structuralist theoretical framework and deploys discourse analysis primarily based on the work of Michel Foucault. It makes visible the official youth crime prevention and GYDP policy discourses and identifies how official discourses relating to youth crime prevention, young people and their offending behaviour, are drawn upon, negotiated, rejected or re-contextualised by project workers and JLOs. It also lays bare how project workers and JLOs draw upon a variety of other discourses, resulting in multi-layered, complex and sometimes contradictory constructions of young people, their offending behaviour and corresponding interventions. At a time when the projects are undergoing significant changes in terms of their repositioning to operate as the support infrastructure underpinning the statutory Garda Youth Diversion Programme, the thesis traces the discursive shifts and the implications for practice that are occurring as the projects move away from a youth work orientation towards a youth justice orientation. A key contribution of this thesis is the insight it provides into how young people and their families are being constituted in individualising and sometimes pathologising ways in GYDP discourses and practices. It reveals the part played by the GYDP intervention in favouring individual and narrow familial causes of offending behaviour while broader societal contexts are sidelined. By explicating the very assumptions upon which contemporary youth crime prevention policy, as well as GYDP policy and practice are based, this thesis offers a counterpoint to the prevailing evidence-based agenda of much research in the field of Irish youth justice theory and youth studies more generally. Rather, it encourages the reader to take a step back and examine some of the most fundamental and unquestioned assumptions about the construction of young people, their offending behaviour and ways of addressing this, in contemporary Irish youth crime prevention policy and practice.

Health of the older worker in Ireland - occupational physical and psychosocial factors in the autumn of work life

Introduction: Worldwide, governments are striving to keep people in work to an older age. However, little is known about the effects of work on an older workforce. This thesis aims to investigate the importance of job characteristics to the antecedents and evolution of cardiovascular disease and functional limitations for the older worker (50+ years). Methods: Three studies were used in this thesis. The 5C (Cork Coronary Care Case- Control) Study investigated the association between job strain and a coronary event in males (n=208) 35-74 years old. The Mitchelstown Study examined the association between job characteristics and positive lifestyle behaviours and further, job characteristics and blood pressure for males and females 50-69 years (n=2,047). Finally, the Cork & Kerry Study investigated the physical effects of manual work and reported functional limitations/disabilities in a sample of 60-80 year olds (n=362). Results: Results from the 5C Study show a clear difference between younger (<50 years) and older (≥50 years) workers, with older workers who had a coronary event more likely to have high job strain and low job control. Data from the Mitchelstown Study showed workers with intermediate possibility for development or high quantitative demands (versus low) at work significantly more likely to have co-occurrence of positive lifestyle behaviours. Further, those who had high possibility for development were more likely to have high systolic blood pressure with no indication of recovery from this activation at night. Physically demanding work as reported by the participants of the Cork & Kerry Study was associated with functional limitations and activities of daily living disability for both the paid and unpaid worker. Discussion: The findings from this piece of work highlight the necessity to examine job characteristics and health outcomes in isolation for the over fifties. The challenge is to get this information into the workplace.

Interaction of additive and quantization noises in digital PLLs

Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are a crucial component in modern communications systems. Comprising of a phase-detector, linear filter, and controllable oscillator, they are widely used in radio receivers to retrieve the information content from remote signals. As such, they are capable of signal demodulation, phase and carrier recovery, frequency synthesis, and clock synchronization. Continuous-time PLLs are a mature area of study, and have been covered in the literature since the early classical work by Viterbi [1] in the 1950s. With the rise of computing in recent decades, discrete-time digital PLLs (DPLLs) are a more recent discipline; most of the literature published dates from the 1990s onwards. Gardner [2] is a pioneer in this area. It is our aim in this work to address the difficulties encountered by Gardner [3] in his investigation of the DPLL output phase-jitter where additive noise to the input signal is combined with frequency quantization in the local oscillator. The model we use in our novel analysis of the system is also applicable to another of the cases looked at by Gardner, that is the DPLL with a delay element integrated in the loop. This gives us the opportunity to look at this system in more detail, our analysis providing some unique insights into the variance `dip' seen by Gardner in [3]. We initially provide background on the probability theory and stochastic processes. These branches of mathematics are the basis for the study of noisy analogue and digital PLLs. We give an overview of the classical analogue PLL theory as well as the background on both the digital PLL and circle map, referencing the model proposed by Teplinsky et al. [4, 5]. For our novel work, the case of the combined frequency quantization and noisy input from [3] is investigated first numerically, and then analytically as a Markov chain via its Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. The resulting delay equation for the steady-state jitter distribution is treated using two separate asymptotic analyses to obtain approximate solutions. It is shown how the variance obtained in each case matches well to the numerical results. Other properties of the output jitter, such as the mean, are also investigated. In this way, we arrive at a more complete understanding of the interaction between quantization and input noise in the first order DPLL than is possible using simulation alone. We also do an asymptotic analysis of a particular case of the noisy first-order DPLL with delay, previously investigated by Gardner [3]. We show a unique feature of the simulation results, namely the variance `dip' seen for certain levels of input noise, is explained by this analysis. Finally, we look at the second-order DPLL with additive noise, using numerical simulations to see the effects of low levels of noise on the limit cycles. We show how these effects are similar to those seen in the noise-free loop with non-zero initial conditions.

Health in the medieval world: Regionality and the bioarchaeology of Ireland and Britain

This study assesses regional health patterns in early medieval Ireland and Britain by analysing and interpreting palaeopathological indicators of stress. This was achieved by incorporating the results of demographic and palaeopathological study into the specific historical contexts. Although relatively small islands, both are home to unique and diverse cultural, physical, and political landscapes, which could potentially affect the general health of the population in different ways. To accurately answer the research question, a bioarchaeological survey of six regions within both islands was carried out, specifically analysing and comparing the demographic profile and general health trends within each region with one another. Results from the analysis have demonstrated statistically significant differences within and between the islands. Inferring that even the more subtle differences observed within the cultural, physical, and political landscapes, such as in the case of Ireland and Britain, can and do affect general health trends. The health of early medieval Ireland and Britain appears to be significantly affected by the physical landscape, specifically a north/south divide. The most northerly regions, Scotland South and Ireland North, manifested higher levels of stress indicators when compared to the more southerly positioned regions. Although it can only be hypothesised what factors within these regions are causing, enhancing or buffering stress, the study has established the potential and necessity for regional work to be continued when interpreting the historical past of these two islands.