Radiação-x no diagnóstico em Medicina Dentária

A radiação-x foi descoberta há mais de uma centena de anos e com o avanço tecnológico diversas formas de aplicação têm vindo a ser descobertas. A utilização constante, devido à ajuda preciosa que estes dispositivos fornecem aos clínicos de Medicina Dentária, faz com que o paciente venha, de forma crescente, a ser exposto a este tipo de radiação. Este trabalho de revisão descritiva tem como principal propósito analisar os riscos, as formas de avaliação e de proteção da radiação-x, no âmbito do seu uso em Medicina Dentária. Para o efeito, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura, tendo-se recorrido ao motor de busca EBSCO host©, utilizando as frases boleanas: (X-ray risk OR Radiography risk OR Dental x-ray risk) AND (Dental Medicine OR Oral), foi substituída a palavra risk por “evaluation” e por “protection”. Desta pesquisa resultaram 82 documentos como referências bibliográficas. Esta revisão de literatura permitiu compreender a diferença entre radiação ionizante e não ionizante, quais os dispositivos utlizados na Medicina Dentária e o seu funcionamento geral, quais as unidades de medida da radiação, quais os riscos iminentes à exposição cumulativa e quais as suas consequências biológicas, perceber de que forma a legislação Portuguesa tem evoluído em matéria de radiação ionizante, quais as diversas formas de redução da dose absorvida pelo paciente e quais as medidas de proteção para os profissionais de saúde expostos à radiação ionizante.

Qualidade física e matéria orgânica do solo em sistema de integração lavoura - pecuária submetido a doses de nitrogênio

The animal trampling favors the soil compaction process in sheep raising and crop production integrated systems. This compression has negative effects, hindering the development of roots, the availability of nutrients, water and aeration, causing production losses, making it essential for the assessment of soil physical attributes for monitoring soil quality. Soil organic matter can be used to assess the quality of the soil, due to its relationship with the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. Conservation management system with tillage, along with systems integration between crops and livestock are being used to maintain and even increase the levels of soil organic matter. For that, a field experiment was carried out over a Oxisol clayey Alic in Guarapuava, PR, from de 2006 one. experiment sheep raising and crop production integrated systems The climate classified as Cfb .. The study was to evaluate the soil physical properties and quantify the stock of soil organic carbon and its compartmentalization in system integration crop - livestock with sheep under four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1) in the winter pasture, formed by the consortium oat (Avena strigosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and the effect of grazing (with and without). The soil samples blades density evaluations, total porosity, macro and micro, aggregation and carbon stocks were held in two phases: Phase livestock (after removal of the animals of the area) and phase crop (after maize cultivation). The collection of soil samples were carried out in layers of 0-0.5, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and m. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the hypotheses tested by the F test (p <0.05). For the quantitative effect data regression and the qualitative effect used the test medium. In non-significant regressions used the average and standard deviation treatments. The animal trampling caused an increase in bulk density in the 0.10-0.20 m layer. The dose of 225 kg N ha-1 in winter pasture increased total soil porosity at 8% compared to dose 0 kg N ha-1 in the crop stage. The grazing had no effect on soil macroporosity. GMD of aggregates in the phase after grazing the surface layer was damaged by grazing. Nitrogen rates used in the winter pasture and grazing not influence the total organic carbon stocks. The TOC is not influenced by nitrogen fertilization on grassland. The grazing increases the stock of POC in the 0.10-0.20 m layer livestock phase and cause the stock of POC in the 0-0.5 m layer in the crop stage. The MAC is not influenced by N rates applied in the pasture or by grazing.

Destino no ambiente e comportamento agronômico de atrazina em resposta a doses e níveis de palha de espécies de cobertura de solo

The use of cover crops is a fundamental strategy to the weed management in Southern Brazil. In highly infested areas, the herbicides use is increasing, which increases the costs of the crops production as well as the environmental contamination. Oat and velvet bean plants havecontrasting characteristics regarding to residues decomposition speed and the capacity to immobilize Nitrogen in the soil, providing distinct results of weeds suppression throughout the time, and therefore, requiring distinct management strategies before, during, and after the corn crop establishment. The general objective of the experiment was to evaluate the environmental dynamics of the herbicide atrazine, the corn grain yield, and the efficiency of the weed control, considering areas with distinct history regarding the use of mulching, levels of straw and rates of atrazine. For this, the experiment was carried out in two parts: in the first part, two trials with the corn crop were established, one using oat and the other using velvet bean as cover crops. The experimental design used for both field trials was randomized complete blocks arrangement with four replications. The factor A was constituted by four levels of straw (0; 0.75x; 1.5x; 3x) and the factor B was constituted by four rates of the herbicide atrazine (0; 2100; 4200; 8400 g a i. ha-1). Soil samples were collected for greenhouse trialsto determine the persistence. Atrazine leaching evaluation was performed by chromatography using samples collected over the soil profile.In the field, the weed density, the fresh and dry weight and the yield of the corn were evaluated. In the greenhouse trials, the main variables evaluated were plant height and injury caused by the herbicide toxicity. In the second part, soils with distinct covering history were sampled, and the mineralization and sorption studies, both with 14C-atrazine, were conducted in the laboratory. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks arrangement with four replications. The results from the field experiment show that the high levels of straw above ground, isolated, were not efficient to control completely the weeds, and that high levels of velvet bean`s straw decreased the corn potential yield. The greenhouse trials showed that high levels of oat straw prevent the scape of atrazine to soil, this effect of oat straw upon the herbicide availability on soil was detected up to 12 days after spraying. The half-life of atrazine sprayed over oat straw varied from 7 to 14 days after spraying, while the half-life of atrazine sprayed over velvet bean varied from 5 to 14 days after spraying. Increasing oat straw levels presents the capacity to reduce the lixiviation of atrazine in the soil profile, however, this effect was not verified when using velvet bean straw, because the herbicide was not detected in the soil profile, at 21 days after spraying. The chromatographic analysis indicate thatthe atrazine concentrates closer to the soil surface regardless of amount of straw, not being detected deeper than 8 cm in the soil. The accumulated mineralization of 14C-arazine sprayed over V. sativa is superior if compared to soils with S. cereale or non-covered soils. The sorption coefficient of atrazine is superior when sprayed over straw than over the soil.

Efeito da radiação micro-ondas na sinterização em fases sólida e líquida de pós de aço inoxidável 3I6L

Tese submetida à Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e aprovada em provas públicas para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica (especialidade de Ciência dos Materiais)

Effect of different doses of post-emergence-applied iodosulfuron on weed control and grain yield of malt barley (Hordeum distichum L.), under Mediterranean conditions

A study was carried out over a two year period (2009/2010 and 2012/2013) on an experimental farm in the Alentejo region (Beja), in southern Portugal where rainfed malt barley (Hordeum distichum L.) is sown at the end of autumn or beginning of winter (November– December). The aim of this experiment was to study the efficiency of the herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium to control post-emergence broadleaved weeds in this cereal crop. The malt barley crop was established using no-till farming. This technology provides the necessary machine bearing capacity of the soil to assure the post-emergence application of herbicides at two diferente weed development stages. The herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium was applied at three doses (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 g a. i. · ha–1) and at two different broadleaved weed development stages (3 to 4 and 6 to 7 pairs of leaves), that also corresponded to two diferente crop development stages (beginning of tillering and complete tillering). The results indicated that early herbicide application timing provided a significantly higher efficiency for all the applied herbicide doses, but this better weed control was not reflected in a higher crop grain yield. The lack of a higher crop grain yield was probably due to a crop phytotoxicity of the herbicide, when used at an early application timing.

Efeito de doses e modo de fraccionamento de potássio na batata de indústria “VR0808”

O potássio é um dos macronutrientes que as plantas absorvem em maior quantidade, influenciando na batateira a produtividade e a qualidade dos tubérculos. A introdução de novas variedades de batata para indústria implica a avaliação prévia da sua adaptação às condições de solo, clima e tecnologia cultural. Neste contexto, instalou-se um ensaio em Salvaterra-de-Magos, em pleno campo de cultivo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses e modo de fraccionamento (à plantação e em cobertura, após a emergência) de potássio (K2O) na batata de indústria “VR0808”. Foram avaliados 5 tratamentos: (K0-0kg/ha, K1-100kg/ha, K2-200kg/ha, K3-100+50+50kg/ha e K4-200+50+50kg/ha). O dispositivo experimental foi o de parcelas totalmente aleatórias, com 4 repetições. Foi possível concluir que, em relação ao rendimento, com excepção do K4-200+50+50kg/ha, não existiram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com 0, 100, 200 e 100+50+50kg/ha de K2O. A mobilização do K2O de formas fixas e/ou de origem orgânica poderá explicar este resultado. Observou-se um decréscimo dos teores de Ca ao nível da folha e do teor de matéria seca dos tubérculos com o incremento do potássio.

Low doses of a neonicotinoid insecticide modify pheromone response thresholds of central but not peripheral olfactory neurons in a pest insect

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