Simultaneous determination of human plasma levels of citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, and their metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method is presented which allows the simultaneous determination of the plasma concentrations of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, and their pharmacologically active N-demethylated metabolites (desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, and desmethylsertraline) after derivatization with the reagent N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide). No interferences from endogenous compounds are observed following the extraction of plasma samples from six different human subjects. The standard curves are linear over a working range of 10-500 ng/mL for citalopram, 10-300 ng/mL for desmethylcitalopram, 5-60 ng/mL for didesmethylcitalopram, 20-400 ng/mL for sertraline and desmethylsertraline, and 10-200 ng/mL for paroxetine. Recoveries measured at three concentrations range from 81 to 118% for the tertiary amines (citalopram and the internal standard methylmaprotiline), 73 to 95% for the secondary amines (desmethylcitalopram, paroxetine and sertraline), and 39 to 66% for the primary amines (didesmethylcitalopram and desmethylsertraline). Intra- and interday coefficients of variation determined at three concentrations range from 3 to 11% for citalopram and its metabolites, 4 to 15% for paroxetine, and 5 to 13% for sertraline and desmethylsertraline. The limits of quantitation of the method are 2 ng/mL for citalopram and paroxetine, 1 ng/mL for sertraline, and 0.5 ng/mL for desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, and desmethylsertraline. No interferences are noted from 20 other psychotropic drugs. This sensitive and specific method can be used for single-dose pharmacokinetics. It is also useful for therapeutic drug monitoring of these three drugs and could possibly be adapted for the quantitation of the two other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the market, namely fluoxetine and fluvoxamine.

A role for the transcriptional repressor ICER in the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

AbstractType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease which affects more than 200 millions people worldwide. The progression of this affection reaches nowadays epidemic proportions, owing to the constant augmentation in the frequency of overweight, obesity and sedentary. The pathogenesis of T2D is characterized by reduction in the action of insulin on its target tissues - an alteration referred as insulin resistance - and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. This latter deterioration is defined by impairment in insulin biosynthesis and secretion, and a loss of β-cell mass by apoptosis. Environmental factors related to T2D, such as chronic elevation in glucose and free fatty acids levels, inflammatory cytokines and pro-atherogenic oxidized low- density lipoproteins (LDL), contribute to the loss of pancreatic β-cell function.In this study, we have demonstrated that the transcription factor Inducible Cyclic AMP Early Repressor (ICER) participates to the progression of both β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The expression of this factor is driven by an alternative promoter and ICER protein represents therefore a truncated product of the Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator (CREM) family which lacks transactivation domain. Consequently, the transcription factor ICER acts as a passive repressor which reduces expression of genes controlled by the cyclic AMP and Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB) pathway.In insulin-secreting cells, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species caused by environmental factors and notably oxidized LDL - a process known as oxidative stress - induces the transcription factor ICER. This transcriptional repressor hampers the secretory capacity of β-cells by silencing key genes of the exocytotic machinery. In addition, the factor ICER reduces the expression of the scaffold protein Islet Brain 1 (IB 1 ), thereby favouring the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. This triggering alters in turn insulin biosynthesis and survival capacities of pancreatic β-cells.In the adipose tissue of mice and human subjects suffering from obesity, the transcription factor ICER contributes to the alteration in insulin action. The loss in ICER protein in these tissues induces a constant activation of the CREB pathway and the subsequent expression of the Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3). In turn, this repressor reduces the transcript levels of the glucose transporter GLUT4 and the insulin-sensitizer peptide adiponectin, thereby contributing to the diminution in insulin action.In conclusion, these data shed light on the important role of the transcriptional repressor ICER in the pathogenesis of T2D, which contributes to both alteration in β-cell function and aggravation of insulin resistance. Consequently, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the alterations in ICER levels is required and could lead to develop new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of T2D.RésuméLe diabète de type 2 (DT2) est une maladie métabolique qui affecte plus de 200 millions de personnes dans le monde. La progression de cette affection atteint aujourd'hui des proportions épidémiques imputables à l'augmentation rapide dans les fréquences du surpoids, de l'obésité et de la sédentarité. La pathogenèse du DT2 se caractérise par une diminution de l'action de l'insuline sur ses tissus cibles - un processus nommé insulino-résistance - ainsi qu'une dysfonction des cellules β pancréatiques sécrétrices d'insuline. Cette dernière détérioration se définit par une réduction de la capacité de synthèse et de sécrétion de l'insuline et mène finalement à une perte de la masse de cellules β par apoptose. Des facteurs environnementaux fréquemment associés au DT2, tels l'élévation chronique des taux plasmatiques de glucose et d'acides gras libres, les cytokines pro-inflammatoires et les lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) oxydées, contribuent à la perte de fonction des cellules β pancréatiques.Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que le facteur de transcription « Inducible Cyclic AMP Early Repressor » (ICER) participe à la progression de la dysfonction des cellules β pancréatiques et au développement de Pinsulino-résistance. Son expression étant gouvernée par un promoteur alternatif, la protéine d'ICER représente un produit tronqué de la famille des «Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator » (CREM), sans domaine de transactivation. Par conséquent, le facteur ICER agit comme un répresseur passif qui réduit l'expression des gènes contrôlés par la voie de l'AMP cyclique et des « Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding protein » (CREB).Dans les cellules sécrétrices d'insuline, l'accumulation de radicaux d'oxygène libres, soutenue par les facteurs environnementaux et notamment les LDL oxydées - un processus appelé stress oxydatif- induit de manière ininterrompue le facteur de transcription ICER. Ainsi activé, ce répresseur transcriptionnel altère la capacité sécrétoire des cellules β en bloquant l'expression de gènes clés de la machinerie d'exocytose. En outre, le facteur ICER favorise l'activation de la cascade de signalisation « c-Jun N- terminal Kinase » (JNK) en réduisant l'expression de la protéine « Islet Brain 1 » (IB1), altérant ainsi les fonctions de biosynthèse de l'insuline et de survie des cellules β pancréatiques.Dans le tissu adipeux des souris et des sujets humains souffrant d'obésité, le facteur de transcription ICER contribue à l'altération de la réponse à l'insuline. La disparition de la protéine ICER dans ces tissus entraîne une activation persistante de la voie de signalisation des CREB et une induction du facteur de transcription « Activating Transcription Factor 3 » (ATF3). A son tour, le répresseur ATF3 inhibe l'expression du transporteur de glucose GLUT4 et du peptide adipocytaire insulino-sensibilisateur adiponectine, contribuant ainsi à la diminution de l'action de l'insuline en conditions d'obésité.En conclusion, à la lumière de ces résultats, le répresseur transcriptionnel ICER apparaît comme un facteur important dans la pathogenèse du DT2, en participant à la perte de fonction des cellules β pancréatiques et à l'aggravation de l'insulino-résistance. Par conséquent, l'étude des mécanismes moléculaires responsables de l'altération des niveaux du facteur ICER pourrait permettre le développement de nouvelles stratégies de traitement du DT2.Résumé didactiqueL'énergie nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de l'organisme est fournie par l'alimentation, notamment sous forme de sucres (glucides). Ceux-ci sont dégradés en glucose, lequel sera distribué aux différents organes par la circulation sanguine. Après un repas, le niveau de glucose sanguin, nommé glycémie, s'élève et favorise la sécrétion d'une hormone appelée insuline par les cellules β du pancréas. L'insuline permet, à son tour, aux organes, tels le foie, les muscles et le tissu adipeux de capter et d'utiliser le glucose ; la glycémie retrouve ainsi son niveau basai.Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) est une maladie métabolique qui affecte plus de 200 millions de personnes dans le monde. Le développement de cette affection est causée par deux processus pathologiques. D'une part, les quantités d'insuline secrétée par les cellules β pancréatiques, ainsi que la survie de ces cellules sont réduites, un phénomène connu sous le nom de dysfonction des cellules β. D'autre part, la sensibilité des tissus à l'insuline se trouve diminuée. Cette dernière altération, l'insulino-résistance, empêche le transport et l'utilisation du glucose par les tissus et mène à une accumulation de ce sucre dans le sang. Cette stagnation de glucose dans le compartiment sanguin est appelée hyperglycémie et favorise l'apparition des complications secondaires du diabète, telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires, l'insuffisance rénale, la cécité et la perte de sensibilité des extrémités.Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que le facteur ICER qui contrôle spécifiquement l'expression de certains gènes, contribue non seulement à la dysfonction des cellules β, mais aussi au développement de l'insulino-résistance. En effet, dans les cellules β pancréatiques en conditions diabétiques, l'activation du facteur ICER altère la capacité de synthèse et de sécrétion d'insuline et réduit la survie ces cellules.Dans le tissu adipeux des souris et des sujets humains souffrant d'obésité, le facteur ICER contribue à la perte de sensibilité à l'insuline. La disparition d'ICER altère l'expression de la protéine qui capte le glucose, le transoprteur GLUT4, et l'hormone adipocytaire favorisant la sensibilité à l'insuline, nommée adiponectine. Ainsi, la perte d'ICER participe à la réduction de la captation de glucose par le tissue adipeux et au développement de l'insulino-résistance au cours de l'obésité.En conclusion, à la lumière de ces résultats, le facteur ICER apparaît comme un contributeur important à la progression du DT2, en soutenant la dysfonction des cellules β pancréatiques et l'aggravation de l'insulino-résistance. Par conséquent, l'étude des mécanismes responsables de la dérégulation du facteur ICER pourrait permettre le développement de nouvelles stratégies de traitement du DT2.

Estimating parameters for generalized mass action models using constraint propagation.

As modern molecular biology moves towards the analysis of biological systems as opposed to their individual components, the need for appropriate mathematical and computational techniques for understanding the dynamics and structure of such systems is becoming more pressing. For example, the modeling of biochemical systems using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based on high-throughput, time-dense profiles is becoming more common-place, which is necessitating the development of improved techniques to estimate model parameters from such data. Due to the high dimensionality of this estimation problem, straight-forward optimization strategies rarely produce correct parameter values, and hence current methods tend to utilize genetic/evolutionary algorithms to perform non-linear parameter fitting. Here, we describe a completely deterministic approach, which is based on interval analysis. This allows us to examine entire sets of parameters, and thus to exhaust the global search within a finite number of steps. In particular, we show how our method may be applied to a generic class of ODEs used for modeling biochemical systems called Generalized Mass Action Models (GMAs). In addition, we show that for GMAs our method is amenable to the technique in interval arithmetic called constraint propagation, which allows great improvement of its efficiency. To illustrate the applicability of our method we apply it to some networks of biochemical reactions appearing in the literature, showing in particular that, in addition to estimating system parameters in the absence of noise, our method may also be used to recover the topology of these networks.

Regulation of mass and function of pancreatic β-cells: identification of anti-apoptotic peptides and role of GLP-1

Résumé La masse de cellules β sécrétrices d'insuline est un tissu dynamique qui s'adapte aux variations de la demande métabolique pour assurer une normoglycémie. Cette adaptation se fait par un changement de sécrétion d'insuline et de la masse totale des cellules β. Une perte complète ou partielle des cellules β conduit respectivement à un diabète de type 1 et de type 2. Les mécanismes qui régulent la masse de cellules β et maintiennent leur phénotype differencié sont encore peu connus. Leur identification est nécessaire pour comprendre le développement du diabète et développer des stratégies de traitement. La greffe d'îlots est une approche thérapeutique prometteuse pour le diabète de type 1, mais est limitée par une perte précoce des cellules β due à une apoptose induite par des cytokines. Afin d'améliorer la survie des cellules β lors de la greffe d'îlots, le premier but était de trouver des peptides pouvant bloquer l'apoptose induite par FasL et TNF-α. Pour ce faire, deux librairies de phages ont été criblées pour sélectionner des peptides se liant au Fas DD ou au TNFRl DD. Nous avons identifié six peptides différents. Cependant, aucun d'entre eux n'était capable de protéger les cellules de l'apoptose induite par FasL ou TNF-α. Deuxièmement, le GLP-1 est une hormone qui stimule la sécrétion d'insuline, et est impliquée dans la prolifération des cellules β, la différentiation, et inhibe l'apoptose. Nous avons fait l'hypothèse que le GLP-1 joue un rôle crucial dans le contrôle de la masse et de la fonction des cellules β. Afin de l'évaluer, une analyse par puce à ADN a été réalisée en comparant des cellules βTC-Tet traitées avec du GLP-1 à des cellules non-traitées. 376 gènes régulés ont été identifiés, dont RGS2, CREM, ICERI et DUSP14, augmentés significativement par le GLP-1. Nous avons confirmé que le GLP-1 augmente l'expression de ces gènes, aussi bien au niveau des transcripts que des protéines. De plus, nous avons montré que le GLP-1 induit leur expression par activation de la voie cAMP/PKA, et nécessite l'entrée de calcium extracellulaire. D'après leur fonction biologique, nous avons ensuite supposé que ces gènes pourraient agir comme régulateurs négatifs de la signalisation du GLP-l, et donc freiner son effet proliférateur. Pour vérifier notre hypothèse, des siRNAs contre ces gènes ont été développés, et leurs effets sur la prolifération des cellules β seront évalués ultérieurement. Abstract The pancreatic β-cell mass is a dynamic tissue which adapts to variations in metabolic demand in order to ensure normoglycemia. This adaptation occurs through a change in both insulin secretion and the total mass of ,β-cells. An absolute or relative loss of β-cells leads to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The mechanisms that regulate the pancreatic β-cell mass and maintain the fully differentiated phenotype of the insulin-secreting β-cells are only poorly defined. Their identification is required to understand the progression of diabetes, but also to design strategies for the treatment of diabetes. Islet transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes, but it is still limited by an early graft loss due to cytokine-induced apoptosis. In order to improve β-cell survival during islet transplantation, our first goal was to find novel blockers of FasL- and TNF-α-mediated cell death in the form of peptides. To that end, we screened two phage display libraries to select Fas DD- or TNFR1 DD-binding peptides. We identified six different small peptides. However, none of these peptides was able to prevent cells from FasL- or TNF-α-mediated apoptosis. Secondly, GLP-1 is a hormone that has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion and to be involved in β-cell proliferation, differentiation and inhibition of apoptosis. We hypothesized that GLP-1 plays a crucial role to control mass and function of β-cells. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed a cDNA microarray analysis with GLP-1-treated βTC-Tet cells compared to untreated cells. We found 376 regulated genes, among these, RGS2, CREM, ICERI and DUSP14, which were significantly upregulated by GLP-1. We confirmed that both their mRNA and protein levels were strongly and rapidly increased after GLP-1 treatment. Moreover, we found that GLP-1 activates their expression mainly through the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and requires extracellular calcium entry. According to their biological function, we then hypothesized that these genes might act as negative regulators of the GLP-1 signaling. In particular, they might brake the effects of GLP-1 on β-cell proliferation. To verify this hypothesis, siRNAs against these genes were developed. The effect of these siRNAs on GLP-1-induced β-cell proliferation will be evaluated later.

PI3Kγ within a nonhematopoietic cell type negatively regulates diet-induced thermogenesis and promotes obesity and insulin resistance.

Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation, and specific antiinflammatory interventions may be beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related diseases. The lipid kinase PI3Kγ is a central proinflammatory signal transducer that plays a major role in leukocyte chemotaxis, mast cell degranulation, and endothelial cell activation. It was also reported that PI3Kγ activity within hematopoietic cells plays an important role in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Here, we show that protection from insulin resistance, metabolic inflammation, and fatty liver in mice lacking functional PI3Kγ is largely consequent to their leaner phenotype. We also show that this phenotype is largely based on decreased fat gain, despite normal caloric intake, consequent to increased energy expenditure. Furthermore, our data show that PI3Kγ action on diet-induced obesity depends on PI3Kγ activity within a nonhematopoietic compartment, where it promotes energetic efficiency for fat mass gain. We also show that metabolic modulation by PI3Kγ depends on its lipid kinase activity and might involve kinase-independent signaling. Thus, PI3Kγ is an unexpected but promising drug target for the treatment of obesity and its complications.

Modulation of pancreatic β-cell mass and insulin secretion by PPARβ/δ

SUMMARY : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ß/δ protects against obesity by reducing dyslipidemia and insulin resistance via effects in various organs, including muscle, adipose tissue and liver. However, nothing is known about the function of PPARß in pancreas, a prime organ in the control of glucose homeostasis. To gain insight into so far hypothetical functions of this PPAR isotype in ß-cell function, we specifically ablated Pparß in the whole epithelial compartment of the pancreas. The mutated mice presented expanded ß-cell mass, possibly, this is due to increased burst of ß-cell proliferation at 2 weeks of age. These PPARß null pancreas mice exhibit hyperinsulinemia-hypoglycaemia starting at 4 weeks of age, due to hyperfunctionality of ß-cell. Gene expression profiling indicated a broad repressive function of PPARß impacting the vesicular and granular compartment, actin cytoskeleton, and metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Analyses of insulin release from isolated islets revealed accelerated second-phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Higher levels of PKD and PKCS in mutated animals, in concert with F-actin disassembly, lead to an increased insulin secretion and its associated systemic effects. Enhanced palmitate potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in PPARß mutant islets, suggests an important role of this receptor in lipid/glucose metabolism in ß-cell. Taken together, these results provide evidence for PPARß playing a repressive role on ß-cell growth and insulin exocytosis, and shed new light on its metabolic .action. RESUME : Le récepteur nucléaire PPARß (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ß/δ) protège contre l'obésité en réduisant la dyslipidémie et la résistance à l'insuline dans différents organes, comme le muscle, le tissue adipeux et le foie. Cependant, il y a, à ce jour, très peu de connaissance par rapport au rôle de PPARß dans le pancréas, qui est un organe très important dans le contrôle homéostatique du glucose. Afin de comprendre le rôle de cet isotype de PPAR dans le fonctionnement des cellules beta du pancréas, nous avons invalidé le gène Pparß dans tout le compartiment pancréatique de la souris. Ces souris mutantes présentent une augmentation de la masse totale de cellules beta; Cela serait dû à une intense prolifération des cellules beta à 2 semaines après la naissance. Également, ces souris présentent une hyperinsulinémie et une hypoglycémie qui commencent à l'âge de 4 semaines; la raison de ce phénotype serait une hyperactivité des cellules beta. Le profil d'expression génique indique une fonction répressive globale de PPARß en se référant aux compartiments vésiculaire et granulaire, au cytosquelette d'actine, et au métabolisme du glucose et des acides gras. L'analyse de la sécrétion d'insuline par les cellules beta a démontré que la deuxième phase de sécrétion d'insuline après stimulation au glucose est augmentée. Les niveaux élevés de PKD et PKCS dans les îlots pancréatiques de souris mutantes, ainsi qu'une augmentation de la dépolymérisation des filaments d'active génèrent un surplus de sécrétion d'insuline après stimulation au glucose. Les îlots pancréatiques des souris mutantes secrètent plus d'insuline après stimulation au glucose et au palmitate que les îlots de souris contrôles. Ceci suggère un rôle important de PPARß dans le métabolisme des lipides et du glucose des cellules beta. En résumé, ces résultats mettent en évidence un rôle répressif de PPARß dans la croissance des cellules beta et dans l'exocytose d'insuline.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents in a Country of the African Region.

We assessed the association between several cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) (blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and glucose) in 390 young adults aged 19-20 years in Seychelles (Indian Ocean, Africa) and body mass index (BMI) measured either at the same time (cross-sectional analysis) or at the age of 12-15 years (longitudinal analysis). BMI tracked markedly between age of 12-15 and age of 19-20. BMI was strongly associated with all considered CRFs in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, with some exceptions. Comparing overweight participants with those having a BMI below the age-specific median, the odds ratios for high blood pressure were 5.4/4.7 (male/female) cross-sectionally and 2.5/3.9 longitudinally (P < 0.05). Significant associations were also found for most other CRFs, with some exceptions. In linear regression analysis including both BMI at age of 12-15 and BMI at age of 19-20, only BMI at age of 19-20 remained significantly associated with most CRFs. We conclude that CRFs are predicted strongly by either current or past BMI levels in adolescents and young adults in this population. The observation that only current BMI remained associated with CRFs when including past and current levels together suggests that weight control at a later age may be effective in reducing CRFs in overweight children irrespective of past weight status.

Fast gas chromatography and negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for forensic analysis of cannabinoids in whole blood.

The present work describes a fast gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric assay (Fast GC/NICI-MS/MS) for analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in whole blood. The cannabinoids were extracted from 500 microL of whole blood by a simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and then derivatized by using trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as fluorinated agents. Mass spectrometric detection of the analytes was performed in the selected reaction-monitoring mode on a triple quadrupole instrument after negative-ion chemical ionization. The assay was found to be linear in the concentration range of 0.5-20 ng/mL for THC and THC-OH, and of 2.5-100 ng/mL for THC-COOH. Repeatability and intermediate precision were found less than 12% for all concentrations tested. Under standard chromatographic conditions, the run cycle time would have been 15 min. By using fast conditions of separation, the assay analysis time has been reduced to 5 min, without compromising the chromatographic resolution. Finally, a simple approach for estimating the uncertainty measurement is presented.

A mechanism of carbapenem resistance due to a new insertion element (ISPa133) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position in oprD depending on the degree of selective pressure exerted by imipenem

A mechanism of carbapenem resistance due to a new insertion element (ISPa133) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position in oprD depending on the degree of selective pressure exerted by imipenem

A mechanism of carbapenem resistance due to a new insertion element (ISPa133) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position in oprD depending on the degree of selective pressure exerted by imipenem

A mechanism of carbapenem resistance due to a new insertion element (ISPa133) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position in oprD depending on the degree of selective pressure exerted by imipenem

A mechanism of carbapenem resistance due to a new insertion element (ISPa133) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position in oprD depending on the degree of selective pressure exerted by imipenem

A mechanism of carbapenem resistance due to a new insertion element (ISPa133) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position in oprD depending on the degree of selective pressure exerted by imipenem

Mass transfer and particleinteractions in granular systems and suspension flows

The purpose of this study was to investigate some important features of granular flows and suspension flows by computational simulation methods. Granular materials have been considered as an independent state ofmatter because of their complex behaviors. They sometimes behave like a solid, sometimes like a fluid, and sometimes can contain both phases in equilibrium. The computer simulation of dense shear granular flows of monodisperse, spherical particles shows that the collisional model of contacts yields the coexistence of solid and fluid phases while the frictional model represents a uniform flow of fluid phase. However, a comparison between the stress signals from the simulations and experiments revealed that the collisional model would result a proper match with the experimental evidences. Although the effect of gravity is found to beimportant in sedimentation of solid part, the stick-slip behavior associated with the collisional model looks more similar to that of experiments. The mathematical formulations based on the kinetic theory have been derived for the moderatesolid volume fractions with the assumption of the homogeneity of flow. In orderto make some simulations which can provide such an ideal flow, the simulation of unbounded granular shear flows was performed. Therefore, the homogeneous flow properties could be achieved in the moderate solid volume fractions. A new algorithm, namely the nonequilibrium approach was introduced to show the features of self-diffusion in the granular flows. Using this algorithm a one way flow can beextracted from the entire flow, which not only provides a straightforward calculation of self-diffusion coefficient but also can qualitatively determine the deviation of self-diffusion from the linear law at some regions nearby the wall inbounded flows. Anyhow, the average lateral self-diffusion coefficient, which was calculated by the aforementioned method, showed a desirable agreement with thepredictions of kinetic theory formulation. In the continuation of computer simulation of shear granular flows, some numerical and theoretical investigations were carried out on mass transfer and particle interactions in particulate flows. In this context, the boundary element method and its combination with the spectral method using the special capabilities of wavelets have been introduced as theefficient numerical methods to solve the governing equations of mass transfer in particulate flows. A theoretical formulation of fluid dispersivity in suspension flows revealed that the fluid dispersivity depends upon the fluid properties and particle parameters as well as the fluid-particle and particle-particle interactions.