Gold Standard and Reforms of The International Monetary System

This academic work is based on the study of the gold standard, its evolution over the years, their periods of boom and crisis. We will also discuss the arguments that some economists back the return to this monetary system.

In Bello, Pax: a responsabilidade penal dos brasileiros em Operações de Paz

Esta Tese analisa a possibilidade de responsabilização penal dos brasileiros que têm participado de operações de paz capitaneadas ou delegadas pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Além de apresentar como se procede esta responsabilização no ambiente nacional, também analisa a possibilidade de sua responsabilização internacional diante da evolução que esta tem constatado desde o final do período conhecido como guerra-fria. Para tanto, parte de uma contextualização histórica da evolução e modificação das operações de paz, mostrando como o Brasil também modificou sua inserção nesta questão, em especial depois de 1990. Decorrente desse relevante aumento de responsabilidades e numérico de brasileiros engajados nestas operações apresenta como a fundamentação doutrinária legal e normativa também sofreu significativas mudanças nas últimas décadas. A partir deste ponto, fazendo uso de metodologia analítico-descritiva, apresenta as qualificações jurídicas admitidas, análise dos principais documentos internacionais que abordam a responsabilização penal dos integrantes de operações de paz e como se processa a relação entre estes documentos e o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Procura analisar como se processa, no ambiente interno, a jurisdição e competência para julgamento destas questões. Apresenta como o direito internacional tem sido influenciado pelo crescimento do direito internacional penal e como este pode se manifestar diante de integrantes de operações de paz, fazendo, inclusive, uma abordagem de como outras cortes internacionais têm se manifestado sobre a questão. Parte de decisões de direito interno de outros países, mostra a contribuição que os tribunais Ad Hoc instituídos pela ONU trouxeram para culminar na análise da possibilidade (ou não) de responsabilização destes integrantes pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional, ou mesmo, por terceiros Estados fazendo uso da Jurisdição Universal. Assim, a tese demonstra que efetivamente o Brasil dispõe de meios para exercer sua plena jurisdição perante seus nacionais envolvidos nestas operações internacionais, no entanto, a fim de garantir maior adensamento de juridicidade e sustentação legal, aponta possíveis soluções como contribuição para dirimir eventuais ponderações internas e internacionais.

The use of role-play games in teaching: The International Climate Negotiation Game

This paper presents a role-play game designed by the authors, which focuses on international climate negotiations. The game has been used at a university with students all drawn from the same course and at summer schools with students from different levels (undergraduate, master’s and doctoral students and post-doctoral researchers) and different knowledge areas (economics, law, engineering, architecture, biology and others). We discuss how the game fits into the process of competence-based learning, and what benefits games, and role-play games in particular, have for teaching. In the game, students take on the role of representatives of national institutions and experience at first hand a detailed process of international negotiation concerned with climate change.

Strategy on International Fisheries Research: an update

The Strategy on International Fisheries Research's activities on information and aquaculture in Asia, SubSaharan Africa, Latin and North America are presented.

PASREG 2003: International workshop on processing and applications of superconducting (RE)BCO large grain materials

This issue of Superconductor Science and Technology is edited by Murakami, M., Cardwell, D.A., Salama, K., Krabbes, G., Habisreuther, T. and Gawalek, W. It contains 42 selected papers from the PASREG 2003 international workshop, held in Jena, Germany, 30 June - 2 July 2003. The workshop was organised by the Institut fur Physikalische Hochtechnologie, Jena, Germany and was the fourth in the series of workshops first held in Cambridge, UK, in 1997.

Transboundary Movement of Atlantic Istiophorid Billfishes Among International and U.S. Domestic Management Areas Inferred from Mark-Recapture Studies

Billfish movements relative to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas management areas, as well as U.S. domestic data collection areas within the western North Atlantic basin, were investigated with mark-recapture data from 769 blue marlin, Makaira nigricans, 961 white marlin, Tetrapturus albidus, and 1,801 sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus. Linear displacement between release and recapture locations ranged from zero (all species) to 15,744 km (mean 575, median 119, SE 44) for blue marlin, 6,523 km (mean 719, median 216, SE 33) for white marlin, and 3,845 km (mean 294, median 98, SE 13) for sailfish. In total, 2,824 (80.0%) billfish were recaptured in the same management area of release. Days at liberty ranged from zero (all species) to 4,591 (mean 619, median 409, SE 24) for blue marlin, 5,488 (mean 692, median 448, SE 22) for white marlin, and 6,568 (mean 404, median 320, SE 11) for sailfish. The proportions (per species) of visits were highest in the Caribbean area for blue marlin and white marlin, and the Florida East Coast area for sailfish. Blue marlin and sailfish were nearly identical when comparing the percent of individuals vs. the number of areas visited. Overall, white marlin visited more areas than either blue marlin or sailfish. Seasonality was evident for all species, with overall results generally reflecting the efforts of the catch and release recreational fishing sector, particularly in the western North Atlantic. This information may be practical in reducing the uncertainties in billfish stock assessments and may offer valuable insight into management consideration of time-area closure regulations to reduce bycatch mortality of Atlantic billfishes.

Research in Global Groundfish Markets: An Exercise in International Cooperation

Over roughly the last decade, most of the fishery resources of the continental shelf and nearshore areas of the world's oceans have come under the control of coastal nations. One consequence of this extension of fisheries jurisdiction (EFJ) by any individual state has been the expansion of its production possibilities. That is, with strengthened property rights in the ocean resources off its shores, a coastal nation experiences increased opportunities to produce goods and services from its newly enlarged pool of resources. Such a nation, then, would appear to be a potential gainer from EFJ.