1000 resultados para Llengües modernes


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This paper aims at reconsidering some analytical measures to best encapsulate the interlanguage, in writing, of young beginner learners of English as a foreign language in the light of previous and work-in-progress research conducted within the BAF project, and in particular, whether clause and sentence length should be best viewed as a fluency or syntactic complexity measusre or as part of a different construct. In the light of a factor analysis (Navés, forthcoming) and multivariate and correlation studies (Navés et al. 2003, Navés, 2006, Torres et al. 2006) it becomes clear that the relationship between different analytical measures is also dependent on learner¿s cognitive maturity (age) and proficiency (amount of instruction). Finally, clause and sentence length should not be viewed as either a fluency or sytactic complexity measure but as part of a different construct. It is concluded that further research using regression analysis and cluster analysis is neeed in order to identify and validate the constructs of the writing components and their measurements.

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The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

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[cat] Les darreres dècades s’han caracteritzat per un intens augment de les desigualtats salarials a nivell mundial. Aquest article allarga la hipòtesi clàssica de la Corba de Kuznets per cobrir les economies post-industrials i tractar d’explicar aquest fenomen. Segons la hipòtesi de la Corba de Kuznets Allargada, les desigualtats salarials podrien evolucionar segons una corba en forma d’N. La U-inverida d’aquesta corba seria deguda al procés de canvi estructural que acompanya a un procés de industrialització. I l’extrem dret de la mateixa, associada al creixement explosiu de la formació de capital humà en les economies modernes i post-industrials. En aquest sentit, els principals candidats per explicar el recent augment de les desigualtats: el canvi tècnic esbiaixat a favor del treball qualificat, la globalització (comerç i migracions) i els factors institucionals, estarien ja incorporats en l’evolució de la composició de la força de treball en termes de qualificacions. La limitada evidència empírica sobre aquest tema, tendeix a donar suport a la Corba de Kuznets Allargada.

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El projecte de TAV es basa en la transferència d'un sistema de vals de capacitació, i en com aquest sistema de vals és adaptable a altres països o regions. En el document s'analitzen diferents conceptes teòrics sobre la conveniència o no de la implantació d'aquest sistema. A més a més, aquest document és una guia per a les organitzacions interessades en l'adaptació del sistema de vals formatius al seu territori, mostrant els passos a seguir i oferint eines útils per aconseguir-ho.

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Al-Qur'ān

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Aquest llibre del doctor Corbella és una història de la toxicologia en les seves dues vessants: una història dels verins i altres substàncies tòxiques i, alhora, una història de com s'ha enfocat i amb quins mitjans l'estudi d'aquestes substàncies al llarg de la història des dels primers testimonis escrits.Ja pel que fa a èpoques més modernes, el llibre presta atenció a altres fenòmens com les drogodependències o els efectes tòxics, dits secundaris, de fàrmacs legals.

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L'objectif initial du programme dans lequel ont été réalisées les études était d'analyser les conflits d'utilisation de l'eau. Il est apparu que le principal problème en termes d'aménagements hydrauliques pour l'approvisionnement en eau potable et l'irrigation est l'inadaptation des projets aux caractéristiques hydrologiques de la région et aux besoins des populations. La fourniture d'eau potable est un enjeu majeur, les programmes d'aménagement de puits ont privilégié un objectif d'accès à l'eau par la construction de puits cimentés n'offrant aucune amélioration, comparativement aux puits traditionnels, en matière de qualité de l'eau. L'eau des puits modernes est en effet hautement contaminée du fait de la contamination généralisée des nappes. Les investissements en matière d'approvisionnement en eau domestique ont été insuffisants par rapport aux besoins. Les investissements sont par contre hors de proportion pour ce qui concerne le développement de l'irrigation. Les agriculteurs ayant développé l'irrigation sans l'appui d'un projet ont opté pour une stratégie d'investissement à bas coût. L'investissement est de quelques centaines de millier de FCFA par hectare alors qu'il se chiffre en dizaines de million pour l'aménagement des périmètres hydro agricoles et à plus d'un million dans le cas du programme d'appui à la petite irrigation privée. De plus, les conditions d'attribution d'une aide financière dans le cadre de ce programme excluent la grande majorité des agriculteurs.

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Acheté en mars 1819 à la vente de feu M. Lair; cf. Catalogue des livres rares et précieux du cabinet de feu M. Lair, Paris, 1819, 51 n° 486

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Acquis le 1er avril 1835 de M. Soulages parmi 13 volumes pour le prix de 700 francs; cf. B.n.F., département des Manuscrits, registre des acquisitions 1833-1848, n° 1789; — signature de Monsieur "Magi" de Toulouse (14v)

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Transmis du département des Imprimés ?

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A partir de los materiales de BADARE (Base de datos sobre refranes del calendario y meteorológicos en la Romania), esta contribución reivindica el enorme interés de estudiar la variación diatópica en dicho tipo de paremias, y abre una línea de investigación que podríamos denominar"dialectología paremiológica". A partir de la muestra que aquí ofrezco, se observa que tales paremias albergan componentes individuales de índole fonética, morfosintáctica y derivativa, léxica y semántica que responden a una adscripción dialecta l concreta; y, asimismo, que las propias paremias, como entidades globales, dan pie en algunos casos a identificar"tipos parémicos" o"paremiotipos" relacionables con determinadas zonas de uso: áreas parémicas dialectales que constituyen uno de los principales objetos de atención de la"geoparemiología romance"

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Actuar sobre el futur implica realitzar algun tipus de prospectiva sobre com serà -o com sembla que serà- aquest futur. L'anticipació respecte dels fets que han d'ocórrer en la mesura que puguin ser previstos- i l'adequació dels discursos i les accions a les tendències que es dibuixen com a majoritàries en la societat són fonamentals per a l'èxit d'una acció transformadora.Ara com ara tot sembla indicar que ens dirigim cap a un futur 'glocal', és a dir, en part global i en part local. Molt probablement anirà creixent la interdependènciatecnoeconòmica de les societats humanes i la influència dels grans emissors tecnomediàtics sobre els més petits encara augmentarà més. Les possibilitats d'acció sobre la determinació dels usos lingüístics per part dels grups humans demogràficament poc extensos i/o políticament subordinats tendiran probablement a disminuir més que no pas a augmentar.Les representacions s'internacionalitzaran i passarem a una etapa 'polinacional' i deconsciència planetària. En situacions mínimament democràtiques la consciènciad'interdependència podrà tendir a fer baixar els adeptes a les ideologies independentistes estrictes -si els grups majoritaris dominants no abusen del seu poder- i caldrà passar a imaginar estructures d'autogovern o de sobirania cooperatives.Això farà més complex el fet de l'organització de la diversitat lingüística, ja que el contacte s'estendrà pertot -a causa de les integracions suprapolítiques i econòmiques o bé per raó dels moviments migratoris. La perspectiva d'una societat d'individus monolingües tindrà probablement pocs adeptes entre els grups humans menors i caldrà formular des del pensament complex propostes sostenibles d'equilibri en la distribució de funcions entre les llengües en presència.

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Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 546

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Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 547

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The age at which school children begin instruction in the foreign language has been brought forward on two main grounds: (1) young children are better language learners than older children, and (2) bilingualism brings cognitive advantages to children. Both statements are critically analysed in this paper. First of all, recent research findings show that the advantage that younger learners show in a naturalistic language learning situation (or through school immersion) disappears in a formal language learning situation with very limited exposure to the target language. Secondly, the positive effects on cognitive development that have been revealed through research correspond to situations of balanced bilingualism, that is, situations in which children have a high command of the two languages. In contrast, children¿s command of the foreign language in our context is very limited and hence far from the situation of balanced bilingualism (or trilingualism) that is said to bring positive cognitive effects.