Synthesis, Characterisation and Properties of (Ba1-xSrx) (Nd1/2Nb1/2 ) 03 Ceramics for Application as Dielectric Resonators in Microwave Circuits

The (Ba1-x Srx) (Nd1/2, Nb1/2) O3 ceramics have been prepared by the conventional ceramic route for different values of x. Addition of a small amount of CeO2(1 wt%) as a sintering aid increased the density of the samples. The structure and microstructure of the sintered samples are studied by X-ray diffraction and SEM methods. The dielectric properties of the samples are measured in the microwave frequency region as a function of composition. The dielectric constant decreases as x increases. The coefficient of thermal variation of resonant frequency decreases as the Sr content increases and goes to the negative side. The dielectric properties of (Ba1-x Srx) (Nd1/2, Nb1/2) O3 are in the range suitable for application as dielectric resonators in microwave circuits

Ba(Tb1/2Nb1/2)03: A New Ceramic Microwave Dielectric Resonator

A new microwave dielectric resonator Ba(Tb1/2Nb1/2)03 has been prepared and characterized in the microwave frequency region. 1 wt% CeO2 is used as additive to reduce the sintering temperature. The sintered samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopic methods. Microwave DR properties such as er, Q factor and temperature-coefficient of resonant frequency (Ti) have been measured using a HP 8510 B Network Analyzer. Cylindrical DRs of Ba(Tb1/2Nbi/2)03 showed high Er (~ 37), high Q (~3,200) and low Tf (~10 ppm /°C) at 4 GHz and hence are useful for practical applications

The Effect of Glass Additives on the Microwave Dielectric Properties of Ba(Mg 1 /3Ta2/3)03 Ceramics

The effect of glass additives on the densification , phase evolution, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Ba(Mg1;3 Ta2i3)03 (BMT) was investigated . Different weight percentages of quenched glass such as B203 , Si02, B203-SiO2, ZnO-B203, 5ZnO-2B2O3, Al203-SiO2, Na20-2B203.10H20, BaO-B203-SiO2, MgO-B203-SiO2, PbO-B203-SiO2 , ZnO-B203-SiO2 and 2MgO-Al203-5SiO2 were added to calcined BMT precursor . The sintering temperature of the glass -added BMT samples were lowered down to 1300 °C compared to solid-state sintering where the temperature was 1650 °C. The formation of high temperature satellite phases such as Ba5Ta4O15 and Ba7Ta6O22 were found to be suppressed by the glass addition . Addition of glass systems such as B203, ZnO-B203, 5ZnO-2B203 and ZnO-B203-SiO2 improved the densification and microwave dielectric properties. Other glasses were found to react with BMT to form low-Q phases which prevented densification . The microwave dielectric properties of undoped BMT with a densification of 93 . 1 % of the theoretical density were Cr = 24 . 8, Tr = 8 ppm/°C and Q„ x f= 80,000 GHz. The BMT doped with 1.0 wt% of B203 has Q„ x f = 124,700GHz, Cr = 24.2, and T f = -1.3 ppm /°C. The unloaded Q factor of 0.2 wt% ZnO-B203-doped BMT was 136,500 GHz while that of 1.0 wt% of 5ZnO-2B203 added ceramic was Q„ x f= 141,800 GHz . The best microwave quality factor was observed for ZnO -B203-SiO2 (ZBS) glass-added ceramics which can act as a perfect liquid-phase medium for the sintering of BMT. The microwave dielectric properties of 0.2wt% ZBS-added BMT dielectric was Q„ x f= 152,800 GHz, F,= 25.5, and Tr = - 1.5 ppm/°C

Laser-induced thermal characterization of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina matrix

In this paper, we report the measurements of thermal diffusivity of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina matrix sintered at different temperatures using laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique. Measurements of thermal diffusivity also have been carried out on specimens with various concentration of nano metal. Analysis of the data is done on the basis of one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present measurements on the thermal diffusivity of nano metal dispersed ceramic alumina shows that porosity has a great influence on the heat transport and the thermal diffusivity value. The present analysis also shows that the inclusion of nano metal into ceramic matrix increases its interconnectivity and hence the thermal diffusivity value. The present study on the samples sintered at different temperature shows that the porosity of the ceramics varies considerably with the change in sintering temperature. The results are interpreted in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism and the exclusion of pores with the increase in sintering temperature.

Laser-induced thermal characterization of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina matrix

In this paper, we report the measurements of thermal diffusivity of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina matrix sintered at different temperatures using laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique. Measurements of thermal diffusivity also have been carried out on specimens with various concentration of nano metal. Analysis of the data is done on the basis of one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present measurements on the thermal diffusivity of nano metal dispersed ceramic alumina shows that porosity has a great influence on the heat transport and the thermal diffusivity value. The present analysis also shows that the inclusion of nano metal into ceramic matrix increases its interconnectivity and hence the thermal diffusivity value. The present study on the samples sintered at different temperature shows that the porosity of the ceramics varies considerably with the change in sintering temperature. The results are interpreted in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism and the exclusion of pores with the increase in sintering temperature

Laser-induced thermal characterization of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina matrix

In this paper, we report the measurements of thermal diffusivity of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina matrix sintered at different temperatures using laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique. Measurements of thermal diffusivity also have been carried out on specimens with various concentration of nano metal. Analysis of the data is done on the basis of one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present measurements on the thermal diffusivity of nano metal dispersed ceramic alumina shows that porosity has a great influence on the heat transport and the thermal diffusivity value. The present analysis also shows that the inclusion of nano metal into ceramic matrix increases its interconnectivity and hence the thermal diffusivity value. The present study on the samples sintered at different temperature shows that the porosity of the ceramics varies considerably with the change in sintering temperature. The results are interpreted in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism and the exclusion of pores with the increase in sintering temperature

Photoacoustic Thermal Characterization of Porous Rare-Earth Phosphate Ceramics

The laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique has been employed to measure the thermal diffusivity of lanthanum phosphate ceramics prepared by the sol–gel route. The thermal diffusivity value was evaluated by knowing the transition frequency between the thermally thin to thermally thick region from the log–log plot of photoacoustic amplitude versus chopping frequency. Analysis of the data was carried out on the basis of the one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present investigation reveals that the sintering temperature has great influence on the propagation of heat carriers and hence on the thermal diffusivity value. The results were interpreted in terms of variations in porosity with sintering temperature as well as with changes in grain size.

Thermal characterization of nanocrystalline porous CePO4 ceramics

A laser-induced photoacoustic technique was employed to investigate thermal transport through nanocrystalline CePO4 samples prepared via the sol–gel route. Evaluation of thermal diffusivity was carried out using the one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho for the reflection configuration of the photoacoustic method. Structural analyses of samples revealed that they are nanoporous in nature, possessing micron-sized grains. Analysis of results shows that thermal diffusivity value varies with sintering temperature. Results are explained in terms of the variation in porosity with sintering temperature and the effects of various scattering mechanisms on the propagation of phonons through the nanoporous ceramic matrix. Further analyses confirm that apart from porosity, grain boundary resistance and interface thermal resistance influence the effective value of thermal diffusivity of the samples under investigation.

Photoacoustic thermal characterization of Al2O3–Ag ceramic nanocomposites

Laser-induced nondestructive photoacoustic (PA) technique has been employed to determine the thermal diffusivity of nanometal (Ag) dispersed ceramic alumina matrix sintered at different temperatures. The thermal diffusivity values are evaluated by knowing the transition frequency from the amplitude spectrum of PA signal using the one-dimensional heat flow model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. Analysis of the data shows that heat transport and hence the thermal diffusivity value is greatly affected by the influence of incorporation of foreign atom. It is also seen that sintering temperature affects the thermal diffusivity value in a substantial manner. The results are interpreted in terms of variation in porosity and carrier-assisted heat transport mechanism in nanometal dispersed ceramics.

Thermal characterisation of dye-intercalated K-10 montmorillonite ceramics using photoacoustic technique

Thermal diffusivity (TD) measurements were performed on some industrially important dyes – auramine O (AO), malachite green and methylene blue (MB) – adsorbed K-10 montmorillonites using photoacoustic method. The TD value for the dye-adsorbed clay mineral was observed to change with a variation in dye concentration. The contribution of the dye towards TD was also determined. The repeatedly adsorbed samples with MB and AO exhibited a lower TD than the single-adsorbed samples. TD values of sintered MB samples were also obtained experimentally. These sintered samples exhibit a higher TD, although they show a trend similar to that of non-sintered pellets. A variation in dye concentration and sintering temperature can be used for tuning the TD value of the clay mineral to the desired level.

Phenylethynylarene Based Donor-Acceptor Systems: Design, Synthesis and Photophysical Studies

This thesis Entitled phenylethynylarene based Donor-Acceptor systems:Desigh,Synthesis and Photophysical studies. A strategy for the design of donor-acceptor dyads, wherein decay of the charge separated (CS) state to low lying local triplet levels could possibly be prevented, is proposed. In order to examine this strategy, a linked donor-acceptor dyad BPEPPT with bis(phenylethYlly/)pyrene (BPEP) as the light absorber and acceptor and phenothiazine (PT) as donor was designed and photoinduced electron transfer in the dyad investigated. Absorption spectra of the dyad can be obtained by adding contributions due 10 the BPEP and PT moieties indicating that the constituents do not interact in the ground stale. Fluorescence of the BPEP moiety was efficiently quenched by the PT donor and this was attributed to electron lransfer from PT to BPEP. Picosecond transient absorption studies suggested formation of a charge separated state directly from the singlet excited state of BPEP. Nanosecond flash photolysis experiments gave long-ived transient absorptions assignable to PT radical cation and BPEP radical anion. These assignments were confirmed by oxygen quenching studies and secondary electron transfer experiments. Based on the available data, energy level diagram for BPEP-PT was constructed. The long lifetime of the charge separated state was attributed to the inverted region effects. The CS state did not undergo decay to low lying BPEP triplet indicating the success of our strategy

Thermal characterisation of dye-intercalated K-10 montmorillonite ceramics using photoacoustic technique

Thermal diffusivity (TD) measurements were performed on some industrially important dyes – auramine O (AO), malachite green and methylene blue (MB) – adsorbed K-10 montmorillonites using photoacoustic method. The TD value for the dye-adsorbed clay mineral was observed to change with a variation in dye concentration. The contribution of the dye towards TD was also determined. The repeatedly adsorbed samples with MB and AO exhibited a lower TD than the single-adsorbed samples. TD values of sintered MB samples were also obtained experimentally. These sintered samples exhibit a higher TD, although they show a trend similar to that of non-sintered pellets. A variation in dye concentration and sintering temperature can be used for tuning the TD value of the clay mineral to the desired level

Effect of preparation on magnetic properties of Mn-Zn ferrite

Mixed ferrites belonging to the type Mn0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4 have been prepared by the double sintering method and by the chemical co-precipitation for comparing their magnetic properties. Sintered and precipitated ferrites exhibit different characteristics, especially in their magnetic properties like magnetization (Ms), coercive field (Hc) and Curie temperature (Tc). The sintered particles were size reduced in order to compare with the nanosized co-precipitated particles. The effect of grinding has also been studied. Particles have been collected at regular intervals of grinding and their properties have been studied. The increase in the coercive field has been recorded by a hysteresis curve tracer confirming size reduction. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the structure and consequent size reduction

Realitätsnähe von Kinderfernsehprogrammen und geschlechterspezifische Fernsehnutzungspräferenzen

Überblick über die Arbeit: "Die Notwendigkeit deutscher Kinderfernseh- und -filmproduktion ist unbestritten. Sie sind die Voraussetzung dafür, dass Kinder im Fernsehen ihre eigene Lebenswirklichkeit wiederfinden und zur Reflexion dieser Wirklichkeit angeregt werden."(Rosenbaum 2000) Kinderfernsehexperten wie Uwe Rosenbaum (Landessenderdirektor des Südwestrundfunks Rheinland-Pfalz) oder Armin Maiwald (Geschäftsführer der Flash Filmstudio GmbH, Produzent und Regisseur vieler Sachgeschichten der Sendung mit der Maus) vertreten die Meinung, dass in Deutschland mehr Kinderprogramm mit Kindern produziert werden müsse, die in Deutschland wohnen. Sie sind dabei auch der Meinung, Realprogramm sei qualitativ hochwertiger und damit für Kinder besser, als einseitiges, triviales Zeichentrickprogramm. Der Teil 1 greift diesen Diskurs auf und beschreibt ihn. Einen Beitrag zu diesem Diskurs möchte die Frageleisten, welche Darstellungsformen von Welt vom expliziten Kinderfernsehen angeboten werden und welche davon Kinder bevorzugen. Das Material einer systematischen Fernsehprogrammanalyse, die von den Nutzungspräferenzen der Kinder ausgeht, kann dabei helfen. Dabei konzentriere ich mich auf die zwei Aspekte "Animation" und "real", da der Diskurs Realfilm als qualitativ hochwertig ansieht und Animation in dieser Hinsicht das genaue Gegenteil darstellt. Dabei ist ein zentrales Ergebnis der Analyse, dass sich die Nutzungspräferenzen der Jungen und Mädchen in bezug auf realitätsnahes Programm sehr unterscheiden: Jungen sehen eher Zeichentrickprogramm und Mädchen sehen eher Realformate wie z.B. Soap-Operas. Das legt nahe, die Diskussion um Realitätsnähe im Kinderfernsehen aus geschlechterspezifischer Sicht zu betrachten und die Fragestellung der Arbeit dahingehend neu zu formulieren. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit sortiert zunächst die Begriffe "Realitätsnähe", "Realfilm" und "Zeichentrick", die im ersten Teil eingeführt wurden und trennt sie von einander. Die "Jährliche Bestandsaufnahme zum Kinderfernsehen - qualitative und quantitative Fernsehprogrammanalyse in der Sicht der Kinder" dient dazu, im Kinderfernsehen die Spuren des Diskurses wieder zu finden. Die systematische Suche nach solchen Programmen macht es nötig, mit Hilfe operationalisierter Begriffe, Fernsehprogramm zu kodieren. Dabei bieten sich bereits vorhandene Kodes zur Realitätsnähe an. Für die Auswertung sind zudem auch Zugänge über weitere Kodes wie z.B. Information/ Unterhaltung oder Fiction/ Non-Fiction möglich. Die Ansätze in Teil 1 und 2 waren bis dahin umgangssprachliche Formulierungen, deshalb folgt im dritten Teil der Arbeit ein Exkurs in die Theorie, um den Begriff der Realitätsnähe im Fernsehen theoretisch zu begründen und um Realfilm und Animation theoretisch zu beschreiben. Zwei Themenfelder sind hierbei wesentlich: Das erste Themenfeld behandelt die Wirklichkeitskonstruktion im Fernsehen mit den Autoren Alfred Schütz, Thomas Luckmann und Jürgen Fritz. Das Wesentliche in diesem Abschnitt ist der Versuch Realfilm und Zeichentrick als geschlossene Sinngebiete wie "reale Welt" und "Spielwelt" zu verstehen, da geschlossenen Sinngebieten spezifische, eigene Erlebnis- und Erkenntnisstile zugrunde liegen. Fazit dieser Überlegung ist, dass Realfilm und Zeichentrick einander nicht über- oder untergeordnet sind, sondern formal nebeneinander mit unterschiedlichen Erkenntnis- und Erlebnisstilen in Erscheinung treten, bzw. in ihnen unterschiedliche Erlebnis- und Erkenntnisstile angelegt sind. Das zweite Themenfeld widmet sich der von David Buckingham so genannten "Perceived Reality", die nach der Wahrnehmung der Kinder von Wirklichkeit im Fernsehen fragt. Dabei geht es um die Frage, wie Kinder die Realität des Fernsehens beurteilen. Ein Fazit ist hierbei, dass Kinder an Fernsehsendungen keine allgemeingültige Messlatte anlegen, um die Realitätsnähe zu bestimmen, sondern Kinder handeln die Realitätsnähe von Sendungen und deren Bewertung in sozialen Kontexten mit Peers und Erwachsenen je nach Situation aus. Der vierte Teil der Arbeit wertet die Kodierung aus dem zweiten Teil aus und präsentiert Ergebnisse. In diesem Teil werden verschiedene Auswertungsverfahren ausprobiert, um Muster in der Rezeption und im Ein- und Ausschaltverhalten der Kinder in bezug auf Realitätsnähe zu finden. Nachdem Überblick über das Angebot an realitätsnahem Kinderfernsehprogramm, folgt die Auswertung der Nutzung des Kinderprogramms. Hierbei steht die Frage im Vordergrund, in welchem Ausmaß Kinder realitätsnahe Programme nutzen und welche geschlechterspezifischen Unterschiede es in der Nutzung Formate "Animation" und "real" gibt. Im Groben werden in diesem Kapitel zahlreiche Listen präsentiert, Sendungen beschrieben und vor allem unterschiedliche Altersgruppen sowie Geschlechter berücksichtigt. Eines der auffälligsten Merkmale wird sein, dass Jungen in Bezug auf die eingangs eröffneten Begriffe andere Präferenzen und Fernsehnutzungsmuster zeigen als Mädchen. Im Gegensatz zu Mädchen sehen die Jungen eher weniger Realprogramm und eher mehr Animationsprogramm. Kinder im Fernsehen stehen stellvertretend für Muster und Typen von Kindern der realen Welt. Das legitimiert anhand der Typologie der Kinder nach Freizeitmustern , nach diesen Kindertypen im Fernsehen und bei den Zuschauern zu suchen. Ein Ergebnis bestätigte die Beobchtung, dass Mädchen neben Realprogramm auch Zeichentrick sehen, und Jungen nur Zeichentrick. Anhand der bis dort gewonnenen Ergebnisse und zweier Beispiele aus dem Schulalltag folgt abschließend in Teil 5 ein pädagogisches Fazit. Der Umgang von Jungen mit Medien wird häufig problematisiert und so wie es sich in den Ergebnissen dieser und anderer Arbeiten wie der PISA2000-Studie oder in der Typologie der Freizeitmuster darstellt, könnte man durchaus den Eindruck gewinnen, dass Jungen eine schwierige Beziehung zu Medien haben. Deshalb muss man sich vermutlich zunächst eingestehen, dass Jungen eher Zeichentrick und Mädchen eher Soaps gucken, um danach Jungen emphatisch in Bezug auf ihre Mediennutzungsmuster zu begegnen und ihre Vorlieben nicht zu trivialisieren oder zu verurteilen. Das hat pädagogische Bedeutung für die Schule, wie die beiden Beispiele zeigen.

Aplicaci??n de las nuevas tecnolog??as en el aula

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: 'Experiencias Educativas y-o Profesionales'. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n