The History and Literature of America's Oysters

Historically, America's use and enjoyment of the oyster extend far back into prehistoric times. The Native Americans often utilized oysters, more intensively in some areas than in others, and, at least in some areas of the Caribbean and Pacific coast, the invading Spanish sought oysters as eagerly as they did gold-but for the pearls. That was the pearl oyster, Pinctada sp., and signs of its local overexploitation were recorded early in the 16th century. During the 1800's, use of the eastern oyster grew phenomenally and, for a time, it outranked beef as a source of protein in some parts of the nation. Social events grew up around it, as it became an important aspect of culture and myth. Eventually, research on the oyster began to blossom, and scientific literature on the various species likewise bloomed-to the extent that when the late Paul Galtsoff wrote his classic treatise "The American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin" in 1954, he reported compiling an extensive bibliography of over 6,000 subject and author cards on oysters and related subjects which he deposited in the library of the Woods Hole Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (now NMFS). That large report, volume 64 (480 pages) of the agency's Fishery Bulletin, was a bargain at $2.75, and it has been a standard reference ever since. But the research and the attendant literature have grown greatly since Galtsoff's work was published, and now that has been thoroughly updated.

A History of Benthic Research in the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center

The Northeast Fisheries Science Center of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service has a long history of research on benthic invertebrates and habitats in support of the management of living marine resources. These studies began in the 1870's under Spencer F. Baird's guidance as part of an effort to characterize the Nation's fisheries and living marine resources and their ecological interactions. This century and a quarter of research has included many benthic invertebrate studies, including community characterizations, shellfish biology and culture, pathology, ecosystem energy budget modeling, habitat evaluations, assessments of human impacts, toxic chemical bioaccumulation in demersal food webs, habitat or endangered species management, benthic autecology, systematics (to define new species and species population boundaries), and other benthic studies. Here we review the scope of past and current studies as a background for strategic research planning and suggest areas for further research to support NOAA's goals of sustainable fisheries management, healthy coastal ecosystems, and protected species populations.

Seasonal Occurrence of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in Waters off the Florida West Coast, with Notes on its Life History

The white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is considered rare in the Gulf of Mexico; however, recent longline captures coupled with historical landings information suggest that the species occurs seasonally (winter-spring) within this region. We examined a total of seven adult and juvenile white sharks (185-472 em total length) captured in waters off the west coast of Florida. Commercial longline fisheries were monitored for white sharks during all months (1981-94), but this species was captured only from January to April. All white sharks were captured in continental shelf waters from 37 to 222 km off the west coast of Florida when sea surface temperatures ranged from 18.7° to 21.6°C. Depths at capture locations ranged from 20 to 164 m. Fishing gear typically used in Gulf of Mexico offshore fisheries may not be effective at capturing this species, and the apparent rarity of white sharks in this area may be, in part, a function of gear bias.

Hawaii's Marine Fisheries: Some History, Long-term Trends, and Recent Developments

This paper provides an overview of Hawaii's marine fisheries from 1948 to the present. After three decades of decline following a brief period of growth at the conclusion to World War lI, Hawaii's commercial fisheries began a decade of sustained development in the 1980's. At the same time, fisheries management issues became more significant as different segments of the fishery came into more direct competition. This paper provides new estimates of commercial landings for the 1977-90 period, and summarizes limited information on recreational and subsistence fisheries in the 1980's. It also provides some historical context which may be useful in evaluating fishery development and management options.

Yellowfin Sole, Pleuronectes asper, of the Eastern Bering Sea: Biological Characteristics, History of Exploitation, and Management

Yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper, is the second most abundant flatfish in the North Pacific Ocean and is most highly concentrated in the eastern Bering Sea. It has been a target species in the eastern Bering Sea since the mid-1950's, initially by foreign distant-water fisheries but more recently by U.S. fisheries. Annual commercial catches since 1959 have ranged from 42,000 to 554,000 metric tons (t). Yellowfin sole is a relatively small flatfish averaging about 26 cm in length and 200 g in weight in commercial catches. It is distributed from nearshore waters to depths of about 100 m in the eastern Bering Sea in summer, but moves to deeper water in winter to escape sea ice. Yellowfin sole is a benthopelagic feeder. It is a longlived species (>20 years) with a correspondingly low natural mortality rate estimated at 0.12. After being overexploited during the early years of the fishery and suffering a substantial decline in stock abundance, the resource has recovered and is currently in excellent condition. The biomass during the 1980's may have been as high as, if not higher than, that at the beginning of the fishery. Based on results of demersal trawl surveys and two age structured models, the current exploitable biomass has been estimated to range between 1.9 and 2.6 million t. Appropriate harvest strategies were investigated under a range of possible recruitment levels. The recommended harvest level was calculated by multiplying the yield derived from the FOI harvest level (161 g at F = 0.14) hy an average recruitment value resulting in a commercial harvest of 276,900 t, or about 14% of the estimated exploitable biomass.

Identificações do feminino em materiais didáticos contemporâneos

Dada a persistente restrição da presença feminina em diferentes espaços-tempos das sociedades contemporâneas, desenvolvemos esta pesquisa com o objetivo de discutir os significados atribuídos ao feminino em materiais didáticos da atualidade. Partindo da hipótese de que a educação escolar, embora não determine, participa dos processos sociais que resultam em tal quadro de subalternização da mulher, focalizamos as apostilas utilizadas pelos anos finais do ensino fundamental das escolas públicas da rede da Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, durante o ano de 2013. Foram selecionadas as apostilas das disciplinas Ciência, História e Matemática. Desenvolvemos também estudo sobre a apropriação da noção de gênero na produção acadêmica recente da pesquisa em Educação, de modo a mapear e discutir sobre esta outra importante instância de atribuição de sentido ao ser mulher. Em diálogo com o filósofo Jacques Derrida e suas teorizações sobre os processos sociais de construção de sentidos, nossas análises se basearam no entendimento de que as palavras possuem significados instáveis, provisórios e precários, instituídos de modo relacional e diferencial. Com as teorizações de Joan Scott e Judith Butler, trazemos as proposições de Derrida para pensar os mecanismos de produção do feminino no social, através do conceito de gênero e da noção de identidade performativa. Entre os resultados construídos, está a invisibilidade que a história das mulheres apresenta no material de História, a naturalização de funções apresentadas como femininas nas apostilas de Ciência e a reprodução de concepções tradicionais sobre o lugar de meninas e meninos no corpus de Matemática. Mas concluímos também que os materiais didáticos pesquisados já possuem concepções menos sexistas na forma de significar o feminino, observando-se deslocamentos que sugerem certa hibridação. Porém, esses deslocamentos são inseridos nos textos de forma tímida, fazendo com que os postulados com maior poder de iteração sejam aqueles que ainda reproduzem velhas formas de ser mulher e de ser homem, podendo reforçar os estereótipos de gênero, caso não haja acesso a informações que se contraponham às encontradas.

Menhaden: The Resource, The Industry, and a Management History

PREFACE: Four species of menhaden, Brevoortia spp., are found along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. The Atlantic menhaden, B. tyrannus, is found from Nova Scotia, Can., to West Palm Beach, Fla.; the yellowfin menhaden, B. smithi, is found from Cape Lookout, N. C., to the Mississippi River Delta, La.;the Gulf menhaden, B. patronus, is found from Cape Sable, Fla., to Veracruz, Mex.; and the finescale menhaden, B. gunteri, is found from the Mississippi River Delta, La., to Campeche, Mex. Menhaden are euryhaline species that inhabit coastal and inland tidal waters. Spawning occurs principally at sea (in northern areas some spawning occurs in bays and sounds). Eggs hatch at sea and the larvae are moved to estuaries by ocean currents where they metamorphose and develop as juveniles.

Population Biology and Life History of the North American Menhadens, Brevoortia spp.

Four recognized species of menhaden, Brevoortia spp., occur in North American marine waters: Atlantic menhaden, B. tyrannus; Gulf menhaden, B. patronus; yellowfin menhaden. B. smithi; and finescale menhaden, B. gunteri. Three of the menhaden species are known to form two hybrid types. Members of the genus range from coastal waters of Veracruz, Mex., to Nova Scotia, Can. Atlantic and Gulf menhaden are extremely abundant within their respective ranges and support extensive purse-seine reduction (to fish meal and oil) fisheries. All menhaden species are estuarine dependent through late larval and juvenile stages. Depending on species and location within the range, spawning may occur within bays and sounds to a substantial distance offshore. Menhaden are considered to be filter-feeding, planktivorous omnivores as juveniles and adults. Menhaden eggs, immature developmental stages, and adults are potential prey for a large and diverse number of predators. North American menhadens, including two hybrids, are hosts for the parasitic isopod, Olencira praegustator, and the parasitic copepod, Lemaeenicus radiatus. Although the data are quite variable, a dome-shaped Ricker function is frequently used to describe the spawner-recruitment relationship for Atlantic and Gulf menhaden. Each of these species is treated as a single stock with respect to exploitation by the purse-seine reduction fishery. Estimates of instantaneous natural (other) mortality rates are O.45 for Atlantic menhaden and 1.1 for Gulf menhaden.

History of the Fisheries of Raritan Bay, New York and New Jersey

Raritan Bay is the body of water bounded by New York and New Jersey and lying immediately south of New York City (Fig. 1). It has close proximity to the most concentrated urban and industrial area in the United States. Its history has been one of extensive multiple use by the surrounding human population. Dating from the precolonial and colonial periods, people have employed many types of gear to catch and gather its once abundant fishes and shellfishes. Its beaches were once popular for sun bathing and swimming, but after the 1940's they were essentially abandoned because the water became too polluted. Another large use has been for pleasure boating and the transit and dockage of merchant, passenger, and military vessels. Channels and basins were dug in the bay, bulkheads and jetties were constructed along its shores, and it was a donor source of sand and gravel for construction projects. It has also been a receptor for large quantities of domestic and industrial wastes and, mainly for this reason, it is one ofthe most deteriorated estuaries in the United States.

Marine Fisheries History: The 50th Anniversay Issue of the Marine Fisheries Review

The 1980's seems to have been the decade for conservation anniversaries. Celebrating centennials have been the U.S. Fishery Bulletin (1981), NMFS Woods Hole Laboratory (1985), Journal of the Marine Biological Association (1987) and the Association itself (1984), Pacific halibut fishery (1988), Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass. (1988), and England's Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (1989). While the U. S. Department of Commerce turned 75 (1988), 50th anniversaries were nlarked by the NMFS Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (1981), The Wildlife Society and its Journal ofWildlife Management (1987), National Wildlife Federation (1986), International Game Fish Association (1989), and, of course, the Marine Fisheries Review (1988), which provided the raison d'etre for this special issue being devoted to "Marine Fisheries History."

Centennial Lecture I: History and Contributions of the Woods Hole Fisheries Laboratory

The genesis and the early history of the Woods Hole Laboratory (WHL), to a lesser extent the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), and to some degree the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), were elegantly covered by Paul S. Galtsoff (1962) in his BCF Circular "The Story of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts." It covers the period from the beginning in 1871 to 1958. Galtsoffs more than 35-year career in the fishery service was spent almost entirely in Woods Hole. I will only briefly touch on that portion of the Laboratory's history covered by Galtsoff. Woods Hole, as a center of marine science, was conceived and implemented largely by one man, Spencer Fullerton Baird, at that time Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian and who was also instrumental in the establishment of the National Museum and Permanent Secretary of the newly established American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 as the first U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries. Fisheries research began here as early as 1871, but a permanent station did not exist until 1885.

Educação Médica para controle do câncer: avaliação de egressos de um curso de Medicina e a contribuição das ligas acadêmicas como mais uma estratégia de ensino

O câncer ganha cada vez mais destaque como problema de saúde pública. Desta forma, diversas estratégias somam-se com objetivo de reduzir a morbi-mortalidade associada a este conjunto de doenças. Para o pleno sucesso das políticas de controle, o profissional de saúde, em especial o médico, assume papel fundamental. Contudo, depara-se com a deficiência encontrada nos currículos das escolas médicas (EM), principalmente no que tange ao ensino de ações desenvolvidas dentro da atenção primária em saúde. No Brasil, diversos projetos genericamente denominados de Ligas Acadêmicas (LA) têm ganhado destaque como propostas para ensino, enquanto atividades extracurriculares, através da iniciativa discente. Esta dissertação tem como objetivos: (1) avaliar a capacitação de alunos de Medicina quanto a conhecimentos e práticas para prevenção, rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce das neoplasias mais frequentes no Brasil e (2) avaliar a repercussão e as propostas das LA como complementação de ensino. Foi realizada a adaptação transcultural de um questionário autopreenchível utilizado em estudos norte-americanos como instrumento para coleta de dados. Os dados foram obtidos de alunos do último ano de uma universidade pública no Rio de Janeiro. Dos 78 alunos elegíveis, 74 participaram do estudo. Destes, 87% consideram que o estudo de câncer no currículo é insuficiente. Apenas 4% souberam informar corretamente as neoplasias com protocolo de rastreamento recomendados no Brasil. Os resultados mostram que o treinamento em habilidades para o controle do câncer é fraco: quanto ao aconselhamento de pacientes, 30% receberam treinamento para orientar a cessação do tabagismo e um percentual ainda menor (15%) chegam ao final do curso sem terem sido treinados para avaliar a história nutricional dos pacientes. Em relação ao exame físico, quase 60% nunca foram treinados a realizar o exame clínico da pele, 50% terminam a graduação sem terem executado um preventivo ginecológico e quase 20% sem realizar o exame clínico das mamas. Já em relação a autopercepção, os alunos sentem-se muito mais preparados a aconselhar pacientes quanto a hábitos para prevenção do câncer. Outras variáveis estudadas (gênero, sistema de ingresso no vestibular e familiares/pessoas próximas com câncer) não afetaram o desempenho dos alunos nas dimensões avaliadas (treinamento, prática e autopercepção). Para avaliar o efeito graduação, foi utilizado um grupo controle formado por alunos do primeiro ano (n=77). Houve ganho significativo nas dimensões treinamento e prática quando comparamos os dois grupos e, numa proporção bem menor, na dimensão autopercepção. Para avaliação das LA, foi realizado um levantamento de todas as EM no Brasil que iniciaram suas atividades antes do ano de 2010 e, após relação nominal, foram identificadas aquelas com LA e com LA relacionada ao estudo do câncer. Contudo, o verdadeiro impacto destes projetos só pode ser entendido com uma análise qualitativa dos mesmos. Observa-se que, nas LA, os alunos são estimulados a desenvolver habilidades pouco abordadas nos currículos tradicionais, fundamentais para a formação profissional, como gestão, liderança, empreendedorismo, inovação, extensão universitária e construção da cidadania.

Gêneros múltiplos: binarismos versus pluralismo em Stone butch blues e Stella Manhattan

Gêneros múltiplos: binarismos versus pluralismo em Stone Butch Blues e Stella Manhattan almeja discutir a arbitrariedade do sistema de sexo e gênero da sociedade ocidental contemporânea, que categoriza e fixa o sexo biológico dos indivíduos em duas exclusivas expressões de gênero possíveis: homem/masculino x mulher/feminino. Casos em que a referida consonância entre sexo e gênero não ocorre são tratados como aberrações passíveis de punições físicas e morais. O corpus literário desta tese é formado por romances da literatura norte-americana (Stone Butch Blues, de Leslie Feinberg) e brasileira (Stella Manhattan, de Silviano Santiago). A introdução discorre brevemente acerca da história e da teoria do romance, objeto principal deste estudo, posta em prática por renomados romancistas. O segundo capítulo ocupa-se de questões teóricas sobre sexo e gênero, importantes para o embasamento da discussão literária, além da trama e fortuna crítica sobre Stone Butch Blues, incluindo uma análise do autor deste trabalho sobre o referido romance. O terceiro capítulo discute outras questões teóricas, desta vez sobre teoria da Literatura e de gênero, além de apresentar a fortuna crítica de Stella Manhattan, culminando também com uma análise crítica do autor desta tese sobre o romance brasileiro. Ao final da pesquisa, objetiva-se demonstrar que o binário de gênero socialmente imposto precisa, em realidade, ceder espaço a um sistema plural e fluido, no qual a biologia perde seu papel determinante na masculinidade ou feminilidade do indivíduo

Life history and production of Capitella capitata (Polychaeta: Capitellidae) in Río de la Plata Estuary (Argentina)

A benthic survey was carried out from November 1998 to December 1999 in the tidal flats of Bahía Samborombón (Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina), in order to study the population structure, reproductive aspects, growth and secondary production of Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780). Growth was analyzed using ELEFAN routine, and the secondary production was estimated by Hynes and Coleman's method (1968). C. capitata did not present periods of very important recruitments throughout the year; however, the abundance of smallest size classes was higher during summer and autumn. The summer cohort showed a growth rate (K) of 2.05 and a seasonal growth oscillation (C) of 0.6, pointing out that worms grew very slowly during winter months. The life span of this cohort was 13 months. The autumn cohort showed a lower growth rate (K= 1.5) and its growth was lowest during winter. The life span was 15 months for this cohort. C. capitata in Punta Rasa presented an extended reproductive period, with absence of activity during winter months. The type of eggs and larvae suggest that C. capitata has benthic larval development in the study area, destining its reproductive effort to the production of a low number of eggs, and assuring larvae survival through incubation in brooding tubes. The annual mean biomass in Punta Rasa was 0.117 g m-2 (AFDW), with a mean secondary production of 0.23 g m-2 y-1 and a P/B ratio of 1.96 y-1. The relatively low density, biomass production and P/B ratio of C. capitata in Punta Rasa can be considered as reference values for this species inhabiting undisturbed or moderately disturbed areas.