Reflexão sobre uma experiência pedagógica interdisciplinar no ensino do desenho num curso de design

A função do desenho na metodologia projectual do designer tem merecido o interesse de vários autores. Nessas abordagens, está presente a afirmação de que o desenho é essencial no processo de investigação do design para o registo de diversas variantes e de várias soluções ao longo da metodologia projectual (Cross, 2007). As profundas alterações da natureza do Design provocadas pelo contexto histórico actual (Norman, 2011) justificam a pertinência de uma reflexão alargada em torno do papel do desenho nos cursos de design, adaptado a esta nova realidade. Este é um desafio colocado hoje às instituições de ensino e seus intervenientes, na organização de estruturas curriculares e métodos pedagógicos. Conceitos como colaboração ou design multidisciplinar, entre outros, têm sido debatidos como estratégias para o ensino do design (Heller and Talarico, 2011, pp. 82-85). Neste contexto, e enquanto docentes nas áreas do Desenho e do Design, importa-nos abordar as seguintes questões: - de que forma é possível enquadrar métodos do desenho ao ensino do design actual? - de que forma poderá o Desenho ser pensado enquanto prática interdisciplinar? - que contributos podem essas práticas trazer para o processo de ensino/aprendizagem? Com base nestas preocupações, desenvolveu-se um projecto interdisciplinar entre as unidades curriculares de Desenho e de Estética e Teoria do Design no Curso de Design Gráfico, na Instituição onde leccionamos. Neste artigo, apresentaremos os objectivos e o processo desenvolvido, assim como a análise e conclusões desta experiência pedagógica.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1797 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate plan of the town of Boston and its vicinity : exhibiting a ground plan of all the streets, lanes, alleys, wharves, and public buildings in Boston, with the names and description thereof, likewise all the flats and channels between Boston and Charlestown, Cambridge, Roxbury & Dorchester with the two bridges and causeway, and the boundary lines beween Boston and the above mentioned towns from ... by Osgood Carleton ; I. Norman, sc. It was published and sold by Osgood Carleton in 1797. Scale [ca. 1:4,170]. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images, representing the southeast portion of the four sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings, city ward boundaries, wharves, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1797 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate plan of the town of Boston and its vicinity : exhibiting a ground plan of all the streets, lanes, alleys, wharves, and public buildings in Boston, with the names and description thereof, likewise all the flats and channels between Boston and Charlestown, Cambridge, Roxbury & Dorchester with the two bridges and causeway, and the boundary lines beween Boston and the above mentioned towns from ... by Osgood Carleton ; I. Norman, sc. It was published and sold by Osgood Carleton in 1797. Scale [ca. 1:4,170]. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images, representing the southwest portion of the four sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings, city ward boundaries, wharves, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1797 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate plan of the town of Boston and its vicinity : exhibiting a ground plan of all the streets, lanes, alleys, wharves, and public buildings in Boston, with the names and description thereof, likewise all the flats and channels between Boston and Charlestown, Cambridge, Roxbury & Dorchester with the two bridges and causeway, and the boundary lines beween Boston and the above mentioned towns from ... by Osgood Carleton ; I. Norman, sc. It was published and sold by Osgood Carleton in 1797. Scale [ca. 1:4,170]. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images, representing the northwest portion of the four sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings, city ward boundaries, wharves, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1797 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate plan of the town of Boston and its vicinity : exhibiting a ground plan of all the streets, lanes, alleys, wharves, and public buildings in Boston, with the names and description thereof, likewise all the flats and channels between Boston and Charlestown, Cambridge, Roxbury & Dorchester with the two bridges and causeway, and the boundary lines beween Boston and the above mentioned towns from ... by Osgood Carleton ; I. Norman, sc. It was published and sold by Osgood Carleton in 1797. Scale [ca. 1:4,170]. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images, representing the northeast portion of the four sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings, city ward boundaries, wharves, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

London, England, 1736 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Urbium Londini et West-Monasterii nec non suburbii Southwark accurata ichnographia : in qua viae publicae omnes et singulae, plateae majores et minores, vici, angiporti, porticulae etc. una cum accessionibus aedificiorum, quibus urbs usque ad a. 1736, novissime locupletata est, reprasentantur : ad norman prototypi Londinensis edita curris Hommannianorum Heredum C.P.S.C.M. It was published by Homaennischen Erben in 1736. Scale [ca. 1:5,280]. Covers central London, England area. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas, selected buildings, schools, churches, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), city district boundaries, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, and more. Some buildings shown pictorially. Includes notes and text in Latin. Place names in English. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

London, England, 1736 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Urbium Londini et West-Monasterii nec non suburbii Southwark accurata ichnographia : in qua viae publicae omnes et singulae, plateae majores et minores, vici, angiporti, porticulae etc. una cum accessionibus aedificiorum, quibus urbs usque ad a. 1736, novissime locupletata est, reprasentantur : ad norman prototypi Londinensis edita curris Hommannianorum Heredum C.P.S.C.M. It was published by Homaennischen Erben in 1736. Scale [ca. 1:5,280]. Covers central London, England area. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the eastern portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas, selected buildings, schools, churches, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), city district boundaries, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, and more. Some buildings shown pictorially. Includes notes and text in Latin. Place names in English. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Massachusetts, 1795 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate map of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts exclusive of the District of Maine : compiled pursuant to an act of the General Court from actual surveys of the several towns &c. taken by their order, exhibiting the boundary lines of the Commonwealth, the counties and towns, the principal roads, rivers, mountains, mines, islands, rocks, shoals, channels, lakes, ponds, falls, mills, manufactures & public buildings, with the true latitudes & longitudes, &c., by Osgood Carleton. It was published and sold by O. Carleton and I. Norman in 1795. Scale [ca. 1:281,560]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images, representing the eastern portion of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, bridges, academies, meeting houses, court houses, drainage, mountains, iron ore deposits, coastal navigational hazards, state, county, and town boundaries, distances of individual towns from Boston and the shire towns, and more. Relief is shown pictorially. Includes illustrative cartouche. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Massachusetts, 1795 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate map of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts exclusive of the District of Maine : compiled pursuant to an act of the General Court from actual surveys of the several towns &c. taken by their order, exhibiting the boundary lines of the Commonwealth, the counties and towns, the principal roads, rivers, mountains, mines, islands, rocks, shoals, channels, lakes, ponds, falls, mills, manufactures & public buildings, with the true latitudes & longitudes, &c., by Osgood Carleton. It was published and sold by O. Carleton and I. Norman in 1795. Scale [ca. 1:281,560]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images, representing the western portion of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, bridges, academies, meeting houses, court houses, drainage, mountains, iron ore deposits, coastal navigational hazards, state, county, and town boundaries, distances of individual towns from Boston and the shire towns, and more. Relief is shown pictorially. Includes illustrative cartouche. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 1800 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A chart of the harbour of Boston : with soundings, sailing marks, &c. taken from Holland's survey's [sic], carefully revised and corrected by Osgood Carleton, Esqr. Republished and sold by W. Norman, book and chart-seller ca. 1800. Scale [ca. 1:25,500]. Covers Boston Harbor and adjacent lands. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, and more. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. It also shows land features such as roads, drainage, and more. Relief is shown pictorially and by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts, 1784 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A chart of Nantucket shoals, surveyed by Paul Pinkham. Survey data was taken from "the light house on Nantucket Point in 1784." It was published and sold by John Norman, Feb. 10th, 1791. Scale [ca. 1:145,000]. Covers Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts and surrounding land. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This nautical chart shows coastal features such as lighthouses, rocks, shoals, currents, channels, points, coves, harbors, islands, and more. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. Land features include settlements, wind mills, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Competência emocional do enfermeiro: a significação do constructo

Nas últimas décadas a incidência dos estudos sobre a temática das emoções na enfermagem centrou-se, sobretudo, na experiência emocional dos doentes e dos enfermeiros, deixando espaço para o foco da competência emocional do enfermeiro. Considerando que o contexto de fim de vida é repleto de sentimentos, sensações e emoções difíceis de gerir pelos enfermeiros, tornou-se fundamental significar os cenários emocionais importantes na prestação de cuidados de conforto durante essa fase do ciclo de vida. A finalidade deste estudo é contribuir para a clarificação do significado do desenvolvimento de competências emocionais no agir profissional do enfermeiro, assumindo como centro de interesse o contexto da prestação de cuidados de conforto à pessoa internada em unidade de cuidados paliativos. Considerando o problema e os objetivos em estudo, optou-se por um referencial metodológico de natureza qualitativa, com carácter descritivo e exploratório. Os sujeitos em análise são enfermeiros e pessoas que vivenciam o fim de vida, e que aceitaram participar no estudo através de entrevista semiestruturada, tendo sido assegurados e protegidos os procedimentos éticos inerentes. Para a análise do fenómeno em estudo, analisaram-se os dados usando a análise crítica do discurso de Fairclough. Do estudo emergiu o constructo da ‘competência emocional do enfermeiro’, como sendo um conjunto de capacidades que permitem conhecer, regular, atingir e gerir fenómenos emocionais de modo a construir e manter relações interpessoais em ambiente afetivo, o qual se enforma em torno de cinco dimensões, e se transforma igualmente em cinco capacidades.

Paixão empreendedora: neoliberalismo, capital humano e processos seletivos de trainees

O neoliberalismo, do ponto de vista econômico e social, pode ser entendido como a instauração, na sociedade, de relações estritamente mercantis, fazendo com que a lógica da maximização do ganho e do rendimento seja estendida a todos os campos, promovendo a racionalidade econômica como forma de racionalidade em geral. A forma de governamentalidade neoliberal norte-americana, com sua pretensão de transmutar os indivíduos em sujeitos-microempresas e as relações humanas em relações de tipo concorrencial, faz com que os indivíduos passem a ser vistos como “capital humano”. Originalmente, o termo “capital humano” remete a uma teoria que, desenvolvida sob influência do paradigma econômico neoclássico e liderança de Theodore Schultz, foi responsável por assimilar e transferir princípios econômicos para uma realidade anteriormente isenta de significados dessa natureza, fazendo emergir um discurso que associa o humano ao capital, transportando-o, dessa forma, para uma lógica onde ele deve gerir a si mesmo, tal como uma empresa. A empresa é, assim, promovida a modelo de subjetivação, sendo cada indivíduo um capital a ser gerenciado e valorizado conforme as demandas do mercado. É por isso que o modelo de conduta empreendedora, advindo do discurso do capital humano de inspiração neoliberal e de teorias clássicas propostas por Werner Sombart e Joseph A. Schumpeter, acomete os profissionais das organizações sediadas nos países capitalistas. Esse fato é bastante expressivo entre os jovens que procuram inserir-se no mercado de trabalho, principalmente em posições estratégicas valorizadas dentro das organizações, como as de trainee. No Brasil, os programas de trainee são considerados uma estratégia de busca de atração de jovens com perfil diferenciado, sendo uma resposta encontrada por muitas organizações desde 1970 para ganhar vantagem em um cenário econômico altamente competitivo. Esses profissionais são vistos como os “talentos” da organização, sendo treinados para ocuparem cargos estratégicos em um curto espaço tempo. A fim de esclarecer de que maneira o modelo de conduta empreendedora está presente nos processos seletivos de trainee, foi realizada uma análise dos textos que descrevem as competências exigidas na seleção desses jovens, a partir da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD) de Fairclough (2001, 2003), a partir das categorias analíticas “modalidade” e “avaliação”, e reflexões acerca da ideologia neoliberal. Chegou-se à conclusão de que o modelo de conduta empreendedora que está presente nos processos seletivos de trainee é marcada pela expressão de um comportamento apaixonado, que, no campo do management, é entendido a partir do conceito de “paixão empreendedora”. A pesquisa desenvolvida é relevante para o campo da Administração, tanto para o campo acadêmico (uma vez que há poucos estudos que têm como objeto de pesquisa a seleção de trainees e que procuram entendê-lo a partir de um viés crítico utilizando-se da análise do discurso do capital humano), como para quem está inserido nas organizações e convive com as dificuldades e desafios de selecionar jovens para programas de trainees, já que levanta questões importantes sobre os impactos dessas iniciativas tanto para os jovens, como para as organizações que os contratam.

La construcción de la imagen : Un análisis interaccional del discurso político

El trabajo se propone analizar algunas de las estrategias mediante las cuales el uso del lenguaje en el discurso político influye en la conformación de las representaciones sociales. Específicamente, abordará desde una perspectiva interactiva las construcciones simbólicas del contexto en y a través del discurso. Esto significa considerar ciertas estructuras del contexto como consecuencias de la práctica discursiva misma; entre ellas se encuentran las situaciones, los participantes y sus roles e identidades. La hipótesis explorada es que las formas de representación de estos elementos generan una para-realidad discursiva que va conformando una construcción simbólica determinada de la imagen del hablante. El análisis se llevará a cabo dentro del marco teórico del Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD), en la línea propuesta por Fairclough y Wodak (2000), van Dijk (2000) y Bolívar (1997). Se partirá de la base de que el dicurso político es hegemónico, implica relaciones de poder y control, y actúa como un medio de dominación, realizando una labor ideológica en la medida en que articula ciertas y determinadas representaciones de la realidad y de las identidades individuales y grupales. Por tanto, es una tarea esencial desenmascarar y cuestionar esa dominación mediante un análisis discursivo que ponga en evidencia las estrategias empleadas y las representaciones que éstas generan y ocultan. Los textos seleccionados para el análisis corresponden a los dos discursos que el Presidente de la Argentina, Dr. Fernando de la Rúa, dirigió al país los días 16/3/01 y 18/3/01 en oportunidad de la presentación de un nuevo Plan Económico