Cálculo de espaldones en diques rompeolas : estudio comparativo de las formulaciones actuales y propuesta de una nueva metodología

La presencia de un monolito en la coronación de un dique rompeolas tiene como principales ventajas la reducción del volumen de elementos necesarios en el manto y la mejora de la operatividad de los muelles que abriga, lo que supone un importante ahorro de coste tanto de ejecución como de explotación y mantenimiento. Por ello, la utilización del espaldón en los diques rompeolas se encuentra generalizada desde hace décadas en numerosos puertos de todo el mundo. Para el diseño de este elemento se han ido desarrollando diversas metodologías, siendo la primera de ellas (Iribarren y Nogales) propuesta en la década de los cincuenta, y la última (Berenguer y Baonza) en el año 2006. Estos procedimientos se basan en series de ensayos en modelo físico y tienen como filosofía la determinación de las cargas que genera el oleaje al impactar contra el paramento vertical para poder dimensionar un monolito estable frente a tales acciones. Sin embargo, las averías que se han producido en este elemento particular, incluso en la pasada década, ponen de relieve la gran sensibilidad de este elemento frente a estas y otras acciones de diseño. El objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es el desarrollo de un método de diseño alternativo a los existentes, basado en la observación de diques reales que se encuentran en funcionamiento en la actualidad y mediante el cual se obtenga directamente como resultado las dimensiones principales del monolito en lugar de las cargas debidas al impacto de la ola incidente. Para ello, se ha realizado el análisis comparativo de los métodos de diseño de espaldones disponibles hasta la fecha. Antes de establecer una nueva metodología primeramente se ha estudiado el Estado del Arte, del cual se ha realizado un análisis crítico, donde se indican las posibles incertidumbres y limitaciones que presenta cada metodología. Para lograr el objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral se desarrolla una investigación basada en los datos de veintitrés diques ubicados en la fachada mediterránea española, considerando variables tanto climáticas como geométricas del propio dique. Se ha seguido el principio del Teorema Π para formar monomios adimensionales y, a través de combinaciones entre ellos, establecer relaciones de dependencia. Con los resultados obtenidos se ha elaborado una metodología de diseño que se propone como respuesta al objetivo planteado. Wall erected on top of a breakwater has two main advantages: lower amount of armour elements and better operating capacity of the inner harbor, which means an appreciable construction, operating and maintenance saving. Therefore, many breakwaters have been designed with crown wall all over the world. Different design methods have been developed through the years. The first one (Iribarren & Nogales) was set in the fifties, and the latest (Berenguer & Baonza) was developed in 2006. All of them are based on laboratory tests series and their common philosophy is to calculate the wave forces on the wall in order to design an element stable against these forces. However, crown wall failures have occured even in last decade, which point the high sensitivity of this element. The objective of this Thesis is to develop an alternative design procedure based on real breakwaters data, which gave as a direct result the most important measures of the crown wall instead of wave loads. In order to achieve the objective, firstly a critical analysis of the State of the Art has been carried out, determining ranges of application and detecting uncertainties. A research on twenty-three breakwaters of the Mediterranean Spanish coast has been carried out to fulfill the objective of this Thesis, taking into account both climatic and geometric parameters. It has been followed Theorem Π to make non-dimensional monomials and, through combinations among them, identify dependency rates. Obtained results lead to a design method.

Caracterización de los sistemas de protección basados en materiales naturales destinados al control de la socavación en obras marítimas presentes en instalaciones eólicas marinas

El fenómeno de la socavación puede poner en peligro la operatividad o la seguridad de estructuras offshore comprometiendo su estabilidad global. Hasta el momento, la gran mayoría de las investigaciones destinadas a estudiar el origen y el desarrollo de este fenómeno han estado centradas en entornos fluviales, bajo condiciones de corriente continua. En la última década, debido al crecimiento del mercado de la eólica marina, han surgido numerosos estudios para la caracterización de este fenómeno en el entorno marino, teniendo en cuenta que estas estructuras se encuentran sometidas de forma simultánea a los efectos de la corriente y el oleaje, y las corrientes provocadas por las mareas. Ante la observada carencia de criterios existentes para el diseño de protecciones frente a la socavación, la presente Tesis Doctoral surge con el objetivo principal de desarrollar una serie de recomendaciones que permitan mejorar y optimizar el diseño de estas estructuras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo los parámetros geométricos de las cimentaciones de los aerogeneradores, o la propia erosión, sino también, variables características del oleaje como la altura de ola, el periodo o la longitud de onda, así como la profundidad o la batimétrica de la cimentación. La caracterización de los sistemas de protección basados en materiales naturales destinados al control de la socavación en obras marítimas presentes en instalaciones eólicas marinas no es el único objetivo alcanzado en la presente Tesis Doctoral. A través de la calibración del parámetro de altura de ola adimensional (H0) en diferentes parques eólicos europeos, y de acuerdo al criterio propuesto por Van der Meer (1988), se propone la clasificación de este tipo de estructuras de protección, basadas en material granular o escollera. La información recopilada sobre la socavación registrada en numerosos parques eólicos con protección también ha permitido estudiar la funcionalidad de este tipo de protecciones instaladas hasta la fecha. Asímismo, gracias al conocimiento adquirido sobre el fenómeno de la socavación, se plantea una propuesta para la mejora de la caracterización de este fenómeno en ambiente marino basada en el estudio de la influencia del campo de aceleraciones. La presente Tesis Doctoral permite mejorar el diseño de las protecciones frente a la socavación que se utilizan en parques eólicos marinos teniendo en cuenta las acciones del clima marítimo, supliendo de este modo las carencias que hasta el momento presentan las formulaciones existentes, las cuales únicamente toman en consideración la geometría de las cimentaciones, el ángulo de rozamiento interno del terreno y la estimación de la máxima socavación que puede llegar a producirse. Scour phenomenon jeopardizes the stability and functionality of offshore structures compromising its overall stability. So far, most studies about the origin and the development of this phenomenon have been focused on river environments (under steady current conditions). In the last decade a lot of research projects about the characterization of this phenomenon have been carried out due to the growth of offshore wind industry. These projects take into account that these structures are subjected simultaneously to current, waves and tidal effects. This PhD Thesis arises due to the current lack of criteria for the design of scour protections. Its main objective is to develop some recommendations to improve and to optimize the design of scour protection structures. For that it is necessary to take into account not only the geometrical parameters of foundations or the erosion forecasted, but also wave variables such as wave height, wave period or wavelength. Characterization of protection systems based on natural materials for the control of the scour in offshore wind farms was not the only goal achieved in this PhD Thesis. Through the calibration of the dimensionless wave height parameter (H0) in different European offshore wind farms, and according to the criteria proposed by Van der Meer (1988), a classification of these protection structures based on natural elements (rocks or riprap) has been proposed. Scour data registered in numerous offshore wind farms with scour protection systems also allowed to study the functionality of this type of protection installed up to now. Thanks to the knowledge acquired about the scour development, a proposal for the improvement of the characterization of this phenomenon in marine environment is proposed. This has been based on the study of the influence of the acceleration parameters. This PhD Thesis improves the design of scour protections used in offshore wind facilities taking into account maritime climate actions. To solve the current formulae deficiencies only considering the foundation geometry, the internal friction angle of the seabed and the maximum scour depth forecasted.

El Atlas Geográfico de España de Tomás López: Análisis mediante SIG de las poblaciones del «Reyno de Jaén» (1787)

El catastro es el inventario de la riqueza de un país, los primeros avances en este sentido fueron identificar las poblaciones existentes y su ubicación geográfica. En este trabajo se analiza el trabajo del cartógrafo Tomás López, primero enmarcando su vida y obra, y posteriormente se analiza Atlas Geográfico de España (AGE) de Tomás López en su edición de 1804 y en concreto la hoja n.º 64 correspondiente al Reyno de Jaén y cuya elaboración data de 1787. Para ello se propone una metodología de análisis sistemático mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica, basada en digitalizar todos los núcleos de población del AGE y compararlos con los actuales. Se aprecia por otro lado una falta de homogeneidad en la escala del plano siendo más preciso en la zona central, aumentando el error de forma radial. Este trabajo a la vez que aporta nueva información, también sirve para revalorizar el meritorio trabajo del maestro López y abre nuevas ventanas a la investigación de la cartografía histórica y al conocimiento de la realidad de cada territorio. Desde el punto de vista catastral, destaca que alrededor de la mitad de las poblaciones de la época o han desaparecido o han cambiado de nombre, pudiendo ser objeto de una investigación detallada de topónimos. Esto también puede ser indicativo a su vez del gran despoblamiento rural que ha existido en dos siglos, donde se han perdido la mitad de las poblaciones.

Disruption of abscisic acid signaling constitutively activates Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina.

Plant resistance to necrotrophic fungi is regulated by a complex set of signaling pathways that includes those mediated by the hormones salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA). The role of ABA in plant resistance remains controversial, as positive and negative regulatory functions have been described depending on the plant-pathogen interaction analyzed. Here, we show that ABA signaling negatively regulates Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Arabidopsis plants impaired in ABA biosynthesis, such as the aba1-6 mutant, or in ABA signaling, like the quadruple pyr/pyl mutant (pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4), were more resistant to P. cucumerina than wild-type plants. In contrast, the hab1-1abi1-2abi2-2 mutant impaired in three phosphatases that negatively regulate ABA signaling displayed an enhanced susceptibility phenotype to this fungus. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed that the ABA pathway negatively regulates defense genes, many of which are controlled by the SA, JA, or ET pathway. In line with these data, we found that aba1-6 resistance to P. cucumerina was partially compromised when the SA, JA, or ET pathway was disrupted in this mutant. Additionally, in the aba1-6 plants, some genes encoding cell wall-related proteins were misregulated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and biochemical analyses of cell walls from aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed significant differences in their Fourier transform infrared spectratypes and uronic acid and cellulose contents. All these data suggest that ABA signaling has a complex function in Arabidopsis basal resistance, negatively regulating SA/JA/ET-mediated resistance to necrotrophic fungi.

Scour prediction and scour protections in offshore wind farms

This paper is the result of research whose main objective is to analyse different methods used for the prediction of maximum scour depth and scour extension, and for the design of scour protections in offshore wind farms located in shallow water, using medium and large diameter monopile foundations. Physical agents such as waves, currents and wind play a major role in the design of structures like offshore farms. As a result, the study has highlighted the need for introducing experience backed climate monomials such as the dimensionless wave height parameter (H0) and proposes the use of formulations that can express the extent of scour protections as a function of waves in transitional waters.

Dimensionless wave height parameter for preliminary design of scour protection in offshore wind farms

This article describes the results of an investigation aimed at the analysis methods used in the design of the protections against scour phenomenon on offshore wind farms in transitional waters, using medium and large diameter monopile type deep foundations.

Comparative study of breakwater crown wall – calculation methods

An investigation was undertaken consisting of a state-of-the-art and comparative analysis of currently available methods for calculating the structural stability of wave walls in sloping breakwaters. A total of six design schemes are addressed. The conditions under which the formulations and ranges of validity are explicitly indicated by their authors, are given. The lack of definition in parameters to be used and aspects not taken into account in their investigations are discussed and the results of this analysis are given in a final table.

An evolutionary algorithm for the surface structure problem

Many macroscopic properties: hardness, corrosion, catalytic activity, etc. are directly related to the surface structure, that is, to the position and chemical identity of the outermost atoms of the material. Current experimental techniques for its determination produce a “signature” from which the structure must be inferred by solving an inverse problem: a solution is proposed, its corresponding signature computed and then compared to the experiment. This is a challenging optimization problem where the search space and the number of local minima grows exponentially with the number of atoms, hence its solution cannot be achieved for arbitrarily large structures. Nowadays, it is solved by using a mixture of human knowledge and local search techniques: an expert proposes a solution that is refined using a local minimizer. If the outcome does not fit the experiment, a new solution must be proposed again. Solving a small surface can take from days to weeks of this trial and error method. Here we describe our ongoing work in its solution. We use an hybrid algorithm that mixes evolutionary techniques with trusted region methods and reuses knowledge gained during the execution to avoid repeated search of structures. Its parallelization produces good results even when not requiring the gathering of the full population, hence it can be used in loosely coupled environments such as grids. With this algorithm, the solution of test cases that previously took weeks of expert time can be automatically solved in a day or two of uniprocessor time.

SVis: A computational steering visualization environment for surface structure determination

The arrangement of atoms at the surface of a solid accounts for many of its properties: Hardness, chemical activity, corrosion, etc. are dictated by the precise surface structure. Hence, finding it, has a broad range of technical and industrial applications. The ability to solve this problem opens the possibility of designing by computer materials with properties tailored to specific applications. Since the search space grows exponentially with the number of atoms, its solution cannot be achieved for arbitrarily large structures. Presently, a trial and error procedure is used: an expert proposes an structure as a candidate solution and tries a local optimization procedure on it. The solution relaxes to the local minimum in the attractor basin corresponding to the initial point, that might be the one corresponding to the global minimum or not. This procedure is very time consuming and, for reasonably sized surfaces, can take many iterations and much effort from the expert. Here we report on a visualization environment designed to steer this process in an attempt to solve bigger structures and reduce the time needed. The idea is to use an immersive environment to interact with the computation. It has immediate feedback to assess the quality of the proposed structure in order to let the expert explore the space of candidate solutions. The visualization environment is also able to communicate with the de facto local solver used for this problem. The user is then able to send trial structures to the local minimizer and track its progress as they approach the minimum. This allows for simultaneous testing of candidate structures. The system has also proved very useful as an educational tool for the field.

Secundary school profile in science and technology versus the first year at the Technical University of Madrid. Cause of failure or quitting?

Se analiza el absentismo, el fallo y el abandono de los estudiantes en los primeros semestres del grado sobre la base de su formación en la educación secundaria.