History of music.

Breve reseña de la historia de la música en Occidente desde la Edad Medial hasta el Siglo XX. Hace especial énfasis en el reconocimiento de estilos y épocas para ayudar a los estudiantes del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE) a identificar el período y el compositor de obras musicales desconocidas.

GCSE Modern World History : Revision Guide.

Este libro prepara para los alumnos de historia cuyo objetivo es conseguir el General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE). Los orígenes de la Primera Guerra Mundial, la política de Hitler y los orígenes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los orígenes de la Guerra Fría, la crisis de la Guerra Fría, el comunismo, la dictadura de Stalin, la Alemania de Hitler, la evolución de los EEUU, la guerra del Vietnam, las crisis de Marruecos y sus efectos, son algunos de los temas tratados en el libro con ilustraciones y esquemas.

GCSE Modern world history.

Guía de bolsillo para la revisión de los temas clave en el área de historia del mundo moderno para el examen GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) con cuatrocientas preguntas rápidas y sus respuestas, organizadas en secciones temáticas y con consejos de examen. Los temas cubiertos son: Primera Guerra Mundial, tratados de paz 1918-1923, búsqueda de la paz y la estabilidad 1920-1939, caída del orden internacional en 1939, orígenes de la Guerra Fría 1945-1955, crisis de los misiles de Cuba, guerra de Vietnam, control soviético en la Europa del Este 1948-1989, fin de la Guerra Fría, terrorismo desde 1969, la guerra de Irak.

Edexcel GCSE Modern World History: Revision Guide.

Es un recurso para la preparación del examen del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE) que reúne una serie de temas que ayudan a clarificar el contenido de las unidades temáticas. Los temas tratados son: ¿Por qué la guerra estalló en 1914? (rivalidad internacional), el acuerdo de paz: 1918-28, ¿Por qué la guerra estalló en 1939? (relaciones internacionales)¿Cómo se desarrolló la guerra fría?, las tres crisis de la guerra fría: Berlin, Cuba y Checoslovaquia, ¿Por qué la guerra fría finalizó?, la invasión de Afganistán, Alemania (1918-39), Rusia (1917-39), USA (1919-41), la guerra y la transformación de la sociedad británica.

Information sources selection methodology for recommender systems based on intrinsic characteristics and trust measure

El treball desenvolupat en aquesta tesi presenta un profund estudi i proveïx solucions innovadores en el camp dels sistemes recomanadors. Els mètodes que usen aquests sistemes per a realitzar les recomanacions, mètodes com el Filtrat Basat en Continguts (FBC), el Filtrat Col·laboratiu (FC) i el Filtrat Basat en Coneixement (FBC), requereixen informació dels usuaris per a predir les preferències per certs productes. Aquesta informació pot ser demogràfica (Gènere, edat, adreça, etc), o avaluacions donades sobre algun producte que van comprar en el passat o informació sobre els seus interessos. Existeixen dues formes d'obtenir aquesta informació: els usuaris ofereixen explícitament aquesta informació o el sistema pot adquirir la informació implícita disponible en les transaccions o historial de recerca dels usuaris. Per exemple, el sistema recomanador de pel·lícules MovieLens (http://movielens.umn.edu/login) demana als usuaris que avaluïn almenys 15 pel·lícules dintre d'una escala de * a * * * * * (horrible, ...., ha de ser vista). El sistema genera recomanacions sobre la base d'aquestes avaluacions. Quan els usuaris no estan registrat en el sistema i aquest no té informació d'ells, alguns sistemes realitzen les recomanacions tenint en compte l'historial de navegació. Amazon.com (http://www.amazon.com) realitza les recomanacions tenint en compte les recerques que un usuari a fet o recomana el producte més venut. No obstant això, aquests sistemes pateixen de certa falta d'informació. Aquest problema és generalment resolt amb l'adquisició d'informació addicional, se li pregunta als usuaris sobre els seus interessos o es cerca aquesta informació en fonts addicionals. La solució proposada en aquesta tesi és buscar aquesta informació en diverses fonts, específicament aquelles que contenen informació implícita sobre les preferències dels usuaris. Aquestes fonts poden ser estructurades com les bases de dades amb informació de compres o poden ser no estructurades com les pàgines web on els usuaris deixen la seva opinió sobre algun producte que van comprar o posseïxen. Nosaltres trobem tres problemes fonamentals per a aconseguir aquest objectiu: 1 . La identificació de fonts amb informació idònia per als sistemes recomanadors. 2 . La definició de criteris que permetin la comparança i selecció de les fonts més idònies. 3 . La recuperació d'informació de fonts no estructurades. En aquest sentit, en la tesi proposada s'ha desenvolupat: 1 . Una metodologia que permet la identificació i selecció de les fonts més idònies. Criteris basats en les característiques de les fonts i una mesura de confiança han estat utilitzats per a resoldre el problema de la identificació i selecció de les fonts. 2 . Un mecanisme per a recuperar la informació no estructurada dels usuaris disponible en la web. Tècniques de Text Mining i ontologies s'han utilitzat per a extreure informació i estructurar-la apropiadament perquè la utilitzin els recomanadors. Les contribucions del treball desenvolupat en aquesta tesi doctoral són: 1. Definició d'un conjunt de característiques per a classificar fonts rellevants per als sistemes recomanadors 2. Desenvolupament d'una mesura de rellevància de les fonts calculada sobre la base de les característiques definides 3. Aplicació d'una mesura de confiança per a obtenir les fonts més fiables. La confiança es definida des de la perspectiva de millora de la recomanació, una font fiable és aquella que permet millorar les recomanacions. 4. Desenvolupament d'un algorisme per a seleccionar, des d'un conjunt de fonts possibles, les més rellevants i fiable utilitzant les mitjanes esmentades en els punts previs. 5. Definició d'una ontologia per a estructurar la informació sobre les preferències dels usuaris que estan disponibles en Internet. 6. Creació d'un procés de mapatge que extreu automàticament informació de les preferències dels usuaris disponibles en la web i posa aquesta informació dintre de l'ontologia. Aquestes contribucions permeten aconseguir dos objectius importants: 1 . Millorament de les recomanacions usant fonts d'informació alternatives que sigui rellevants i fiables. 2 . Obtenir informació implícita dels usuaris disponible en Internet.

Uma análise das práticas pedagógicas na educação inclusiva : um estudo de caso

O presente trabalho procura, inicialmente, fazer um breve momento da história da Educação Especial no Brasil, com o interesse de ressaltar a sua evolução. Em seguida, iremos dar ênfase ao perfil do professor na educação inclusiva e às políticas públicas voltadas para esta modalidade de educação. Para dar suporte metodológico à temática, fundamentamos-nos em Mantoan (2002); Carvalho (2008); Mazzota (2005); Mittler (2003); Stainback & Stainback (1999). No que se refere ao método histórico da pesquisa fundamentamos-nos em Minayo (2009), para a utilização das fontes e das técnicas para a realização deste trabalho. Sendo este um estudo de caso, fomos a campo, observamos e registramos fatos de um grupo social, utilizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com o gestor da escola, professores e pais dos alunos. Consultamos livros, revistas e documentos, além das observações informais, tudo isso com a intenção de esclarecer e fundamentar o nosso trabalho. A instituição onde realizamos esta pesquisa é a Escola Caminho do Saber, que faz parte da rede particular de ensino e atua na perspectiva da educação inclusiva. O seu trabalho de inclusão deu início em 1991, quando pela primeira vez recebeu um aluno com deficiência e desde então vem criando expectativas para a educação inclusiva em Sergipe. Quanto à aprendizagem, a escola trabalha com a exploração das potencialidades dos alunos, de certo que para a perspectiva da inclusão, a instituição precisa fazer algumas adequações para atender a todos os alunos. Quanto ao convívio com as diversidades, a escola se mostra capaz de favorecer um cotidiano saudável, mesmo tendo que enfrentar desafios. O nosso interesse em relação a este trabalho é contribuir para que esta temática possa criar novas expectativas à sociedade e que outras pessoas possam se interessar por este assunto, dando continuidade no que se refere a iniciativas e lutas civis em busca de conquistas de direitos das pessoas com deficiências. Contudo, entendemos que toda mudança provoca anseios e inquietações, mas os desafios na educação são diários, e isto faz com que os professores reflitam e busquem novas estratégias para, juntamente com os alunos, desenvolver um processo de aprendizagem proveitoso. Por fim, mostraremos os resultados da pesquisa e as considerações finais.

Descalzos, cocolos y niñas de la caridad en Cuenca: cambios y continuidades en el régimen escolar, 1930-1945 (Estudios)

El artículo muestra cómo los postulados de libertad e igualdad, propuestos por el Estado nacional, fueron asimilados por las escuelas religiosas de la ciudad de Cuenca, en Ecuador. A través del análisis de dos fuentes: la literatura y los testimonios orales de quienes fueron alumnos de estas escuelas entre 1928 y 1946, el estudio muestra cómo en esta ciudad el liberalismo no fue percibido como obstáculo para que los niños pobres opten por la educación religiosa. En este contexto, la propuesta liberal chocó con los valores del antiguo régimen escolar. Si bien se mantenían las diversas prácticas de discrimen de una sociedad local estratificada, al mismo tiempo se observa que también se introdujeron cambios especialmente en la educación de las mujeres de origen popular.

Strategy clusters and sources of knowledge in French L2 listening comprehension

This article reports on an exploratory investigation into the listening strategies of lower-intermediate learners of French as an L2, including the sources of knowledge they employed in order to comprehend spoken French. Data from 14 learners were analysed to investigate whether employment of strategies in general and sources of knowledge in particular varied according to the underlying linguistic knowledge of the student. While low linguistic knowledge learners were less likely to deploy effectively certain strategies or strategy clusters, high linguistic knowledge levels were not always associated with effective strategy use. Similarly, while there was an association between linguistic knowledge and learners’ ability to draw on more than one source of knowledge in a facilitative manner, there was also evidence that learners tended to over-rely on linguistic knowledge where other sources, such as world knowledge, would have proved facilitative. We conclude by arguing for a fresh approach to listening pedagogy and research, including strategy instruction, bottom-up skill development and a consideration of the role of linguistic knowledge in strategy use.

The Royal Army Education Corps in the Gulf Conflict of 1990-91

The official history of the Royal Army Education Corps' involvement in Operation 'Desert Storm', the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, their roles including prisoner of war interrogation, psychological operations, IT services and acting as interpreters for senior officers.

Global estimates of snow water equivalent from passive microwave instruments: history, challenges and future developments

Snow properties have been retrieved from satellite data for many decades. While snow extent is generally felt to be obtained reliably from visible-band data, there is less confidence in the measurements of snow mass or water equivalent derived from passive microwave instruments. This paper briefly reviews historical passive microwave instruments and products, and compares the large-scale patterns from these sources to those of general circulation models and leading reanalysis products. Differences are seen to be large between the datasets, particularly over Siberia. A better understanding of the errors in both the model-based and measurement-based datasets is required to exploit both fully. Techniques to apply to the satellite measurements for improved large-scale snow data are suggested.

An application of the DEA double bootstrap to examine sources of efficiency in Bangladesh rice farming

In this article we examine sources of technical efficiency for rice farming in Bangladesh. The motivation for the analysis is the need to close the rice yield gap to enable food security. We employ the DEA double bootstrap of Simar and Wilson (2007) to estimate and explain technical efficiency. This technique overcomes severe limitations inherent in using the two-stage DEA approach commonly employed in the efficiency literature. From a policy perspective our results show that potential efficiency gains to reduce the yield gap are greater than previously found. Statistically positive influences on technical efficiency are education, extension and credit, with age being a negative influence.

In vitro cumulative gas production techniques: History, methodological considerations and challenges

Methodology used to measure in vitro gas production is reviewed to determine impacts of sources of variation on resultant gas production profiles (GPP). Current methods include measurement of gas production at constant pressure (e.g., use of gas tight syringes), a system that is inexpensive, but may be less sensitive than others thereby affecting its suitability in some situations. Automated systems that measure gas production at constant volume allow pressure to accumulate in the bottle, which is recorded at different times to produce a GPP, and may result in sufficiently high pressure that solubility of evolved gases in the medium is affected, thereby resulting in a recorded volume of gas that is lower than that predicted from stoichiometric calculations. Several other methods measure gas production at constant pressure and volume with either pressure transducers or sensors, and these may be manual, semi-automated or fully automated in operation. In these systems, gas is released as pressure increases, and vented gas is recorded. Agitating the medium does not consistently produce more gas with automated systems, and little or no effect of agitation was observed with manual systems. The apparatus affects GPP, but mathematical manipulation may enable effects of apparatus to be removed. The amount of substrate affects the volume of gas produced, but not rate of gas production, provided there is sufficient buffering capacity in the medium. Systems that use a very small amount of substrate are prone to experimental error in sample weighing. Effect of sample preparation on GPP has been found to be important, but further research is required to determine the optimum preparation that mimics animal chewing. Inoculum is the single largest source of variation in measuring GPP, as rumen fluid is variable and sampling schedules, diets fed to donor animals and ratios of rumen fluid/medium must be selected such that microbial activity is sufficiently high that it does not affect rate and extent of fermentation. Species of donor animal may also cause differences in GPP. End point measures can be mathematically manipulated to account for species differences, but rates of fermentation are not related. Other sources of inocula that have been used include caecal fluid (primarily for investigating hindgut fermentation in monogastrics), effluent from simulated rumen fermentation (e.g., 'Rusitec', which was as variable as rumen fluid), faeces, and frozen or freeze-dried rumen fluid (which were both less active than fresh rumen fluid). Use of mixtures of cell-free enzymes, or pure cultures of bacteria, may be a way of increasing GPP reproducibility, while reducing reliance on surgically modified animals. However, more research is required to develop these inocula. A number of media have been developed which buffer the incubation and provide relevant micro-nutrients to the microorganisms. To date, little research has been completed on relationships between the composition of the medium and measured GPP. However, comparing GPP from media either rich in N or N-free, allows assessment of contributions of N containing compounds in the sample. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Life-history evolution under a production constraint

The recently formulated metabolic theory of ecology has profound implications for the evolution of life histories. Metabolic rate constrains the scaling of production with body mass, so that larger organisms have lower rates of production on a mass-specific basis than smaller ones. Here, we explore the implications of this constraint for life-history evolution. We show that for a range of very simple life histories, Darwinian fitness is equal to birth rate minus death rate. So, natural selection maximizes birth and production rates and minimizes death rates. This implies that decreased body size will generally be favored because it increases production, so long as mortality is unaffected. Alternatively, increased body size will be favored only if it decreases mortality or enhances reproductive success sufficiently to override the preexisting production constraint. Adaptations that may favor evolution of larger size include niche shifts that decrease mortality by escaping predation or that increase fecundity by exploiting new abundant food sources. These principles can be generalized to better understand the intimate relationship between the genetic currency of evolution and the metabolic currency of ecology.

Comparative and international education: policy transfer, context sensitivity and professional development

This paper examines the intellectual and professional contribution of comparative and international studies to the field of education. It explores the nature of the challenges that are currently being faced, and assesses its potential for the advancement of future teaching, research and professional development. Attention is paid to the place of comparative and international education (CIE)-past and present-in teacher education, in postgraduate studies, and in the realms of policy and practice, theory and research. Consideration is first given to the nature and history of CIE, to its initial contributions to the field of education in the UK, and to its chief mechanisms and sites of production. Influential methodological and theoretical developments are examined, followed by an exploration of emergent questions, controversies and dilemmas that could benefit from sustained comparative analysis in the future. Conclusions consider implications for the place of CIE in the future of educational studies as a whole; for relations between and beyond the 'disciplines of education'; and for the development of sustainable research capacity in this field.