The effect of the group delay ripple of chirped fiber grating on composite second-order in optical fiber CATV system

The effect of group delay ripple of chirped fiber gratings on composite second-order (CSO) performance in optical fiber CATV system is investigated. We analyze the system CSO performances for different ripple amplitudes, periods and residual dispersion amounts in detail. It is found that the large ripple amplitude and small ripple period will deteriorate the system CSO performance seriously. Additionally, the residual dispersion amount has considerable effect on CSO performance in the case of small ripple amplitude and large ripple period. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anomalous behaviour of photorefractive grating erasure owing to existence of both negative and positive carriers

In LiNbO3:Fe, anomalous behaviour of grating erasure is observed with different wavelenghts, i.e. rapid grating erasure in the short wavelength range, which deviates from the results predicted by the electron transport band model. The deviation is related to the coexistance of electrons and holes in photorefraction, and charge-transfer process including electrons and hole has been proposed. The electron and hole contributions to photo-excitation coefficient S of the Fe centre on the wavelength.

O silêncio da ação: Jesuítas no Brasil pós-Reforma Pombalina

Nesse trabalho analisei a resistência e permanência dos padres da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil e a co mpreensão em torno do debate da atuação desses religiosos, após a Reforma Pombalina ocorrida em 1759; abordando ainda, as outras duas supressões sofridas pela Companhia de Jesus, em 1834 e 1910, respectivamente. Buscando as estratégias e as táticas utilizadas pela Ordem. A Companhia circulou em vários setores da sociedade nos países e m que esteve presente, agindo com intuito de converter e civilizar dentro dos cânones da Ordem. Em seu campo de ação damos destaque ao educativo, especificamente aos seus Colégios. Devido à amplitude do tema, visto que, este acontecimento teve conseqüências em vários países e nos diversos setores da sociedade dos quais os jesuítas faziam parte, me detive mais detalhadamente no estudo dos padres no Rio de Janeiro, que tr ansversalizou dois Colégios: o Santo Inácio e o Anchieta. Adentramos nas táticas e estratégias ut ilizadas pelos jesuítas para circularem entre o sagrado e o profano, de forma dinâmica e recíproca e como forma de agir. Ação que se perceberá na suas inst ituições de ensino, locais de lutas pelos interesses de u m saber-poder, que implica no seu modo de formação dos alunos. O trabalho procurou contribuir para aprofundar nos meandros de uma história pouco conhecida: a permanência dos jesuítas. A partir daí fo i possível perceber a rede de sociabilidade que ut ilizaram em suas ações, a representação que fizeram da Ordem, o sentido e a proposta da sua educação. Para realização da pesquisa, as principais fo ntes foram os Decretos Régios e as correspondências trocadas entre o Rei e os Governadores Gerais das Províncias, documentos localizados no Arquivo Nacional. Também correspondências trocadas entre os superiores e reitores dos Colégios Jesuítas, periódicos, cadernos de exercícios, fo lhetos, fotografias, livros de matrículas e médias anuais, entre outros, encontrados no acervo de memória dos Colégios Santo Inácio e Anchieta. Os documentos dão a ver a tensão existente entre o silêncio quanto à história dos jesuítas após sua expulsão, a permanência e a atuação dos mesmos nos diversos campos, principalmente o educativo.

Seroprevalence of Triatoma virus (Dicistroviridae: Cripaviridae) antibodies in Chagas disease patients

Background: Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and humans acquire the parasite by exposure to contaminated feces from hematophagous insect vectors known as triatomines. Triatoma virus (TrV) is the sole viral pathogen of triatomines, and is transmitted among insects through the fecal-oral route and, as it happens with T. cruzi, the infected insects release the virus when defecating during or after blood uptake. Methods: In this work, we analysed the occurrence of anti-TrV antibodies in human sera from Chagas disease endemic and non-endemic countries, and developed a mathematical model to estimate the transmission probability of TrV from insects to man, which ranged between 0.00053 and 0.0015. Results: Our results confirm that people with Chagas disease living in Bolivia, Argentina and Mexico have been exposed to TrV, and that TrV is unable to replicate in human hosts. Conclusions: We presented the first experimental evidence of antibodies against TrV structural proteins in human sera.

Biographical Sketch of Spencer Fullerton Baird

Spencer Fullerton Baird was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, February 3, 1823. In 1834 he was sent to a Quaker boarding-school kept by Dr. McGraw, at Port Deposit, Maryland, and the year following to the Reading Grammar School. In 1836 he entered Dickinson College, and was graduated at the age of seventeen. After leaving college, his time for several years was devoted to studies in general natural history, to long pedestrian excursions for the purpose of observing animals and plants and collecting specimens, and to the organization of a private cabinet of natural history, which a few years later became the nucleus of the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. During this period he published a number of original papers on natural history. He also read medicine with Dr. Middleton Goldsmith, attending a winter course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York, in 1842. His medical course was never formally completed, although in 1848 he received the degree of M. D., honoris causa, from the Philadelphia Medical College. In 1845 he was chosen professor of natural history in Dickinson College, and in 1846 his duties and emoluments were increased by election to the chair of natural history and chemistry in the same institution. In 1848 he declined a call to the professorship of natural science in the University of Vermont. In 1849 he undertook his first extensive literary work, translating and editing the text for the "Iconographic Encyclopedia," an English version of Heck's Bilder Atlas, published in connection with Brockhaus's Conversations Lexikon.

Fishes of Ceylon: a catalogue, key and bibliography

A knowledge of the specific composition of Ceylon fish fauna is essential to any programme of development of commercial fisheries, or the study of Ceylon's ichthyology and the need for cataloguing it has been keenly felt for many years. The need for cataloguing the whole of Ceylon's flora and fauna was stressed by the Natural Science Section of the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science during its 1952 annual sessions and it was then that the writer agreed to help satisfy this need by compiling an up-to-date check list of species of two families of fishes, the Clupeidae and the Carangidae, which are important in the beach seine fishery which he was studying at that time. In the course of this work it was decided to expand the check-list to make it comprehensive of all species of fish that have been recorded from Ceylon to date and to supply keys for their identification. This has involved a screening of the pioneer works of Bennet (1834) and Day (1878-1889) and the many subsequent references to Ceylon fish scattered through various scientific journals and other publications, some of them long out and now almost unobtainable.