A BEM-FEM model for the dynamic analysis of building structures founded on elastic or poroelastic soils.

[EN]This work presents a time-harmonic boundary elementfinite element three-dimensional model for the dynamic analysis of building structures founded on elastic or porelastic soils. The building foundation and soil domains are modelled as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic or poroelastic media using boundary elements.

Modellazioni FEM dinamiche per analisi di avarie dovute a vibrazioni su componenti di motociclo

Il lavoro svolto, in collaborazione con “Ducati Motor Holding”, si propone l’analisi, mediante l’applicazione di un software FEM (HyperWorks 9.0), delle strutture rappresentate dall’assieme paracoppa-parasassi e dal silenziatore. Il primo obiettivo consiste nell’ottenimento di un modello agli elementi finiti della struttura. Le simulazioni di calcolo consistono in analisi di tipo dinamico per determinare i modi di vibrare delle strutture. Sulla base di ulteriori simulazioni sulla risposta al transitorio del sistema si è studiato il loro comportamento nelle condizioni di funzionamento. La finalità del lavoro risiede dunque nella determinazione delle criticità strutturali che i componenti hanno manifestato durante prove sperimentali verificandole attraverso calcolo numerico e applicazione delle potenzialità del software applicato, per l’analisi degli aspetti sopra esposti.

A 2D BEM-FEM approach for time harmonic fluid-structure interaction analysis of thin elastic bodies.

[EN]This paper deals with two-dimensional time harmonic fluid-structure interaction problems when the fluid is at rest, and the elastic bodies have small thicknesses. A BEM-FEM numerical approach is used, where the BEM is applied to the fluid, and the structural FEM is applied to the thin elastic bodies.

Safety factors in sheet pile wall design: considerations by using traditional methods and FEM analysis

The purpose of the work is: define and calculate a factor of collapse related to traditional method to design sheet pile walls. Furthermore, we tried to find the parameters that most influence a finite element model representative of this problem. The text is structured in this way: from chapter 1 to 5, we analyzed a series of arguments which are usefull to understanding the problem, while the considerations mainly related to the purpose of the text are reported in the chapters from 6 to 10. In the first part of the document the following arguments are shown: what is a sheet pile wall, what are the codes to be followed for the design of these structures and what they say, how can be formulated a mathematical model of the soil, some fundamentals of finite element analysis, and finally, what are the traditional methods that support the design of sheet pile walls. In the chapter 6 we performed a parametric analysis, giving an answer to the second part of the purpose of the work. Comparing the results from a laboratory test for a cantilever sheet pile wall in a sandy soil, with those provided by a finite element model of the same problem, we concluded that:in modelling a sandy soil we should pay attention to the value of cohesion that we insert in the model (some programs, like Abaqus, don’t accept a null value for this parameter), friction angle and elastic modulus of the soil, they influence significantly the behavior of the system (structure-soil), others parameters, like the dilatancy angle or the Poisson’s ratio, they don’t seem influence it. The logical path that we followed in the second part of the text is reported here. We analyzed two different structures, the first is able to support an excavation of 4 m, while the second an excavation of 7 m. Both structures are first designed by using the traditional method, then these structures are implemented in a finite element program (Abaqus), and they are pushed to collapse by decreasing the friction angle of the soil. The factor of collapse is the ratio between tangents of the initial friction angle and of the friction angle at collapse. At the end, we performed a more detailed analysis of the first structure, observing that, the value of the factor of collapse is influenced by a wide range of parameters including: the value of the coefficients assumed in the traditional method and by the relative stiffness of the structure-soil system. In the majority of cases, we found that the value of the factor of collapse is between and 1.25 and 2. With some considerations, reported in the text, we can compare the values so far found, with the value of the safety factor proposed by the code (linked to the friction angle of the soil).

Drift Tubes Trigger System of the CMS Experiment at LHC : Commissioning and Performances

In this thesis the performances of the CMS Drift Tubes Local Trigger System of the CMS detector are studied. CMS is one of the general purpose experiments that will operate at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Results from data collected during the Cosmic Run At Four Tesla (CRAFT) commissioning exercise, a globally coordinated run period where the full experiment was involved and configured to detect cosmic rays crossing the CMS cavern, are presented. These include analyses on the precision and accuracy of the trigger reconstruction mechanism and measurement of the trigger efficiency. The description of a method to perform system synchronization is also reported, together with a comparison of the outcomes of trigger electronics and its software emulator code.

Hardware and software development of a multichannel readout board named CARLOSrx for the ALICE experiment

ALICE, that is an experiment held at CERN using the LHC, is specialized in analyzing lead-ion collisions. ALICE will study the properties of quarkgluon plasma, a state of matter where quarks and gluons, under conditions of very high temperatures and densities, are no longer confined inside hadrons. Such a state of matter probably existed just after the Big Bang, before particles such as protons and neutrons were formed. The SDD detector, one of the ALICE subdetectors, is part of the ITS that is composed by 6 cylindrical layers with the innermost one attached to the beam pipe. The ITS tracks and identifies particles near the interaction point, it also aligns the tracks of the articles detected by more external detectors. The two ITS middle layers contain the whole 260 SDD detectors. A multichannel readout board, called CARLOSrx, receives at the same time the data coming from 12 SDD detectors. In total there are 24 CARLOSrx boards needed to read data coming from all the SDD modules (detector plus front end electronics). CARLOSrx packs data coming from the front end electronics through optical link connections, it stores them in a large data FIFO and then it sends them to the DAQ system. Each CARLOSrx is composed by two boards. One is called CARLOSrx data, that reads data coming from the SDD detectors and configures the FEE; the other one is called CARLOSrx clock, that sends the clock signal to all the FEE. This thesis contains a description of the hardware design and firmware features of both CARLOSrx data and CARLOSrx clock boards, which deal with all the SDD readout chain. A description of the software tools necessary to test and configure the front end electronics will be presented at the end of the thesis.

Reconstruction of CNGS neutrino events in the emulsions of the OPERA experiment

The OPERA experiment aims at the direct observation of ν_mu -> ν_tau oscillations in the CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) neutrino beam produced at CERN; since the ν_e contamination in the CNGS beam is low, OPERA will also be able to study the sub-dominant oscillation channel ν_mu -> ν_e. OPERA is a large scale hybrid apparatus divided in two supermodules, each equipped with electronic detectors, an iron spectrometer and a highly segmented ~0.7 kton target section made of Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) units. During my research work in the Bologna Lab. I have taken part to the set-up of the automatic scanning microscopes studying and tuning the scanning system performances and efficiencies with emulsions exposed to a test beam at CERN in 2007. Once the triggered bricks were distributed to the collaboration laboratories, my work was centered on the procedure used for the localization and the reconstruction of neutrino events.

Erste Untersuchungen zur Messung helizitätsabhängiger (gamma N)-Wirkungsquerschnitte für das GDH-Experiment am MAMI

Das experimentelle Studium der 1966 von Gerasimov, Drell undHearn unabhängig voneinander aufgestellten und als GDH-SummenregelbezeichnetenRelation macht die Vermessung totalerPhotoabsorptionswirkungsquerschnitte von zirkular polarisierten Photonen an longitudinalpolarisierten Nukleonen über einen weiten Energiebereich notwendig. Die im Sommer1998 erfolgte Messung am Mainzer Mikrotron stellt das erste derartigeExperiment mit reellen Photonen zur Messung des GDH-Integrals am Protondar. Die Verwendung eines Frozen-Spin-Butanoltargets, das eingesetzt wurde, umeinen möglichst hohen Proton-Polarisationsgrad zu erreichen, hat diezusätzliche experimentelle Schwierigkeit zur Folge, daß die imButanoltarget enthaltenen Kohlenstoffkerne ebenfalls Reaktionsprodukte liefern, diezusammen mit den am Proton erzeugten nachgewiesen werden.Ziel der Arbeit war die Bestimmung von Wirkungsquerschnittenam freien Proton aus Messungen an einem komplexen Target (CH2) wie esbeim polarisiertenTarget vorliegt. Die hierzu durchgeführten Pilotexperimentedienten neben der Entwicklung von Methoden zur Reaktionsidentifikation auchder Eichung des Detektorsystems. Durch die Reproduktion der schon bekanntenund vermessenen unpolarisierten differentiellen und totalenEin-Pion-Wirkungsquerschnitte am Proton (gamma p -> p pi0 und gamma p -> n pi+), die bis zueiner Photonenergievon etwa 400 MeV den Hauptbeitrag zum GDH-Integralausmachen, konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine Separation der Wasserstoff- vonKohlenstoffereignissen möglich ist. Die notwendigen Techniken hierzu wurden imRahmen dieser Arbeit zu einem allgemein nutzbaren Werkzeug entwickelt.Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, daß der vom Kohlenstoffstammende Anteil der Reaktionen keine Helizitätsabhängigkeit besitzt. Unterdieser Voraussetzung reduziert sich die Bestimmung der helizitätsabhängigenWirkungsquerschnittsdifferenz auf eine einfacheDifferenzbildung. Aus den erhaltenen Ergebnissen der intensiven Analyse von Daten, diemit einem unpolarisierten Target erhalten wurden, konnten so schnellerste Resultate für Messungen, die mit dem polarisierten Frozen-Spin-Targetaufgenommen wurden, geliefert werden. Es zeigt sich, daß sich dieseersten Resultate für polarisierte differentielle und totale (gammaN)-Wirkungsquerschnitte im Delta-Bereich in guter Übereinstimmung mit theoretischenAnalysen befinden.

Measurement of top quark pairs production cross-section in the semi-leptonic channel with the ATLAS experiment

This thesis is about three major aspects of the identification of top quarks. First comes the understanding of their production mechanism, their decay channels and how to translate theoretical formulae into programs that can simulate such physical processes using Monte Carlo techniques. In particular, the author has been involved in the introduction of the POWHEG generator in the framework of the ATLAS experiment. POWHEG is now fully used as the benchmark program for the simulation of ttbar pairs production and decay, along with MC@NLO and AcerMC: this will be shown in chapter one. The second chapter illustrates the ATLAS detectors and its sub-units, such as calorimeters and muon chambers. It is very important to evaluate their efficiency in order to fully understand what happens during the passage of radiation through the detector and to use this knowledge in the calculation of final quantities such as the ttbar production cross section. The last part of this thesis concerns the evaluation of this quantity deploying the so-called "golden channel" of ttbar decays, yielding one energetic charged lepton, four particle jets and a relevant quantity of missing transverse energy due to the neutrino. The most important systematic errors arising from the various part of the calculation are studied in detail. Jet energy scale, trigger efficiency, Monte Carlo models, reconstruction algorithms and luminosity measurement are examples of what can contribute to the uncertainty about the cross-section.

The topological trigger system of the TOF detector for the ALICE experiment at the LHC

The ALICE experiment at the LHC has been designed to cope with the experimental conditions and observables of a Quark Gluon Plasma reaction. One of the main assets of the ALICE experiment with respect to the other LHC experiments is the particle identification. The large Time-Of-Flight (TOF) detector is the main particle identification detector of the ALICE experiment. The overall time resolution, better that 80 ps, allows the particle identification over a large momentum range (up to 2.5 GeV/c for pi/K and 4 GeV/c for K/p). The TOF makes use of the Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC), a detector with high efficiency, fast response and intrinsic time resoltion better than 40 ps. The TOF detector embeds a highly-segmented trigger system that exploits the fast rise time and the relatively low noise of the MRPC strips, in order to identify several event topologies. This work aims to provide detailed description of the TOF trigger system. The results achieved in the 2009 cosmic-ray run at CERN are presented to show the performances and readiness of TOF trigger system. The proposed trigger configuration for the proton-proton and Pb-Pb beams are detailed as well with estimates of the efficiencies and purity samples.