云南新平哀牢山夜间捕获鸟类的多样性

2007-09-05-2007-11-05和2008-09-03-2008-11-07期间,在云南省新平县哀牢山金山丫口用灯光诱捕对秋季夜间迁徙鸟类组成进行了调查.共捕获鸟类129种,7943只,分属于14日23科.雀形目鸟类为网捕主要鸟类,占总网捕数量的58.9%.其中红尾伯劳(Lanius cristatus)、小杜鹃(Cuculus poliocephalus)和红喉歌鸲(Luscinia calliope)3种是该地夜间网捕优势种鸟类,三者数量皆超过网捕岛类总数的5%.每天夜间20:00-22:00和次日凌晨04:00-4)6:00是捕获鸟类数最的高峰时段.网捕期间,早期Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数最低,优势指数C最高;中期Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数最高,优势度指数C最低.2008与2007年相比,优势指数C和G-F指数较低.但Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数较高.云南省不同"打雀山"仪问捕获鸟类的种类和数量存在差异.地理和气候可能是造成这些差异的主要因素.

Molecular phylogeography and population structure of a mid-elevation montane frog Leptobrachium ailaonicum in a fragmented habitat of southwest China

Leptobrachium ailaonicum is a vulnerable anuran restricted to a patchy distribution associated with small mountain streams surrounded by forested slopes at mid-elevations (approximately 2000-2600 m) in the subtropical Mount Wuliang and Mount Ailao ranges in southwest China (Yunnan Province) and northern Vietnam. Given high habitat specificity and lack of suitable habitat in lower elevations between these ranges, we hypothesized limited gene flow between populations throughout its range. We used two mitochondrial genes to construct a phylogeographic pattern within this species in order to test our hypothesis. We also examined whether this phylogeographic pattern is a response to past geological events and/or climatic oscillations. A total of 1989 base pairs were obtained from 81 individuals of nine populations yielding 51 unique haplotypes. Both Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses revealed four deeply divergent and reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages that approximately correspond to four geographical regions separated by deep river valleys. These results suggest a long history of allopatric separation by vicariance. The distinct geographic distributions of four major clades and the estimated divergence time suggest spatial and temporal separations that coincide with climatic and paleogeographic changes following the orogeny and uplift of Mount Ailao during the late Miocene to mid Pliocene in southwest China. At the southern distribution, the presence of two sympatric yet differentiated clades in two areas are interpreted as a result of secondary contact between previously allopatric populations during cooler Pleistocene glacial cycles. Analysis of molecular variance indicates that most of the observed genetic variation occurs among the four regions implying long-term interruption of maternal gene flow, suggesting that L ailaonicum may represent more than one distinct species and should at least be separated into four management units corresponding to these four geographic lineages for conservation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION, AND ECOLOGY OF THE YUNNAN SNUB-NOSED MONKEY (RHINOPITHECUS-BIETI)

The Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), an endangered species in China, has received more protection in theory than in practice. Therefore it is on the very verge of extinction. The population of the species was estimated less than 2,000 individuals spread in 19 distinct groups. It was confirmed that the monkey was confined to the Yunling Mountain System, the area between the Yangtze River (Changjiang, aka Jinshajiang) to the east and the Mekong River (Lancangjiang) to the west. We further concluded that a lowland belt to the east, about 100 km long and 20 - 30 km wide was not suitable habitat for the monkeys, and appeared to serve as the natural ecogeologic barrier for the species. Our results indicated that the southern limit of the distribution was at Longma (26-degrees 14'N), and that the northern limit of the distribution was at Xiaochangdu (29-degrees 20'N). The distribution area of the species was substantially smaller than previously estimated. There were substantial ecological differences between the southern and northern parts of the species range. The monkey was found only in fir-larch forest.

神农架地区珍稀植物沿河岸带的分布格局(英文)

在神农架香溪河流域内不同海拔高度沿河岸带共设置42个与河岸方向相同的10 m宽、100 m长样带进行植被调查,发现河岸带分布有珍稀保护植物14种,占神农架地区珍稀植物总数的42.4%,这些珍稀植物主要分布在1200～1800 m山地常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶混交林带,表明在神农架地区植物群落的物种多样性在中等海拔高度上最大。TWINSPAN分类可把14种珍稀物种可划分为低海拔、中等海拔和较高海拔种组3组,DCA排序也使14种珍稀物种在反映海拔梯度的第一轴可以得到很好的展示。本文还对河岸带珍稀植物分布格局的成因进

三峡地区河岸带植物群落的特征及其分类与排序研究(英文)

本文以长江三峡干流河岸植物群落为研究对象,对群落的物种组成、物种多样性进行了分析,并利用TWINSPAN和DCA对植物群落进行等级式划分。结果表明:河岸植物区系组成较为复杂,以温带成分为主,有着较高比率的世界分布成分。灌、草丛群落之间的物种多样性差异不显著,但部分草丛的不同层次间存在较大差异。TWINSPAN 和DCA分析显示,河岸植物群落呈现沿湿度梯度方向的分布格局。图2表3参8。

A redescription of Piguetiella denticulata Liang and, Xie (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae, Naidinae) from China, with a key to the genus Piguetiella

Piguetiella denticulata Liang & Xie, 1997 is redescribed based on the type series collected from the type locality, Songtao River, and streams of the Zhangjiajie Mountain in southwestern China, and specimens from several tributaries of the Yangtze River. This species is characterized by a large body size, the absence of eyespots and dorsal hair chaetae, the same size and shape of dorsal and ventral chaetae, the presence of 3-4 intermediate teeth on both ventral and dorsal chaetae, and an intestinal dilation in IX-X segments. The essential characteristics used to diagnose the genus are discussed and a key to the genus is provided.

Threatened fishes of the world: Tanichthys albonubes Lin 1932 (Cyprinidae)

The white cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes Lin is an endemic species to southern China and the genus has two species, Tanichthys albonubes Lin and Tanichthys micagemmae Freyhof et Herder. The distribution range of T. albonubes Lin and T. micagemmae is very narrow and only found in the mountain brooks of Baiyunshan Mountain (White Cloud Mountain), Huaxian Country and the vicinity of Guangzhou in Guangdong Province and Halong, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam respectively. The wild populations of this fish had already been on the verge of extinction when Shu-Yan Lin first discovered it in 1932 at the Baiyunshan Mountain. It was believed to be extinct in the wild because there were no reports of this fish in the wild since 1980. In September 2003, a small and isolated population of the fish was discovered in a mountain puddle in the north vicinity of Guangzhou. Additional studies are needed to determine the survival and propagation of the released fish. The protection of their natural habitat should be implemented.

Molecular phylogeography of endangered sharp-snouted pitviper (Deinagkistrodon acutus; Reptilia, Viperidae) in Mainland China

Using phylogenetic and population genetic approaches, the present study reports the phylogeographic structure of the sharp-snouted pitviper (Deinagkistrodon acutus), a threatened snake species with commercial and medicinal importance in China. The entire mitochondrial ND2 gene (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) sequences of 86 individuals of D. acutus from 14 localities across its range in China were determined. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses, distribution of diagnostic sites, haplotype network, and AMOVA hierarchical analysis, an cast-west division of the whole D. acutus population could be observed. Geographically, a line formed by a lake, river, and mountain chain (the Poyang Lake, Gan River to the southern end of the Wuyi Mountains), results in vicariance and approximately vertically splits the range into two and the whole population into two main lineages (western and eastern). The bifurcating tree suggested generally west to east dispersal trend. The data fit the isolation by distance (IBD) model well. Star-like clusters in haplotype network, significantly negative values of Fs statistics, and unimodal mismatch distributions all suggest recent demographic expansions in four areas. The results show that isolation, dispersal, bottleneck, and expansion jointly constitute the history of D. acutus. In a haplotype network, the excessive predominance of central haplotypes, few medium-frequency haplotypes, predominance (73.1 %) of the singletons among the derived haplotypes, most of which are connected to the central haplotype by only one mutational step, unsymmetrical campanulate unimodal curve of mismatch distributions and leftwards shift of the peaks, all suggest that the whole D. acutus population is a young population with low genetic diversity. Based on the data, the first priority for conservation action should be given to the Huangshan unit. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

田间含碎石土壤水分入渗及再分布试验研究

为探明碎石存在于田间土壤中如何改变土壤水分运移通道、影响土壤水分运动,揭示田间含碎石土壤水分运动的复杂过程,采用便携式针头降雨器在铜川崾岘梁修建的临时小区进行模拟降雨实验,测定含碎石浅层土体的入渗和水分再分布过程,采用土壤水分运动通量法计算浅层土体不同深度各截面面积的水量在雨后不同时间段的变化,分析含碎石土壤再分布特征及碎石含量对浅层土体入渗和水分再分布的影响。结果表明:碎石有利于田间浅层土壤入渗和蓄存;室内较田间测定的含碎石土壤入渗率小一个数量级以上;降雨后较短时段,碎石含量相对高的林地小区的浅层土体水分在降雨停止后呈增加趋势,表现了蓄水过程,碎石含量较低的撂荒地则表现了释水过程;降雨后较长时段,多数小区浅层土体(0-30 cm)水量变化呈现了"排水-存储交换-排水"过程,少数小区仅呈现了"排水"过程;雨后16 h左右的土体各截面面积的水量与碎石含量呈现了以直线y=0.4873为轴对称的递增和递减的指数为1/2的幂函数关系,说明碎石对黄土区典型土石区土体水分运动具有促进和阻滞双面影响。本文的研究结果可为含碎石土壤的水分利用及水分循环提供参考。

云雾山草原区不同植被恢复阶段土壤团聚体活性有机碳分布特征

以宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区不同植被群落为研究对象,对0～20cm土层土壤团聚体活性有机碳分布特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同植被群落土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量顺序为退耕草地<百里香群落<铁杆蒿群落<大针茅群落<长芒草群落,与退耕草地相比,封育草地各粒径团聚体活性有机碳含量均显著提高(P<0.05),表明随着植被的恢复土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量提高并趋于稳定,土壤碳汇效应有可能增强。(2)植被恢复主要影响大团聚体(>0.25mm)中活性有机碳含量,其中0.5～0.25mm粒径团聚体中活性有机碳含量最高,微团聚体(<0.25mm)中活性有机碳含量最低。(3)植被恢复前期(退耕草地-铁杆蒿群落)0～10cm土层>0.5mm粒径团聚体中活性有机碳含量较10～20cm土层有所增加,<0.5mm粒径团聚体活性有机碳含量变化不大,恢复至后期到长芒草阶段时,0～10cm土层<0.5mm粒径团聚体中活性有机碳含量也开始提高,各粒径0～10cm土层团聚体活性有机碳含量均比10～20cm土层有所提高。(4)相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著线性正相关关系(r=0.9394),团聚体活性有机碳含量...

宁南山区施肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为探讨在宁南山区不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长发育和产量最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验,开展对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明,在当地条件下,处理10收获期干物质积累总量平均比对照增加30.97%,各施肥处理收获期的干物质累积量比对照增加7.35%~73.31%。马铃薯生长发育最佳施肥方式是N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5200 kg/hm2、K2O 200 kg/hm2、M 17.5 t/hm2,(氮肥基施和追肥各一半,磷肥和钾肥以及有机肥全部基施),能增加马铃薯产量并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质。在宁南山区马铃薯生产中可以推广应用这种肥料组配方案。

黄土丘陵区草地土壤微生物C、N及呼吸熵对植被恢复的响应

以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复年限下草地土壤微生物C、N及土壤呼吸熵的变化。结果表明,土壤微生物量碳明显地随着植被恢复年限的增加而增加。在恢复前23a,土壤微生物量碳在0～20cm土层年增加率为24.1%;20～40cm为104.4%。植被恢复23a后,0～20cm土层增长率为0.83%,20～40cm为0.19%。土壤微生物量N表现为在植被恢复的初期略有下降,3a后,开始出现明显增加。0～20cm土层年增长率为20.14%,20～40cm为15.11%。在植被恢复23a后,0～20cm土层的年增长率为0.14%,20～40cm变化不大。土壤微生物呼吸强度随着恢复年限的增加逐渐加强;土壤呼吸熵随植被封育时间的增加而呈对数降低趋势。土壤呼吸熵(qCO2)在反映土壤的生物质量变化时,显得更加稳定,受植物生长状况影响较小。相关分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤微生物活性与土壤有机质、碱解氮和粘粒含量显著正相关;与土壤粉粒含量明显负相关;表层土壤pH值对其也有明显影响。草地植被自然恢复过程可增加土壤微生物活性,有利于土壤质量的提高。

云雾山不同草地群落土壤活性有机碳分布特征

为探讨黄土高原草地植被演替过程活性有机碳的变化规律,揭示草地退耕后的分布特征,在云雾山草原区采集不同草地群落土壤,采用高锰酸钾氧化法对0~100 cm土层活性有机碳进行分析。结果表明:不同草地群落土壤活性有机碳含量均高于坡耕地,活性有机碳含量大小顺序为:长芒草(Stipa bungeanaTrin.)群落>大针茅(Sti-pa grandisP.Smirn.)群落>铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmeliniiWeb.ex Stechm.)群落>百里香(Thymus mongolicusRonn.)群落>退耕草地>坡耕地,且群落间差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);在恢复初期(坡耕地-退耕草地-百里香)活性有机碳含量增加较多,恢复到长芒草群落活性有机碳含量达到最大值,趋于稳定;活性有机碳的密度与含量表现出相同的变化规律,并随着土层的加深而呈现减小趋势。相关性分析表明,活性有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量呈极显著线性正相关关系(r=0.9742),土壤活性有机碳比总有机碳更能反映草地植被恢复初期土壤有机碳库的变化。

草地植被恢复对次降雨土壤水分动态的影响分析

通过对宁南典型草原植被恢复过程次降雨土壤水分动态的研究,阐明植被恢复对次降雨后土壤水分的影响及机理。结果表明,次降雨提高了土壤含水率和贮水量,均表现出1 d>3 d>7 d。草地封育能够提高次降雨资源化效率,随封育时间延长,次降雨后0-60 cm土壤含水率和0-100 cm土壤贮水量不断提高。降雨对封育草地土壤水分的影响范围在100 cm土层内,100 cm以下不能得到降雨的补充。封育时间延长土壤水分活跃层加深,坡耕地仅为40 cm,封育17 a后达到60 cm。土壤持水能力越强,表层土壤饱和导水率越大,雨后1 d在0-100 cm土壤贮水量越大。地上生物量愈大,雨后1~7 d在0-200 cm土壤耗水量越大。

山地红枣林地滴灌水分运移规律试验研究

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地研究了一定流量范围、不同灌水量条件下,地表滴灌水分在水平和垂直方向上的运移规律及滴灌结束后的水分再分布特征。试验结果表明:在流量稳定条件下,湿润体的水平和垂直扩散距离均与时间有显著的幂函数关系;在4.6~5.0 L/h的流量范围内,湿润体的水平和垂直扩散距离与灌水量也存在显著的幂函数关系;滴灌停止后24 h内的土壤湿润体扩散很大,湿润体平均含水量降低很快,24 h后的扩散较小,平均含水量下降较小,确定滴灌停止后24 h时的湿润体特征值可作为滴灌系统设计的依据。