Whither RDS? An investigation of respondent driven sampling as a method of recruiting mainstream marijuana users.

Background: An important challenge in conducting social research of specific relevance to harm reduction programs is locating hidden populations of consumers of substances like cannabis who typically report few adverse or unwanted consequences of their use. Much of the deviant, pathologized perception of drug users is historically derived from, and empirically supported, by a research emphasis on gaining ready access to users in drug treatment or in prison populations with higher incidence of problems of dependence and misuse. Because they are less visible, responsible recreational users of illicit drugs have been more difficult to study. Methods: This article investigates Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) as a method of recruiting experienced marijuana users representative of users in the general population. Based on sampling conducted in a multi-city study (Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver), and compared to samples gathered using other research methods, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of RDS recruitment as a means of gaining access to illicit substance users who experience few harmful consequences of their use. Demographic characteristics of the sample in Toronto are compared with those of users in a recent household survey and a pilot study of Toronto where the latter utilized nonrandom self-selection of respondents. Results: A modified approach to RDS was necessary to attain the target sample size in all four cities (i.e., 40 'users' from each site). The final sample in Toronto was largely similar, however, to marijuana users in a random household survey that was carried out in the same city. Whereas well-educated, married, whites and females in the survey were all somewhat overrepresented, the two samples, overall, were more alike than different with respect to economic status and employment. Furthermore, comparison with a self-selected sample suggests that (even modified) RDS recruitment is a cost-effective way of gathering respondents who are more representative of users in the general population than nonrandom methods of recruitment ordinarily produce. Conclusions: Research on marijuana use, and other forms of drug use hidden in the general population of adults, is important for informing and extending harm reduction beyond its current emphasis on 'at-risk' populations. Expanding harm reduction in a normalizing context, through innovative research on users often overlooked, further challenges assumptions about reducing harm through prohibition of drug use and urges consideration of alternative policies such as decriminalization and legal regulation.

L’implication des parents de jeunes contrevenants au sein du programme de suivi intensif différencié dans la communauté du Centre jeunesse de Montréal-Institut universitaire

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès science (M.Sc.) en criminologie option intervention clinique

La réduction des méfaits en contexte carcéral québécois et canadien : tour d'horizon des pratiques connues.

Bon nombre de consommateurs de substances psychoactives se retrouvent dans les institutions carcérales québécoises et canadiennes. Or, leur consommation ne s'arrête pas nécessairement avec l'incarcération. Les taux de prévalence de consommation en prison et en pénitencier en témoignent. Aux prises avec les méfaits qui y sont associés (propagation des maladies virales, intoxication, etc.), les autorités pénitentiaires et de santé publique sont priées de trouver une réponse appropriée. En communauté, les pratiques de réduction des méfaits ont déjà démontré des résultats positifs au-delà de l'amélioration des comportements à risque. Toutefois, est-il possible d'adopter, dans un contexte carcéral, une approche visant à atténuer les méfaits associés à la consommation de drogue plutôt que de prôner l'abstinence totale de toute drogue? Cet article tente une réponse à cette question en se basant sur un bref survol international des mesures adoptées en prison, mais plus spécifiquement en analysant celles entérinées à l'intérieur des murs québécois et canadiens. Il en ressort qu'une concertation entre les différentes instances correctionnelles, judiciaires et de santé publique s'avère essentielle dans l'adoption de mesures de réduction des méfaits et que doivent s'arrimer les soins prépost et carcéraux. / Many consumers of psychoactive substances are found in Quebec's and Canada's prisons. However, their consumptions do not necessarily stop with the imprisonment. The prevalence rates of consumption in penitentiaries institutions testifies it. The penitentiaries and the public health authorities are requested to find a suitable answer to the harms associated with the drug consumption (propagation of the viral diseases, intoxications, etc). In community, the harm reduction practices already showed positive results beyond the improvement of the consumers' risk behaviors. However, in the context of the incarceration, is it possible to adopt an approach aiming harm reduction associated with drugs consumption rather than the abstinence with any drug? While being based on a short international abstract of the measures adopted in prison, this article tries an answer specifically by analyzing those ratified inside the Québécois' and the Canadians' prisons. This study reveals that coordinates dialogues between the various correctional, legal and of public health authorities are essentials in the adoption of effective harms reduction measures. And those measures must be organized in a continuum with the pre-post and prison care.

La trajectoire de changement d’hommes ayant vécu des événements potentiellement traumatogènes

Rapport de stage présenté à Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître (M.Sc.) en criminologie

Rights of the Prisoner: An Evolving Jurisprudence

Imprisonment is the most common method of punishment resorted to by almost all legal systems.The new theories of crime causation propounded in the latter half of the nineteenth century gave rise to the feeling that the prisons could be used as appropriate institutions for reforming the offenders. It called for individualisation of punishment.As a result of international movements for humanisation of prisons the judiciary' in tine common law countries started taking active interest in prisoner's treatment.Various studies reveal that much has been done in America to improve the lot of prisoners and to treat them as human beings.The courts there have gone to the extent of saying that there is no iron curtain between a prisoner and the constitution. Most of the rights available to citizens except those which they cannot enjoy due to the conditions of incarceration have also been granted to prisoner.In India also the judiciary has come forward to protect the rights of the prisoners.Maneka Gandhi is a turning point in prisoner's rights.The repeated intervention of courts in prison administration project the view that prisoners have been denied the basic human rights.The High Courts and the Supreme Court of India have been gradually exercising jurisdiction ixl assuming prison justice, including improving the quality of food and amenities, payment of wages and appropriate standards of medical care. Access to courts must be made easier to the aggrieved prisoners.The government should come forward along with some public spirited citizens and voluntary organisations to form a "discharged prisoner“ aid society. The society should exploit opportunities for rehabilitation of prisoners after their release.Most of the prison buildings in the State of Kerala are ill-equipped, ill furnished and without proper ventilation or sanitation and with insufficient water supply arrangements.In India prisoners and prisons today are governed by the old central legislations like Prisons Act l894 Prisoners Act 1900 and the Transfer of Prisoners Act 1950.

Studies on storm surges and sea level variations along the east coast of india

It became so usual for the east coast of India to face at least IO to 15 cyclones every year, out of which 3 to 4 may reach the deep depression stage. As a result the east coast of India experiences frequent heavy damages of varying intensities due to storm surges and it is also not unusual to experience a calamitous deluge once in a decade or so. Loss of life and damages can be minimized only if the magnitude of the surge could be predicted at least a day in advance. Therefore, an attempt to study the storm surges generated by the cyclones that strike the east coast of India and. suggest a method of predicting them through nomogram is made

The Systematics, Distribution and Bionomics of Deep sea fishes beyond depth 200m along the South west coast of India

Reducing fishing pressure in coastal waters is the need of the day in the Indian marine fisheries sector of the country which is fast changing from a mere vocational activity to a capital intensive industry. It requires continuous monitoring of the resource exploitation through a scientifically acceptable methodology, data on production of each species stock, the number and characteristics of the fishing gears of the fleet, various biological characteristics of each stock, the impact of fishing on the environment and the role of fishery—independent on availability and abundance. Besides this, there are issues relating to capabilities in stock assessment, taxonomy research, biodiversity, conservation and fisheries management. Generation of reliable data base over a fixed time frame, their analysis and interpretation are necessary before drawing conclusions on the stock size, maximum sustainable yield, maximum economic yield and to further implement various fishing regulatory measures. India being a signatory to several treaties and conventions, is obliged to carry out assessments of the exploited stocks and manage them at sustainable levels. Besides, the nation is bound by its obligation of protein food security to people and livelihood security to those engaged in marine fishing related activities. Also, there are regional variabilities in fishing technology and fishery resources. All these make it mandatory for India to continue and strengthen its marine capture fisheries research in general and deep sea fisheries in particular. Against this background, an attempt is made to strengthen the deep sea fish biodiversity and also to generate data on the distribution, abundance, catch per unit effort of fishery resources available beyond 200 m in the EEZ of southwest coast ofIndia and also unravel some of the aspects of life history traits of potentially important non conventional fish species inhabiting in the depth beyond 200 m. This study was carried out as part of the Project on Stock Assessment and Biology of Deep Sea Fishes of Indian EEZ (MoES, Govt. of India).

Computation of relativistic symmetry orbitals for finite double point groups

A program is presented for the construction of relativistic symmetry-adapted molecular basis functions. It is applicable to 36 finite double point groups. The algorithm, based on the projection operator method, automatically generates linearly independent basis sets. Time reversal invariance is included in the program, leading to additional selection rules in the non-relativistic limit.

Dynamic Injection of Scribble Features into Graphical Diagram Editors

Almost everyone sketches. People use sketches day in and day out in many different and heterogeneous fields, to share their thoughts and clarify ambiguous interpretations, for example. The media used to sketch varies from analog tools like flipcharts to digital tools like smartboards. Whereas analog tools are usually affected by insufficient editing capabilities like cut/copy/paste, digital tools greatly support these scenarios. Digital tools can be grouped into informal and formal tools. Informal tools can be understood as simple drawing environments, whereas formal tools offer sophisticated support to create, optimize and validate diagrams of a certain application domain. Most digital formal tools force users to stick to a concrete syntax and editing workflow, limiting the user’s creativity. For that reason, a lot of people first sketch their ideas using the flexibility of analog or digital informal tools. Subsequently, the sketch is "portrayed" in an appropriate digital formal tool. This work presents Scribble, a highly configurable and extensible sketching framework which allows to dynamically inject sketching features into existing graphical diagram editors, based on Eclipse GEF. This allows to combine the flexibility of informal tools with the power of formal tools without any effort. No additional code is required to augment a GEF editor with sophisticated sketching features. Scribble recognizes drawn elements as well as handwritten text and automatically generates the corresponding domain elements. A local training data library is created dynamically by incrementally learning shapes, drawn by the user. Training data can be shared with others using the WebScribble web application which has been created as part of this work.

Model-Based Troubleshooting of Digital Systems

This thesis describes a methodology, a representation, and an implemented program for troubleshooting digital circuit boards at roughly the level of expertise one might expect in a human novice. Existing methods for model-based troubleshooting have not scaled up to deal with complex circuits, in part because traditional circuit models do not explicitly represent aspects of the device that troubleshooters would consider important. For complex devices the model of the target device should be constructed with the goal of troubleshooting explicitly in mind. Given that methodology, the principal contributions of the thesis are ways of representing complex circuits to help make troubleshooting feasible. Temporally coarse behavior descriptions are a particularly powerful simplification. Instantiating this idea for the circuit domain produces a vocabulary for describing digital signals. The vocabulary has a level of temporal detail sufficient to make useful predictions abut the response of the circuit while it remains coarse enough to make those predictions computationally tractable. Other contributions are principles for using these representations. Although not embodied in a program, these principles are sufficiently concrete that models can be constructed manually from existing circuit descriptions such as schematics, part specifications, and state diagrams. One such principle is that if there are components with particularly likely failure modes or failure modes in which their behavior is drastically simplified, this knowledge should be incorporated into the model. Further contributions include the solution of technical problems resulting from the use of explicit temporal representations and design descriptions with tangled hierarchies.

Implementing Distributed Systems Using Linear Naming

Linear graph reduction is a simple computational model in which the cost of naming things is explicitly represented. The key idea is the notion of "linearity". A name is linear if it is only used once, so with linear naming you cannot create more than one outstanding reference to an entity. As a result, linear naming is cheap to support and easy to reason about. Programs can be translated into the linear graph reduction model such that linear names in the program are implemented directly as linear names in the model. Nonlinear names are supported by constructing them out of linear names. The translation thus exposes those places where the program uses names in expensive, nonlinear ways. Two applications demonstrate the utility of using linear graph reduction: First, in the area of distributed computing, linear naming makes it easy to support cheap cross-network references and highly portable data structures, Linear naming also facilitates demand driven migration of tasks and data around the network without requiring explicit guidance from the programmer. Second, linear graph reduction reveals a new characterization of the phenomenon of state. Systems in which state appears are those which depend on certain -global- system properties. State is not a localizable phenomenon, which suggests that our usual object oriented metaphor for state is flawed.

Bit-Width Analysis for General Applications

It has been widely known that a significant part of the bits are useless or even unused during the program execution. Bit-width analysis targets at finding the minimum bits needed for each variable in the program, which ensures the execution correctness and resources saving. In this paper, we proposed a static analysis method for bit-widths in general applications, which approximates conservatively at compile time and is independent of runtime conditions. While most related work focus on integer applications, our method is also tailored and applicable to floating point variables, which could be extended to transform floating point number into fixed point numbers together with precision analysis. We used more precise representations for data value ranges of both scalar and array variables. Element level analysis is carried out for arrays. We also suggested an alternative for the standard fixed-point iterations in bi-directional range analysis. These techniques are implemented on the Trimaran compiler structure and tested on a set of benchmarks to show the results.

Caracterización de los elementos constitutivos de una política pública en el programa Colombia Nos Une : hacia el establecimiento de una política integral migratoria

El objeto de esta monografía es identificar y analizar los elementos constitutivos de una política pública a fin de caracterizarlos en el programa Colombia Nos Une del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, y establecer si dicho programa constituye la base para la formulación de una política integral migratoria para Colombia.

Síndrome de Burnout en médicos generales de consulta externa

Objetivos : Establecer la prevalencia de Síndrome de Burnout en 17 médicos de consulta externa de una IPS de Bogotá, antes de la jornada laboral y después de la misma. Determinar las dimensiones del Síndrome de Burnout y relacionarlas con las variables sociodemográficas escogidas para este caso. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con una población de 17 médicos generales de consulta externa de una IPS de la cuidad de Bogotá Colombia, en el año 2009. Se les aplicó el Test de Maslach, para determinar las tres dimensiones del Síndrome de Burnout las cuales son: agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal para establecer la relación con las variables escogidas previamente. Para el análisis estadístico se usó el Software Epi Info Versión 3.51. Las variables cuantitativas fueron resumidas teniendo en cuenta medidas de tendencia central y las variables cuantitativas se expresaron en forma de proporciones. Para realizar las comparaciones se utilizó la prueba Ji cuadrado con ajuste por Test de Fischer. Se consideró significancia estadística con p ‹ 0.05. Resultado : La población estudiada fue en su mayoría de género femenino, con una mediana de edad de 30 años. El 41.2% de los médicos trabajan 8 horas diarias y el 35.3% trabajan más de 8 horas al día. Se calificaron las tres dimensiones que propone el test de Maslach, las cuales son agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal dando un puntaje de alto medio y bajo según las respuestas de los médicos evaluados. . Dentro de las dimensiones analizadas del test de Maslach antes de la jornada laboral el 35.3 % presentan agotamiento emocional dentro de la puntuación alta y después de la jornada se aumenta a 47.1%. En cuanto al puntaje para medio en esta misma dimensión fue de 23.5 % y bajo 41.2% previo a la jornada , con un porcentaje al finalizar de la jornada de 17.6% y 35.3% respectivamente. La dimensión de despersonalización antes de la jornada fue de 29,4% para alto, 23.5% para medio y 47.1% para bajo. Al finalizar la jornada no se observan cambios significativos en los porcentajes de esta dimensión. No se obtuvo prevalencia significativa entre las variables estudiadas y cada una de las dimensiones del Test de Maslach. Discusión : Los resultados muestran que existe un cambio en la dimensión de agotamiento emocional al inicio de la jornada laboral comparado con el final de la misma. Las calificaciones obtenidas tuvieron valores altos, mientras que en los de valores medio y bajo disminuyó este agotamiento al finalizar la jornada. Para la despersonalización los valores no se vieron modificados tras la jornada de trabajo. En cuanto a la realización personal hubo una variación ya que los sujetos que fueron calificados al iniciar la jornada con valores altos disminuyeron al finalizar y los de valores medio y bajo aumentaron su realización personal al finalizar la jornada. De otra parte no se establecieron relaciones significativas con los factores extralaborales e individuales evaluados, teniendo en cuenta probablemente el tamaño de la población de estudio y el tiempo de evaluación.

La casa de los periodistas exiliados

Este reportaje cuenta la vida cotidiana y las dificultades de cinco periodistas que tuvieron que exiliarse en París, Francia porque sus vidas corrían peligro en sus países de orígen. Todos ellos residen en La Maison des Journalistes (Casa de los Periodistas) durante 6 meses mientras esperan que se les conceda el asilo.