Aspectos morfofisiológicos do girassol irrigado por gotejamento no Submédio São Francisco.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e arranjos de gotejadores nas características morfofisiológicas de variedades de girassol. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2x4, considerando duas variedades de girassol (Hélio 251 e Hélio 360), dois arranjos das linhas de gotejo (fileiras simples e fileiras duplas) e quatro lâminas de irrigação (75, 90, 105 e 120% da ETc), com três repetições. Foram avaliados altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, peso do capítulo, peso de mil aquênios, produtividade e respostas fisiológicas das plantas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que, no geral, a lâmina correspondente a 100% da ETc proporcionou as melhores respostas para o cultivo das variedades de girassol Hélio 251 e Hélio 360. Considerando a não diferença significativa entre os arranjos das linhas de gotejadores, o de fileiras duplas torna-se o mais viável para o cultivo de girassol, tendo em vista sua maior economia na instalação do sistema de rrigação. O teor de óleo dos aquênios não é influenciado pela disponibilidade de água para as plantas de girassol.

EL SURESTE DE RORAIMA: DE UN MARCO NATURAL MUY

Esta investigación examina las relaciones entre los procesos de colonización, los diferentes movimientos migratorios y los componentes más importantes de la política de ocupación que se desarrolló en el sureste de Roraima a lo largo de las últimas décadas. La metodología seguida correspondió en un primer momento a estudios básicos sobre modelos de colonización, asentamientos rurales, espacio agrario y espacios naturales. A continuación, se basó en datos económicos, crecimiento de población, inmigración, índice de deforestación, entrevistas y encuestas. En el estado de Roraima, el éxito de las políticas de expansión territorial, que en su momento se aplicarón para ayudar a resolver la crisis social de otras regiones, ha aumentado considerablemente la población del estado y generado una frontera de extrema diversidad, dependencia y complejidad. La frontera de expansión aún sigue abierta, puesto que la tierra es abundante, “libre” y los juegos de intereses de los administradores y planificadores no son del todo claros. El progresivo deterioro del medio ambiente, podemos señalar que siguen siendo aspectos destacables en el paisaje y a veces suponen mutaciones radicales de la situación precedente, que algunos califican como cambios catastróficos.

Associação clima x monitoramento fenológico da Caatinga por meio de câmeras digitais: aspectos metodológicos.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar os aspectos metodológicos do monitoramento fenológico de uma área de Caatinga preservada por meio de câmeras digitais, exemplificando sua aplicação para um dia na estação chuvosa e outro na estação seca. Para isso, foram descritas todas as etapas envolvidas na obtenção e processamento das imagens digitais diárias de uma área de Caatinga preservada, incluindo os índices %R (vermelho), %G (verde), %B (azul) e excG (excesso de verde). As imagens dos dias 10/05/2015 e 15/09/2015 foram usadas para representar o período com e sem folhas, respectivamente. Para estas datas, os valores médios dos índices foram: %R = 0,3326, %G = 0,3514, %B = 0,3124, excG = 13,7139 para o dia 10/05; e %R = 0,3465, %G = 0,3411, %B = 0,3125, excG = 7,4177 para 15/09. Esta metodologia envolvendo o monitoramento constante desse tipo de vegetação, por meio de fotografias digitais repetidas, é capaz de detectar as mudanças nos padrões de verde no dossel, principalmente por meio do índice excG.

DESASTRE NATURAL: UN CONCEPTO CAMBIANTE

Las concepciones de la denominación “desastre natural” han cambiado desde finales de la década de los 50.  Las primeras definiciones fueron ampliamente basadas en las características de las fuerza s naturales y su consiguiente impacto y daño.  Con la creciente atención que las ciencias sociales empezaron a dar a las situaciones de emergencia, la percepción del desastre “natural” ha cambiado de la consideración de los aspectos técnicos del fenómeno físico en si como centro primario de atención, a la posición de la extensión de los efectos gravosos de un evento, es fundamentalmente un asunto social.

Natural Wax-Based Water Vapour Barrier Coatings on PLA for MAP Food Packaging

PLA is a bio-based polymer that is obtained from renewable resources and it is very promising for a sustainable packaging manufacturing. However, its gas and vapour barrier properties are not enough to comply with the requirements of MAP packaging of fresh foods, which need specific concentration of water and oxygen to avoid spoilage and to keep the organoleptic properties unaltered throughout their shelf-life. The use of waxes from natural renewable sources such as plants (e.g., candelilla wax, carnauba wax, rice bran wax, sunflower wax) or animals (e.g., beeswax) could tackle down the permeation of water vapour through the packaging without affecting its bio-based content. The core of this work is developing wax-based coatings with enhanced thermo-mechanical properties so that they can undergo thermoforming and a proper adhesion to the PLA substrate can be ensured. Chemical modifications and crosslinking of waxes are performed to produce wax-based alkyd resins. The synthesised materials are characterised both by DSC and FTIR. Films of the wax-based alkyds are produced in order to assess their water vapour permeability.

Aspectos preventivos em saúde bucal

O objeto inicia por mostrar o estigma das pessoas para com os idosos quanto a perda dentária, vista como parte natural do envelhecimento, embora em todo o mundo, tal estigma venha deixando de existir, uma vez que se constata a melhora gradativa da condição bucal de adultos e idosos. Tal melhora é decorrente de avanços nas práticas de prevenção e tratamento odontológicos e melhoria dos hábitos de autocuidado. Segue afirmando que é possível manter íntegros os dentes durante o envelhecimento e enfatiza a prevenção ao longo da vida como fundamental para isso, além do uso racional de fluoretos. Termina alertando que o uso de fluoretos também é de extrema importância na prevenção e controle das lesões de cárie de raiz, muito comuns nos idosos e abordando a prevenção do câncer de boca, onde o consumo de álcool e tabaco associados potencializa drasticamente o risco. Unidade 4 do módulo 8 que compõe o Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família.

Aspectos nutricionais na saúde da criança: questões da prática assistencial para enfermeiros

O aleitamento materno é a mais sábia estratégia natural de vínculo, afeto, proteção e nutrição para a criança e constitui a mais sensível, econômica e eficaz intervenção para redução da morbimortalidade infantil. Além do conhecimento sobre as vantagens do aleitamento materno, as mulheres devem ser orientadas sobre técnicas de amamentação. Portanto, durante as consultas e visitas domiciliares é preciso verificar como está o desenvolvimento da amamentação, conforme orientações do Ministério da Saúde, para realizar as devidas intervenções. Procede-se ao aleitamento artificial sempre que o aleitamento materno não é possível. Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, a melhor opção para crianças totalmente desmamadas com idade inferior a 4 meses é a oferta de leite humano pasteurizado proveniente de Banco de Leite Humano, quando disponível. Além disso, o aleitamento materno tem um importante papel na prevenção de doenças ortodônticas e no adequado desenvolvimento da dentição por meio do movimento de sucção do leite. Assim, juntamente com o incentivo ao aleitamento, deve ser ressaltada a importância da limpeza da cavidade oral

Aspectos nutricionais na saúde da criança: questões da prática assistencial para enfermeiros

Aborda o aleitamento materno como a mais sábia estratégia natural de vínculo, afeto, proteção e nutrição para a criança. Constitui a mais sensível, econômica e eficaz intervenção para redução da morbimortalidade infantil. Além do conhecimento sobre as vantagens do aleitamento materno, as mulheres devem ser orientadas sobre técnicas de amamentação. Portanto, durante as consultas e visitas domiciliares é preciso verificar como está o desenvolvimento da amamentação, conforme orientações do Ministério da Saúde, para realizar as devidas intervenções. Procede-se ao aleitamento artificial sempre que o aleitamento materno não é possível. Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, a melhor opção para crianças totalmente desmamadas com idade inferior a 4 meses é a oferta de leite humano pasteurizado proveniente de Banco de Leite Humano, quando disponível. Além disso, o aleitamento materno tem um importante papel na prevenção de doenças ortodônticas e no adequado desenvolvimento da dentição por meio do movimento de sucção do leite. Assim, juntamente com o incentivo ao aleitamento, deve ser ressaltada a importância da limpeza da cavidade oral

Assessment Of Robustness On Analysis Using Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction And Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography Through Experimental Designs.

Plackett-Burman experimental design was applied for the robustness assessment of GC×GC-qMS (Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Fast Quadrupolar Mass Spectrometric Detection) in quantitative and qualitative analysis of volatiles compounds from chocolate samples isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The influence of small changes around the nominal level of six factors deemed as important on peak areas (carrier gas flow rate, modulation period, temperature of ionic source, MS photomultiplier power, injector temperature and interface temperature) and of four factors considered as potentially influential on spectral quality (minimum and maximum limits of the scanned mass ranges, ions source temperature and photomultiplier power). The analytes selected for the study were 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, 2-octanone, octanal, 2-pentyl-furan, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, and 2-nonanone e nonanal. The factors pointed out as important on the robustness of the system were photomultiplier power for quantitative analysis and lower limit of mass scanning range for qualitative analysis.

Bioactivity And Chemical Composition Of The Essential Oil From The Leaves Of Guatteria Australis A.st.-hil.

Essential oil from the leaves of Guatteria australis was obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectromery (GC-MS) and their antiproliferative, antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. Twenty-three compounds were identified among which germacrene B (50.66%), germacrene D (22.22%) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.99%) were the main compounds. The highest antiproliferative activity was observed against NCI-ADR/RES (TGI = 31.08 μg/ml) and HT-29 (TGI = 32.81 μg/ml) cell lines. It also showed good antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum (IC50 = 30.71 μg/ml). On the other hand, the oil exhibited a small effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, S. aureus ATCC 14458 and Escherichia coli ATCC 10799 (MIC = 250 μg/ml), as well as small antioxidant activity (457 μmol TE/g) assessed through ORACFL assay. These results represent the first report regarding chemical composition and bioactivity of G. australis essential oil.

Separation Of Glycosidic Catiomers By Twim-ms Using Co2 As A Drift Gas.

Traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS) is shown to be able to separate and characterize several isomeric forms of diterpene glycosides stevioside (Stv) and rebaudioside A (RebA) that are cationized by Na(+) and K(+) at different sites. Determination and characterization of these coexisting isomeric species, herein termed catiomers, arising from cationization at different and highly competitive coordinating sites, is particularly challenging for glycosides. To achieve this goal, the advantage of using CO2 as a more massive and polarizable drift gas, over N2 , was demonstrated. Post-TWIM-MS/MS experiments were used to confirm the separation. Optimization of the possible geometries and cross-sectional calculations for mobility peak assignments were also performed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In Vivo Determination Of The Volatile Metabolites Of Saprotroph Fungi By Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography.

In this work, we discuss the use of multi-way principal component analysis combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to study the volatile metabolites of the saprophytic fungus Memnoniella sp. isolated in vivo by headspace solid-phase microextraction. This fungus has been identified as having the ability to induce plant resistance against pathogens, possibly through its volatile metabolites. Adequate culture media was inoculated, and its headspace was then sampled with a solid-phase microextraction fiber and chromatographed every 24 h over seven days. The raw chromatogram processing using multi-way principal component analysis allowed the determination of the inoculation period, during which the concentration of volatile metabolites was maximized, as well as the discrimination of the appropriate peaks from the complex culture media background. Several volatile metabolites not previously described in the literature on biocontrol fungi were observed, as well as sesquiterpenes and aliphatic alcohols. These results stress that, due to the complexity of multidimensional chromatographic data, multivariate tools might be mandatory even for apparently trivial tasks, such as the determination of the temporal profile of metabolite production and extinction. However, when compared with conventional gas chromatography, the complex data processing yields a considerable improvement in the information obtained from the samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Comparing Near-infrared Conventional Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy And Hyperspectral Imaging For Determination Of The Bulk Properties Of Solid Samples By Multivariate Regression: Determination Of Mooney Viscosity And Plasticity Indices Of Natural Rubber.

Conventional reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and hyperspectral imaging (HI) in the near-infrared region (1000-2500 nm) are evaluated and compared, using, as the case study, the determination of relevant properties related to the quality of natural rubber. Mooney viscosity (MV) and plasticity indices (PI) (PI0 - original plasticity, PI30 - plasticity after accelerated aging, and PRI - the plasticity retention index after accelerated aging) of rubber were determined using multivariate regression models. Two hundred and eighty six samples of rubber were measured using conventional and hyperspectral near-infrared imaging reflectance instruments in the range of 1000-2500 nm. The sample set was split into regression (n = 191) and external validation (n = 95) sub-sets. Three instruments were employed for data acquisition: a line scanning hyperspectral camera and two conventional FT-NIR spectrometers. Sample heterogeneity was evaluated using hyperspectral images obtained with a resolution of 150 × 150 μm and principal component analysis. The probed sample area (5 cm(2); 24,000 pixels) to achieve representativeness was found to be equivalent to the average of 6 spectra for a 1 cm diameter probing circular window of one FT-NIR instrument. The other spectrophotometer can probe the whole sample in only one measurement. The results show that the rubber properties can be determined with very similar accuracy and precision by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression models regardless of whether HI-NIR or conventional FT-NIR produce the spectral datasets. The best Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction (RMSEPs) of external validation for MV, PI0, PI30, and PRI were 4.3, 1.8, 3.4, and 5.3%, respectively. Though the quantitative results provided by the three instruments can be considered equivalent, the hyperspectral imaging instrument presents a number of advantages, being about 6 times faster than conventional bulk spectrometers, producing robust spectral data by ensuring sample representativeness, and minimizing the effect of the presence of contaminants.

Aspectos técnicos da monitorização da pressão intracraniana pelo método subaracnóideo no traumatismo craniencefálico grave

Two hundred and six patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 points or less after nonsurgical resuscitation on admission), managed at Intensive Care Unit-Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas were prospectively analysed. All patients were assessed by CT scan and 72 required neurosurgical intervention. All patients were continuously monitored to evaluate intracranial pressure (ICP) levels by a subarachnoid device (11 with subarachnoid metallic bolts and 195 with subarachnoid polyvinyl catheters). The ICP levels were continuously observed in the bedside pressure monitor display and their end-hour values were recorded in a standard chart. The patients were managed according to a standard protocol guided by the ICP levels. There were no intracranial haemorrhagic complications or hematomas due the monitoring method. Sixty six patients were punctured by lateral C1-C2 technique to assess infectious complications and 2 had positive cerebrospinal fluid samples for Acinetobacter sp. The final results measured at hospital discharge showed 75 deaths (36,40%) and 131 (63,60%) survivors. ICP levels had significantly influenced the final results (p<0,001). The subarachnoid method to continuously assess the ICP levels was considered aplicable, safe, simple, low cost and useful to advise the management of the patients. The ICP record methodology was practical and useful. Despite the current technical advances the subarachnoid method was considered viable to assess the ICP levels in severe head injury.

Classificação de água de coco processada e natural por meio de HCA, PCA e teores de íons metálicos determinados por ICP OES

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in samples of processed and natural coconut water. The sample preparation consisted in a filtration step followed by a dilution. The analysis was made employing optimized instrumental parameters and the results were evaluated using methods of Pattern Recognition. The data showed common concentration values for the analytes present in processed and natural samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated that the samples of different kinds were statistically different when the concentrations of all the analytes were considered simultaneously.