926 resultados para EEG, fMRI, sinestesia


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Resumen Introducción Una posible opción de tratamiento para el manejo del trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) es la estimulación magnética transcraneal (EMT) que ha mostrado propiedades antidepresivas superiores al placebo con un buen perfil de seguridad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la reducción en la severidad del TDM y la proporción de eventos adversos (EA) en pacientes con TDM refractario y no refractario, posterior al uso de EMT administrada en monoterapia o tratamiento coadyuvante comparado con terapia farmacológica. Metodología Se planteó una pregunta PICOT de la cual se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de estudios clínicos en las bases de datos Medline, EMBASE y Cochrane. Dos investigadores en forma independiente realizaron la selección de artículos, evaluación de calidad con la herramienta de la colaboración Cochrane y extracción de datos. Se extrajeron datos de eficacia como tasa de respuesta, porcentaje de remisión, calidad de vida, diminución sintomática del trastorno depresivo mayor en la escala de Hamilton y capacidad funcional. Igualmente, proporción de pacientes con EA. Se realizó un meta-análisis de estas variables teniendo en cuenta la heterogeneidad. Resultados La presente revisión sistemática incluyó 26 estudios clínicos aleatorizados de baja calidad metodológica mostrando que la EMT presentó una eficacia superior cuando es usada como coadyuvante a las terapias con que venían siendo tratados los pacientes con TDM refractario y no refractario en los desenlaces de tasa de respuesta y porcentaje de remisión. En el caso de intervenciones farmacológicas específicas, la EMT presento eficacia similar, tanto en terapia coadyuvante como en monoterapia comparado con las intervenciones farmacológicas. En cuanto a seguridad, la EMT presenta un buen perfil de seguridad debido a que en todos los escenarios estudiados los EA fueron no serios y baja frecuencia Conclusiones La evidencia disponible sugiere que la EMT mostró ser efectivo y seguro para el manejo del TDM refractario y no refractario. Sin embargo, la evidencia es débil por lo tanto se necesita mayor investigación clínica que soporte su uso.

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Resumen tomado del autor. Resumen también en francés e inglés

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Material elaborado por un grupo de profesores de Literatura de diferentes institutos para el alumnado de segundo ciclo de E.S.O. mediante el manejo de los recursos literarios se pretende conseguir que el alumnado vaya interiorizando el sentido de la poesía y esto le sirva tanto para realizar nuevas creaciones como para el reconocimiento y análisis de la obra literaria. Se propone una selección de textos pertenecientes a diferentes épocas y movimientos, para intentar que el alumnado descubra cómo han sido tratados algunos temas desde diferentes perspectivas y planteamientos. Se incluyen una serie de actividades secuenciadas: 1.-De acercamiento a la obra literaria, desde la perspectiva de la imagen, el vocabulario, la estructura y la literariedad; 2.-A nivel de significante, centrándose en recursos literarios como el ritmo y la aliteración; 3.-A nivel de significado, mediante el estudio de figuras literarias de uso frecuente como sinestesia, metáfora, personificación, hipérbole, antítesis y comparación; 4.- De creación literaria proponiendo modelos que de forma gradual vayan ampliando su margen de libertad creativa. Para el seguimiento personalizado del alumnado se propone un cuadro complementario que incluye como evaluables las actividades más representativas.

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Se propone investigar la utilidad de la técnica EEG cuantificada o QEEG para el estudio y diagnóstico del TDAH (Trastono de Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad). En particular, se estudia la capacidad para diferenciar población con TDAH de sujetos de controles sin diagnóstico y con otros diagnósticos psicopatológicos. La muestra esta compuesta por niños y niñas de cuatro a diecisiete años remitidos para estudio a la Unidad de Salud Mental-Infanto Juvenil del Servicio de Psiquiatría de Burgos. Se forman tres grupos experimentales, de al menos cuarenta niños y niñas cada uno, un grupo de control, otro con TDAH y el último con otros diagnósticos psicopatológicos. Cada sujeto es valorado de modo independiente en los servicios de Neurofisiología y Psiquiatría del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Burgos. Cada diagnóstico se establece por procedimientos clínicos y psicométricos usuales en la unidad de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil. Para concluir lo expuesto en el proyecto de investigación, se deja abierta la investigación, para continuar con un posterior análisis de la técnica EGG cuantificada o QEEG para el estudio y diagnóstico del TDAH.

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Conocer las epilépsias desde la ciencia médica ya que ésta, ha hecho importantes avances en el tratamiento satisfactorio, por medio de fármacos para la disminución y en algunos casos, incluso la eliminación de los ataques. Conocer pues a través del aspecto médico qué es una epilepsia, la clasificación clínica y electroencefalográfica de las crisis epilépticas, su etiología y las diversas manifestaciones psiquiátricas, posteriormente ver el tratamiento psicopedagógico del niño epiléptico viendo posibles técnicas generales de tratamiento psicopedagógico para el niño epiléptico. En cuanto a técnicas desde el punto de vista clínico: están las medidas higiénico dietéticas y tratamiento farmacológico basándose en antiepilépticos (fenitoina, carbamacepina, ácido valproica, fenobarbital, primidona, benzodiacepina, etosuximida). En cuanto al tratamiento psicopedagógico del niño epileptico con una gran ayuda que aporta la actividad del profesor. La epilepsia puede ser definida como un trastorno paroxístico recurrente de la función cerebral caracterizado por ataques súbitos breves de conciencia alterada, actividad motora, fenómenos sensoriales o conducta inapropiada. Puede ser clasificada como sintomática o idiopática. La edad de comienzo en la epilepsia idiopática se fija entre los dos y los catorce años y suelen relacionarse con defectos del desarrollo, lesiones durante el nacimiento o una enfermedad metabólica que afecte al cerebro, las que comienzan después de los veinticinco años de edad, suelen ser sintomáticas, y secundarias a traumatismos cerebrales tumores u otra enfermedad cerebral orgánica. Sin embargo las enfermedades focales del cerebro pueden causar epilepsia a cualquier edad. Los ataques convulsivos pueden asociarse a diversos trastornos cerebrales o generales, como resultado de una alteración focal o generalizada de la función cortical, y se puede demostrar generalmente por EGG. Ninguna etiología única tiene un apoyo definitivo. La historia y la exploración neurológica dan una información rápida y exacta, sobre el estado del cerebro. Otros estudios complementarios deben incluir una historia familiar detallada, una exploración física general y un estado neurológico. Igualmente son necesarios análisis de glucosa y calcio en suero, radiología de craneo y EEG. La terapeútica farmacológica puede controlar los ataques de gran mal en un cincuenta por ciento de los casos y reducir mucho la frecuencia de los ataques en otro treinta y cinco por ciento, controlar los ataques de petit mal en un treinta y tres por ciento controlar los ataques psicomotores en un veintiocho por ciento y reducir la frecuencia en un cincuenta por ciento. El pronóstico del epiléptico puede ser variable.

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This paper discusses the results of a study to determine a relationship between the EEG pattern and autonomic conditioning.

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A new control paradigm for Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) is proposed. BCIs provide a means of communication direct from the brain to a computer that allows individuals with motor disabilities an additional channel of communication and control of their external environment. Traditional BCI control paradigms use motor imagery, frequency rhythm modification or the Event Related Potential (ERP) as a means of extracting a control signal. A new control paradigm for BCIs based on speech imagery is initially proposed. Further to this a unique system for identifying correlations between components of the EEG and target events is proposed and introduced.

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Here we show inverse fMRI activation patterns in amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) depending upon whether subjects interpreted surprised facial expressions positively or negatively. More negative interpretations of surprised faces were associated with greater signal changes in the right ventral amygdala, while more positive interpretations were associated with greater signal changes in the ventral mPFC. Accordingly, signal change within these two areas was inversely correlated. Thus, individual differences in the judgment of surprised faces are related to a systematic inverse relationship between amygdala and mPFC activity, a circuitry that the animal literature suggests is critical to the assessment of stimuli that predict potential positive vs negative outcomes.

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We recently demonstrated a functional relationship between fMRI responses within the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex based upon whether subjects interpreted surprised facial expressions positively or negatively. In the present fMRI study, we sought to assess amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex responsivity when the interpretations of surprised faces were determined by contextual experimental stimuli, rather than subjective judgment. Subjects passively viewed individual presentations of surprised faces preceded by either a negatively or positively valenced contextual sentence (e. g., She just found $500 vs. She just lost $500). Negative and positive sentences were carefully matched in terms of length, situations described, and arousal level. Negatively cued surprised faces produced greater ventral amygdala activation compared to positively cued surprised faces. Responses to negative versus positive sentences were greater within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas responses to positive versus negative sentences were greater within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The present study demonstrates that amygdala response to surprised facial expressions can be modulated by negatively versus positively valenced verbal contextual information. Connectivity analyses identified candidate cortical-subcortical systems subserving this modulation.

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Recent studies have identified a distributed network of brain regions thought to support cognitive reappraisal processes underlying emotion regulation in response to affective images, including parieto-temporal regions and lateral/medial regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC). A number of these commonly activated regions are also known to underlie visuospatial attention and oculomotor control, which raises the possibility that people use attentional redeployment rather than, or in addition to, reappraisal as a strategy to regulate emotion. We predicted that a significant portion of the observed variance in brain activation during emotion regulation tasks would be associated with differences in how participants visually scan the images while regulating their emotions. We recorded brain activation using fMRI and quantified patterns of gaze fixation while participants increased or decreased their affective response to a set of affective images. fMRI results replicated previous findings on emotion regulation with regulation differences reflected in regions of PFC and the amygdala. In addition, our gaze fixation data revealed that when regulating, individuals changed their gaze patterns relative to a control condition. Furthermore, this variation in gaze fixation accounted for substantial amounts of variance in brain activation. These data point to the importance of controlling for gaze fixation in studies of emotion regulation that use visual stimuli.

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Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) holds promise as a noninvasive means of identifying neural responses that can be used to predict treatment response before beginning a drug trial. Imaging paradigms employing facial expressions as presented stimuli have been shown to activate the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Here, we sought to determine whether pretreatment amygdala and rostral ACC (rACC) reactivity to facial expressions could predict treatment outcomes in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Methods: Fifteen subjects (12 female subjects) with GAD participated in an open-label venlafaxine treatment trial. Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to facial expressions of emotion collected before subjects began treatment were compared with changes in anxiety following 8 weeks of venlafaxine administration. In addition, the magnitude of fMRI responses of subjects with GAD were compared with that of 15 control subjects (12 female subjects) who did not have GAD and did not receive venlafaxine treatment.Results The magnitude of treatment response was predicted by greater pretreatment reactivity to fearful faces in rACC and lesser reactivity in the amygdala. These individual differences in pretreatment rACC and amygdala reactivity within the GAD group were observed despite the fact that 1) the overall magnitude of pretreatment rACC and amygdala reactivity did not differ between subjects with GAD and control subjects and 2) there was no main effect of treatment on rACC-amygdala reactivity in the GAD group.Conclusions: These findings show that this pattern of rACC-amygdala responsivity could prove useful as a predictor of venlafaxine treatment response in patients with GAD.

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Although many examples exist for shared neural representations of self and other, it is unknown how such shared representations interact with the rest of the brain. Furthermore, do high-level inference-based shared mentalizing representations interact with lower level embodied/simulation-based shared representations? We used functional neuroimaging (fMRI) and a functional connectivity approach to assess these questions during high-level inference-based mentalizing. Shared mentalizing representations in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate/precuneus, and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) all exhibited identical functional connectivity patterns during mentalizing of both self and other. Connectivity patterns were distributed across low-level embodied neural systems such as the frontal operculum/ventral premotor cortex, the anterior insula, the primary sensorimotor cortex, and the presupplementary motor area. These results demonstrate that identical neural circuits are implementing processes involved in mentalizing of both self and other and that the nature of such processes may be the integration of low-level embodied processes within higher level inference-based mentalizing.

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Happy facial expressions are innate social rewards and evoke a response in the striatum, a region known for its role in reward processing in rats, primates and humans. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) is the best-characterized molecule of the endocannabinoid system, involved in processing rewards. We hypothesized that genetic variation in human CNR1 gene would predict differences in the striatal response to happy faces. In a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning study on 19 Caucasian volunteers, we report that four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 locus modulate differential striatal response to happy but not to disgust faces. This suggests a role for the variations of the CNR1 gene in underlying social reward responsivity. Future studies should aim to replicate this finding with a balanced design in a larger sample, but these preliminary results suggest neural responsivity to emotional and socially rewarding stimuli varies as a function of CNR1 genotype. This has implications for medical conditions involving hypo-responsivity to emotional and social stimuli, such as autism.

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BACKGROUND: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables investigation of the intrinsic functional organization of the brain. Fractal parameters such as the Hurst exponent, H, describe the complexity of endogenous low-frequency fMRI time series on a continuum from random (H = .5) to ordered (H = 1). Shifts in fractal scaling of physiological time series have been associated with neurological and cardiac conditions. METHODS: Resting-state fMRI time series were recorded in 30 male adults with an autism spectrum condition (ASC) and 33 age- and IQ-matched male volunteers. The Hurst exponent was estimated in the wavelet domain and between-group differences were investigated at global and voxel level and in regions known to be involved in autism. RESULTS: Complex fractal scaling of fMRI time series was found in both groups but globally there was a significant shift to randomness in the ASC (mean H = .758, SD = .045) compared with neurotypical volunteers (mean H = .788, SD = .047). Between-group differences in H, which was always reduced in the ASC group, were seen in most regions previously reported to be involved in autism, including cortical midline structures, medial temporal structures, lateral temporal and parietal structures, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Severity of autistic symptoms was negatively correlated with H in retrosplenial and right anterior insular cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Autism is associated with a small but significant shift to randomness of endogenous brain oscillations. Complexity measures may provide physiological indicators for autism as they have done for other medical conditions.