Medio ambiente y producción primaria frente al área Pimentel - Chimbote

Se presentan en variaciones estacionales y se discuten las interrelaciones entre el medio ambiente y la productividad durante agosto de 1972 - junio 1973 en el área de 06° - 09°S, la cual es un importante centro de afloramiento. Este estudio forma parte de las investigaciones que se realizan en dicha área a través del proyecto OEA/ IMARPE. Las temperaturas en la superficie del mar se desarrollaron por encima del promedio hasta marzo de 1973, restableciéndose las condiciones oceanográficas en abril de ese año. En diciembre se observó un cambio brusco en las condiciones oceanográficas debido a la presencia de las aguas de la región ecuatorial las cuales avanzaron hasta Huarmey (10°S) en forma de una lengua costera con temperaturas de 23 - 25 °C, salinidades de 34.0 - 34.8‰, bajo contenido de nutrientes y pobre productividad, afectando la distribución y/o disponibilidad de la fauna marina. En la superficie del mar se halló la relación P: N: Si promedio de 1: 9.5: 8.3, lo cual hace pensar que los silicatos pueden llegar a ser limitantes en la producción fotosintética. La clorofila "a" lejos de la costa presentó concentraciones bajas y relativamente uniformes con la profundidad, con un promedio de 0.60 ug/L en la columna 0-25 m, mientras que cerca de la costa su distribución vertical fue irregular presentando también valores bajos con relación al promedio del área debido a los efectos del Fenómeno El Niño de 1972-73.

Importância da Horticultura para a Segurança Alimentar em Cabo Verde - Estudo de Caso na Ilha do Fogo

A agricultura cabo-verdiana é caracterizada pela baixa e irregular produtividade e não consegue produzir mais do que 20% das necessidades alimentares do país, sendo que a insegurança alimentar e a pobreza estão intimamente ligadas à fraqueza da base produtiva. A horticultura é considerada como um dos sectores mais rentáveis, com um papel importante na segurança alimentar e no orçamento das famílias. A presente dissertação tem como objectivo principal o estudo da importância da horticultura no rendimento e segurança alimentar das famílias, através da venda e consumo de produtos hortícolas. Foi realizado um estudo de caso às familias com e sem produção hortícola na ilha do Fogo em Cabo Verde e verificou-se que os agregados com regadio têm um rendimento anual bastante superior aos rendimentos auferidos pelos agregados sem regadio e a horticultura teve um contributo notável na formação desse rendimento. A nível da alimentação verificou-se que os agregados com regadio tem um consumo calórico superior aos agregados sem regadio. Verificou-se igualmente que os agregados com regadio tem uma alimentação mais diversificada, quer pela frequência de consumo diária de produtos hortícolas e frutas quer pelo consumo per capita dos mesmos.

Troubles du cycle à l'adolescence: une banalité [Menstrual disorders in adolescents: commonplace or worrisome?].

The first menstrual cycles following menarche are often caracterized by irregular and/or heavy bleeding. The adolescent patient may be worried by these episodes of bleeding. In 50-80% of cases these are anovulatory bleeding due to the immaturity of the gonadotrophic axis. Nevertheless pathologies such as von Willebrand disease, genital infection, polycystic ovary syndrom, eating disorders, a tumor or a pregnancy may be diagnosed by bleeding abnormalities. The challenge for the physician is to distinguish between bleeding abnormalities secondary to anovulation and pathologies where investigations and specific follow-up is mandatory. Adolescents who experience abnormal bleeding must be counceled according to their perceptions and expectations.

Distribución por tamaño de los organismos planctonicos como alimento disponible. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9811-12

Presenta la distribución y composición superficial de la biomasa planctónica total (g/m3) por tamaño de los organismos, como alimento disponible para las especies planctónicas, durante el Crucero de Evaluación Hidroacústica de Recursos Pelágicos BIC José Olaya Balandra 9811-12. La biomasa planctónica entre Lobos de Tierra y Morro Sama varió entre 0,08 y 31,4 g/m3, con un valor medio de 4,07 g/m3. Latitudinalmente entre los 07° - 08° S y entre los 14° y 15°S. Se observaron dos picos importantes superiores a los 8 g/m3 dentro de las 30 mn. Las células entre 75 y 149 µm se distribuyeron el norte en forma irregular formando parches por fuera de las 30 mn entre Pimentel y Chimbote, pero de Huarmey a Atico se presentaron con una distribución más costera y homogénea. Organismos mayores de 149 µm estuvieron mayormente distribuidos entre Callao e Ilo, representados por formas del zooplancton y fitoplancton, destacando en este último, principalmente especies de fases avanzadas de la sucesión, además de especies oceánicas y algunas cadenas largas de Skeletonema costatum y Chaetoceros spp.

Caste polymorphism of apterous line of the Neotropical termite Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky) (Isoptera, Termitidae)

Termite societies are structured by individuals that can be grouped into castes and instars. The development of these instars in most species occurs in irregular patterns and sometimes is distinguished subcastes in physical systems that originate polymorphic soldiers and workers. In this study, we characterized the morphological diversity of castes of apterous in Nasutitermes corniger. We collected four colonies of N. corniger, one every three months between May 2011 and February 2012. Individuals of the nest were separated into groups: larval stages, workers and presoldiers and soldiers. A morphometric analysis was performed on individuals from each group based on head width, metatibia, antenna, and thorax length. The data were submitted to discriminant analysis to confirm different morphological types inside these groups. The apterous line of N. corniger is composed of one first larval instar and two second larval instar. The workers caste has two lines of development with four instars in a larger line and three instars in a lower line. Two morphological types were identified in presoldiers and soldiers. The pattern of castes was similar to other species of the genus, in which bifurcation into two lines of workers, one smaller and one larger occurs after the first molt.

Prevalência de lesões de tornozelo nos jogadores de Futebol do Sporting Clube da Praia – época 2008/09

O presente trabalho inscreve-se no âmbito do curso de Licenciatura em Fisioterapia na Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde e visa essencialmente estudar os factores de risco das lesões do tornozelo contraídos pelos jogadores de futebol do Sporting Clube da Praia. Minghelli et al. (2012), apoiando-se em vários autores (Cohen et al., 1997; Reilly, 2003), referem que o futebol exige dos jogadores a aquisição de diversas vertentes físicas, como resistência, velocidade, força, agilidade e flexibilidade e se caracteriza pelo intenso contacto físico, movimentos curtos, rápidos e não contínuos como a aceleração, desaceleração e mudanças súbitas de direcção. Ainda, aludem que estas exigências físicas cada vez maiores obrigam os atletas a exercitarem-se próximo dos limites máximos de exaustão, levando uma maior predisposição à ocorrência de lesões. Em termos metodológicos, combinamos duas técnicas de recolha de dados empíricos – questionário e observação. Estes procedimentos foram efectuados no momento da realização do exame físico dos jogadores, dos testes especiais e específicos para a avaliação e do diagnóstico da articulação do tornozelo. O universo foi de 27 jogadores do Sporting Clube da Praia da época 2008/09. Os dados foram tratados no software estatístico SPSS, versão 16,0. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as lesões da articulação do tornozelo são os traumatismos mais comuns em desportos, caracterizadas por um dano que tenha ocorrido em um ou mais dos ligamentos localizados na articulação do tornozelo, que ocorrem como resultado de movimentos ou stress repetitivos, mas também podem estar associadas com factores anatómicos como pronação excessiva ou alinhamento cavo no membro inferior, os quais caracterizam os piores tipos de lesão. Por outro lado, indicam que os factores predisponentes às lesões do tornozelo, muito em particular as entorses, podem ser separados em factores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Os intrínsecos são inerentes ao próprio praticante, nos quais se incluem a recuperação inadequada, estrutura, peso, sobrecarga no membro dominante, lesão nervosa e processo degenerativo muscular, e desequilíbrio da força muscular. Os factores extrínsecos estão relacionados com o piso irregular, carga externa intensidade ou nível de treino, bem como a própria qualidade do calçado, muitas vezes inadequado para a prática desportiva em condições específicas. Esses dados permitem-nos ainda comprovar que a entorse foi a lesão mais contraída pelos referidos jogadores.

Synapses on motoneuron dendrites in the brachial section of the frog spinal cord: a computer-aided electron microscopic study of cobalt-filled cells.

Cobalt-labelled motoneuron dendrites of the frog spinal cord at the level of the second spinal nerve were photographed in the electron microscope from long series of ultrathin sections. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions of 120 dendrite segments were analysed. The samples were taken from two locations: proximal to cell body and distal, as defined in a transverse plane of the spinal cord. The dendrites showed highly irregular outlines with many 1-2 microns-long 'thorns' (on average 8.5 thorns per 100 microns 2 of dendritic area). Taken together, the reconstructed dendrite segments from the proximal sites had a total length of about 250 microns; those from the distal locations, 180 microns. On all segments together there were 699 synapses. Nine percent of the synapses were on thorns, and many more close to their base on the dendritic shaft. The synapses were classified in four groups. One third of the synapses were asymmetric with spherical vesicles; one half were symmetric with spherical vesicles; and one tenth were symmetric with flattened vesicles. A fourth, small class of asymmetric synapses had dense-core vesicles. The area of the active zones was large for the asymmetric synapses (median value 0.20 microns 2), and small for the symmetric ones (median value 0.10 microns 2), and the difference was significant. On average, the areas of the active zones of the synapses on thin dendrites were larger than those of synapses on large calibre dendrites. About every 4 microns 2 of dendritic area received one contact. There was a significant difference between the areas of the active zones of the synapses at the two locations. Moreover, the number per unit dendritic length was correlated with dendrite calibre. On average, the active zones covered more than 4% of the dendritic area; this value for thin dendrites was about twice as large as that of large calibre dendrites. We suggest that the larger active zones and the larger synaptic coverage of the thin dendrites compensate for the longer electrotonic distance of these synapses from the soma.

Cerebellar cleft: confirmation of the neuroimaging pattern.

We recently described the neuroimaging and clinical findings in 6 children with cerebellar clefts and proposed that they result from disruptive changes following prenatal cerebellar hemorrhage. We now report an additional series of 9 patients analyzing the clinical and neuroimaging findings. The clefts were located in the left cerebellar hemisphere in 5 cases, in the right in 3, and bilaterally in one child who had bilateral cerebellar hemorrhages as a preterm infant at 30 weeks gestation. In one patient born at 24 weeks of gestation a unilateral cerebellar hemorrhage has been found at the age of 4 months. Other findings included disordered alignment of the folia and fissures, an irregular gray/white matter junction, and abnormal arborization of the white matter in all cases. Supratentorial abnormalities were found in 4 cases. All but 2 patients were born at term. We confirm the distinct neuroimaging pattern of cerebellar clefts. Considering the documented fetal cerebellar hemorrhage in our first series, we postulate that cerebellar clefts usually represent residual disruptive changes after a prenatal cerebellar hemorrhage. Exceptionally, as now documented in 2 patients, cerebellar clefts can be found after neonatal cerebellar hemorrhages in preterm infants. The short-term outcome in these children was variable.

Sedimentos superficiales y morfología de la plataforma y talud continental superior entre 3°30’S y 15°30’S, Perú

Basados en la compilación de resultados de análisis sedimentológicos (granulometría, contenido orgánico) de 1191 estaciones realizadas por IMARPE, de 1975 a 2001, la compilación de información sobre el tema entre los 3°30’S y los 15°30’S y con el conocimiento de la morfología del fondo marino de esta región, se definen tres grandes áreas: al norte de los 6°15’S, de 6°15’S a 9°30’S y entre 9°30’ y 15°30’S. Entre los 3°30’ y los 6°15’S los contenidos de materia orgánica son mayores a 5% y menores a 10%, el carbono orgánico predomina con valores <1% a 2%. Los sedimentos corresponden a facies de fango y arenas, de origen terrígeno. El ancho de la plataforma es variable aproximadamente de 3 a 30 mn (14 mn promedio), la pendiente del talud superior es bastante pronunciada, presenta caídas bruscas. El relieve es disparejo, con fuertes desmembramientos en el borde exterior de la plataforma y el talud superior debido a que se encuentra surcado por cañones submarinos. En el extremo noroccidental de esta zona, se halla el Banco de Máncora cuyo fondo es rocoso e irregular. Entre los 6°30’S y los 9°30’S los contenidos de materia orgánica se incrementan de 5% a 15%, los contenidos de carbono orgánico son >2% y llegan a 5%, en algunos casos localmente superan este valor casi en tres puntos más. En los sedimentos del sector norte de esta zona predominan facies texturales de arenas y fango de origen terrígeno y también biógenos (foraminíferos), hacia el sur de esta zona predominan sedimentos de origen biogénico y autigénico (principalmente fosforita). El ancho de la plataforma se incrementa hasta alcanzar su máxima magnitud, esta es variable, aproximadamente de 22 a 70 mn. El talud superior tiene un declive moderado. El relieve del fondo marino en el borde exterior de la plataforma y talud superior se hallan surcados por cañones submarinos (7° - 9°S). Frente a Punta Chao aproximadamente a 65 mn se encuentra el Banco de Chimbote cuyo fondo es rocoso e irregular. La granulometría de los sedimentos y sus estadígrafos muestran un cambio definido desde los 10°30’S. Desde los 9°30’ a los 15°45’S los valores de materia orgánica por lo general sobrepasan el 15% y pueden alcanzar hasta 32,12%, los contenidos de carbono orgánico varían de 5% a 11,14%. En esta zona se encuentra presente, principalmente fango limoso y fango arcilloso terrígeno y biógeno (diatoméico). El ancho de la plataforma varía de modo general entre 10 y 50 mn (24 mn promedio aproximadamente). La pendiente del talud superior es suave en casi toda su extensión, el relieve del fondo marino es bastante uniforme, surcado por algunos pequeños cañones submarinos que no afectan la regularidad del relieve. De la interpretación de la data, análisis de parámetros estadísticos generados y condiciones de los sedimentos, se encontró coincidencia en la zona de la plataforma y talud superior de más de uno de los factores medio ambiente deposicional que permiten la preservación del contenido de materia orgánica tales como: Tipo y condiciones geoquímicas del sedimento y fondo marino, morfología del fondo marino, hidrodinámica, fuente de suministro, tasa de sedimentación, bioturbación.

The meiosis-specific recombinase hDmc1 forms ring structures and interacts with hRad51.

Eukaryotic cells encode two homologs of Escherichia coli RecA protein, Rad51 and Dmc1, which are required for meiotic recombination. Rad51, like E.coli RecA, forms helical nucleoprotein filaments that promote joint molecule and heteroduplex DNA formation. Electron microscopy reveals that the human meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1 forms ring structures that bind single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA. The protein binds preferentially to ssDNA tails and gaps in duplex DNA. hDmc1-ssDNA complexes exhibit an irregular, often compacted structure, and promote strand-transfer reactions with homologous duplex DNA. hDmc1 binds duplex DNA with reduced affinity to form nucleoprotein complexes. In contrast to helical RecA/Rad51 filaments, however, Dmc1 filaments are composed of a linear array of stacked protein rings. Consistent with the requirement for two recombinases in meiotic recombination, hDmc1 interacts directly with hRad51.

Shield morphology of curly overhair in 22 genera of Soricidae (Insectivora, Mammalia)

The structure of the shield of curly overhairs was studied in 22 genera of shrews, using scanning electron microscopy. The cross section of the shield is quadriconcave with two sides showing particular scale patterns or a relief which can be grouped into 4 morphological types: 1) a smooth type with, at most, shallow U-shaped notches; 2) a type with uniserial, V-shaped tiled notches; 3) a type with a groove and irregular notches; 4) a type with a deep ridged groove. Myosorex, which occupies a basal phyletic position, shows type 3. This type is therefore interpreted as an ancestral character state. It is found also in Feroculus and in some Sylvisorex. In the Crocidurinae, this type evolved into type 2 (Scutisorex and some Indomalayan Crocidura), and finally into type 1 (Suncus and most Crocidura). In the Soricinae, it evolved into type 4, which is common to all genera except Megasorex and Notiosorex. These two genera possess type 1 which is interpreted as being a synapomorphous character of these genera. The regression of the complex structure under dry climatic conditions supports the hypothesis that the function of the grooved form of hair is water repulsion.

Learning in Digital Media: the legacy of McLuhan and his Impact on Formal Education

This paper describes a bibliographic analysis of the vision of Marshal McLuhan and the vision adopted by diverse current authors regarding the use of new interactive learning technologies. The paper also analyzes the transformation that will have to take place in the formal surroundings of education in order to improve their social function. The main points of view and contributions made by diverse authors are discussed. It is important that all actors involved in the educational process take in consideration these contributions in order to be ready for future changes.

The Smiling Project: development of a new program for gait and balance training

Introduction: The SMILING project, a multicentric project fundedby the European Union, aims to develop a new gait and balance trainingprogram to prevent falls in older persons. The program includes the"SMILING shoe", an innovative device that generates mechanical perturbationwhile walking by changing the soles' inclination. Induced perturbationschallenge subjects' balance and force them to react to avoidfalls. By training specifically the complex motor reactions used to maintainbalance when walking on irregular ground, the program will improvesubjects' ability to react in situation of unsteadiness and reduce theirrisk of falling. Methods: The program will be evaluated in a multicentric,cross-over randomized controlled trial. Overall, 112 subjects (aged≥65 years, ≥1 falls, POMA score 22-26/28) will be enrolled. Subjectswill be randomised in 2 groups: group A begin the training with active"SMILING shoes", group B with inactive dummy shoes. After 4 weeksof training, group A and B will exchange the shoes. Supervised trainingsessions (30 minutes twice a week for 8 weeks) include walkingtasks of progressive difficulties.To avoid a learning effect, "SMILINGshoes" perturbations will be generated in a non-linear and chaotic way.Gait performance, fear of falling, and acceptability of the program willbe assessed. Conclusion: The SMILING program is an innovative interventionfor falls prevention in older persons based on gait and balancetraining using chaotic perturbations. Because of the easy use of the"SMILING shoes", this program could be used in various settings, suchas geriatric clinics or at home.

Caractéristiques de la clientèle des structures à bas seuil d'accès pour toxicomanes mettant à disposition du matériel d'injection stérile en Suisse [Characteristics of attenders of low threshold syringe-exchange centers providing sterile syringes in Switzerland].

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present study were to evaluate Aids prevention in drug users attending low threshold centres providing sterile injection equipment in Switzerland, to identify the characteristics of these users, and to monitor the progress of indicators of drug-related harm. METHODS: This paper presents results from a cross-sectional survey carried out in 1994. RESULTS: The mean age of attenders was 28 years, and women represented 27% of the sample. 75% of attenders used a combination of hard drugs (heroin and cocaine). Mean duration of heroin consumption was 8 years, and of cocaine 7 years; 76% of attenders had a fixed abode, but only 34% had stable employment; 45% were being treated with methadone; 9% had shared their injection material in the last 6 months; 24% always used condoms in the case of a stable relationship, and 71% in casual relationships. In a cluster analysis constructed on the basis of multiple correspondence analysis, two distinct profiles of users emerge: highly marginalised users with a high level of consumption (21%); irregular users, better integrated socially, of which the majority are under methadone treatment (79%). CONCLUSION: Theses centres play a major role in Aids prevention. Nevertheless, efforts to improve the hygiene conditions of drug injection in Switzerland should be pursued and extended. At the same time, prevention of HIV sexual transmissions should be reinforced.

A new maximum likelihood method for luminosity calibrations

A new statistical parallax method using the Maximum Likelihood principle is presented, allowing the simultaneous determination of a luminosity calibration, kinematic characteristics and spatial distribution of a given sample. This method has been developed for the exploitation of the Hipparcos data and presents several improvements with respect to the previous ones: the effects of the selection of the sample, the observational errors, the galactic rotation and the interstellar absorption are taken into account as an intrinsic part of the formulation (as opposed to external corrections). Furthermore, the method is able to identify and characterize physically distinct groups in inhomogeneous samples, thus avoiding biases due to unidentified components. Moreover, the implementation used by the authors is based on the extensive use of numerical methods, so avoiding the need for simplification of the equations and thus the bias they could introduce. Several examples of application using simulated samples are presented, to be followed by applications to real samples in forthcoming articles.