Rescuing axons from degeneration does not affect retinal ganglion cell death

After a traumatic injury to the central nervous system, the distal stumps of axons undergo Wallerian degeneration (WD), an event that comprises cytoskeleton and myelin breakdown, astrocytic gliosis, and overexpression of proteins that inhibit axonal regrowth. By contrast, injured neuronal cell bodies show features characteristic of attempts to initiate the regenerative process of elongating their axons. The main molecular event that leads to WD is an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration, which activates calpains, calcium-dependent proteases that degrade cytoskeleton proteins. The aim of our study was to investigate whether preventing axonal degeneration would impact the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after crushing the optic nerve. We observed that male Wistar rats (weighing 200-400 g; n=18) treated with an exogenous calpain inhibitor (20 mM) administered via direct application of the inhibitor embedded within the copolymer resin Evlax immediately following optic nerve crush showed a delay in the onset of WD. This delayed onset was characterized by a decrease in the number of degenerated fibers (P<0.05) and an increase in the number of preserved fibers (P<0.05) 4 days after injury. Additionally, most preserved fibers showed a normal G-ratio. These results indicated that calpain inhibition prevented the degeneration of optic nerve fibers, rescuing axons from the process of axonal degeneration. However, analysis of retinal ganglion cell survival demonstrated no difference between the calpain inhibitor- and vehicle-treated groups, suggesting that although the calpain inhibitor prevented axonal degeneration, it had no effect on RGC survival after optic nerve damage.

Studies on some precursors involved in meat flavour formation

The effect of some precursors on the formation of meat flavour during heating has been investigated. A comparison of the influence of three different precursors, inosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP), cysteine and thiamine, added to the meat systems, showed that formation of certain heterocyclic compounds, like sulfur-containing furans, dithiolanones and thiophenes, was significantly affected by changes in the concentration of precursors. However, aliphatic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and ketones were not changed by these additions. Inosine-5'-monophosphate was established to be more effective than cysteine or thiamine in the formation of some "meaty" volatiles, i.e. the furanthiols, when its concentration was increased 10 times in raw meat.

Evolução do índice proteolítico e do comportamento reológico durante a vida de prateleira de leite UAT/UHT

A proteólise do leite UAT/UHT durante a estocagem à temperatura ambiente é um dos fatores limitantes de sua vida de prateleira. Neste trabalho, dois lotes de leite cru contendo 10 amostras cada e, posteriormente ao processamento, dois lotes de leite UAT/UHT contendo 25 amostras cada foram colhidos em um laticínio para a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos (leite cru) e para o estudo do comportamento reológico e o índice proteolítico (leite UAT/UHT durante 120 dias de estocagem). Para a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos, foi utilizada a técnica da contagem padrão em placas. Para a determinação do índice proteolítico, foi determinada a presença de glicomacropeptídeo livre por espectrofotometria a 470 nm. A determinação dos parâmetros reológicos foi efetuada à temperatura ambiente, em quintuplicata em um reômetro de cone e placa. Houve aumento da proteólise no decorrer do armazenamento e aumento da viscosidade aparente após 60 dias de estocagem, provavelmente relacionados à presença de proteases de bactérias psicrotróficas do leite cru.

Chemical and nutritional evaluation of kernels of bocaiuva, Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.

Protein characterization and results of proximate composition and mineral analyses of fruit kernels of bocaiuva, Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd., are reported. The kernels presented high contents of oil (51.7%), protein (17.6%) and fiber (15.8%). The seeds´ soluble proteins were isolated according to their solubility. The main separated proteins were globulins (53.5%) and glutelins (40.0%). Moreover, the presence of low molecular mass proteases in these two fractions was shown by the SDS-PAGE method. The assays of protease-inhibitory and hemagglutinating activities showed that bocaiuva´s protein fractions were not resistant to trypsin or chymotrypsin activities and that both had low lectin content. The globulin in vitro digestibility assay resembled a casein standard. Neither globulin nor glutelin enzymatic hydrolyses increased significantly (p < 0.05) after heat treatment. Threonine and lysine are the most limiting amino acids, respectively from two major protein fractions of the bocaiuva kernel, globulin (47.1% amino acid score) and glutelin (49.5% amino acid score), in terms of the theoretical profiles for children in the age range of 2 to 5 years recommended by the FAO/WHO. Bocaiuva kernels are found to be rich in calcium, phosphorus and manganese compared to some fruit nuts such as cashew and coconut.

Estudo da influência de diferentes parâmetros na produção de enzimas líticas

O presente trabalho visou o estudo do efeito de diferentes variáveis na produção de β-1,3 glucanases, proteases e de quitinases pela linhagem Cellulosimicrobium cellulans 191, em meios de cultivo A, B e C, respectivamente. Foram realizados planejamentos fatoriais 2³, e os fatores estudados foram: pH inicial, temperatura e agitação dos frascos. No planejamento experimental para a produção de β-1,3 glucanase em meio de cultivo A foi verificada maior produção da enzima (0,64 U.mL-1) com pH inicial de 8,5 após 24 horas de fermentação a 33 ºC e 200 rpm. Os parâmetros pH, agitação dos frascos e interação entre todos os parâmetros foram estatisticamente significativos. No planejamento experimental para a produção de protease em meio de cultivo B foi verificada maior produção da enzima (4,25 U.mL-1) com pH inicial de 6,5 após 30 horas de fermentação a 20 ºC e 200 rpm. O pH foi o único parâmetro estatisticamente significativo. No planejamento experimental para a produção de quitinase em meio de cultivo C foi verificada maior produção da enzima (7,06 U.mL-1) com pH inicial de 5,5 após 72 horas de fermentação a 25 ºC e 200 rpm. Todos os parâmetros estudados e suas interações foram estatisticamente significativos. Os coeficientes de determinação, as análises de variância e os teste F demonstraram que os modelos de primeira ordem obtidos foram considerados estatisticamente significativos adotando um nível de confiança de 95%.

Isolamento de coliformes, estafilococos e enterococos de leite cru provenientes de tanques de refrigeração por expansão comunitários: identificação, ação lipolítica e proteolítica

O isolamento e a identificação de microrganismos em leite cru se tornam interessantes do ponto de vista de saúde pública, pois dependendo das espécies isoladas, ações direcionadas podem ser tomadas visando a melhoria de sua qualidade. A deterioração do leite é conseqüência sobretudo do crescimento de microrganismos psicrotróficos, que produzem lipases e proteases termoestáveis que não são desnaturadas durante o processo de pasteurização, conferindo sabores e odores rançoso e amargo, respectivamente. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar os principais gêneros de bactérias pertencentes à família Enterobacteriaceae, Gram-negativas oxidase positiva, gêneros Staphylococcus e Enterococcus, bem como atividade de lipases e proteases de 16 propriedades rurais do município de Boa Esperança-MG. As bactérias Gram-negativas foram isoladas em ágar eosina azul de metileno (EMB) e ágar Entérico Hektoen. Estafilococos foram isolados em ágar Baird-Parker e Enterococcus em ágar KF. Colônias de interesse foram coletadas e submetidas à coloração de Gram, e às provas de catalase e oxidase. Após esses procedimentos, os isolados selecionados foram identificados utilizando-se Bactray I, II e III; Api 20 Strep; e provas sugeridas pelo Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. A identificação sorológica de Enterococcus foi realizada utilizando-se Prolex. O leite oriundo das 16 propriedades continha cepas de microrganismos fecais como Escherichia coli e Enterococcus do grupo D de Lancefield. Bactérias Gram-negativas oxidase positiva foram identificadas em cinco propriedades. Staphylococcus foram encontrados em 10 propriedades. O leite coletado nas fazendas investigadas possui microrganismos que comprometem sua qualidade. Todos os grupos de microrganismos testados revelaram atividades de lipase e protease.

Seleção de Basidiomycetes da Amazônia para produção de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico

Os fungos têm sido bastante usados como produtores de diferentes substâncias de interesse econômico, tais como: enzimas, antibióticos, vitaminas, aminoácidos e esteróides. Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a produção de enzimas por linhagens de Basidiomycetes, oriundas de áreas de floresta da Amazônia. Para a produção de enzimas, os fungos foram cultivados em meio líquido adicionado de substrato indutor (0,5%), pH ajustado para cada enzima e incubados a 28 °C, sob agitação a 140 rpm, durante 96 ou 120 horas. A massa micelial foi separada for filtração e os filtrados foram inoculados em cup plates de 6 mm de diâmetro, perfurados na superfície de meios de cultura sólidos, adequados para a detecção das enzimas amilases, proteases, celulases, fenoloxidases e pectinases em placa de Petri. As placas foram incubadas à temperatura de 28 °C por 24 horas, e reveladas para observação dos halos indicativos da atividade enzimática. Foi verificada também a atividade da amilase e protease produzida pelos fungos, crescidos em meio líquido, com diferentes fontes nutricionais. Foi possível detectar a produção de celulases e proteases por todos os isolados, 40% produziram amilases, 50% produziram fenoloxidases e 10% produziram pectinases. Quanto à atividade da amilase, o substrato farelo de trigo foi o que proporcionou os maiores halos de degradação, destacando-se os fungos Daedalea sp. 4E6 e Daedalea sp. 1A, Stereaceae 22B e Pycnoporus sanguineus 12B. Considerando os substratos testados para produção de proteases, o substrato concentrado protéico de peixe se destacou como a melhor fonte protéica. Os fungos P. sanguineus 12B, Stereaceae 22B e Cantharellus guyanensis 4Bl foram os melhores produtores de protease.

In vitro protein digestibility of enzymatically pre-treated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flour using commercial protease and Bacillus sp. protease

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a staple food in the Brazilian diet and represents the major source of dietary protein and other micronutrients and minerals. Despite the considerable protein concentration in beans, the food is considered of low biological value when compared to animal proteins and other plant protein sources. To improve the availability of protein in beans, enzymatic treatments were performed in four cultivars (ON, OPNS, TAL and VC3). The approach was a completely randomized design with four replicates. We used a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (four cultivars and three treatments: treatment 1-addition of commercial protease (Trypsin 250, Difco), treatment 2-addition of protease from Bacillus sp., and treatment 3:-control without enzyme addition). The enzyme: substrate ratio was 5% w/w (amount of enzyme per total protein in bean flour). The approach was a completely randomized design with four replicates. A 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (four cultivars and three treatments, the same as those mentioned above) was used. The concentration of total protein (g.100 g-1 of dry matter) in the samples ranged from 16.94 to 18.06%, while the concentration of total phenolics was between 0.78 and 1.12% (g Eq. tannic acid.100 g-1 dry matter). The in vitro protein digestibility of enzymatically untreated bean flour (control) ranged from 47.30 to 56.17% based on the digestibility of casein. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn observed in the four cultivars tested were within the average values available in the literature. Treatment 2 with protease from Bacillus sp. induced decreases in the levels of Cu and Mn. The average Fe content increased in all bean flour samples when treated with proteases, reaching a maximum increase of 102% in the TAL flour treated with protease from Bacillus sp. The digestibility of all beans tested was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the enzyme treatment. The greatest change was observed in the OPNS cultivar treated with protease from Bacillus sp., which increased its digestibility from 54.4% (control treatment) to 81.6%.

Avaliação bioquímico-nutricional de uma linhagem de soja livre do inibidor de tripsina Kunitz e de lectinas

A soja contém fatores antinutricionais proteicos, inibidores de proteases e lectinas, que limitam o seu uso na alimentação humana e animal. Com a finalidade de reduzir os teores destes antinutricionais na semente de soja, foi desenvolvida uma linhagem sem Inibidor de Tripsina Kunitz (KTI) e Lectina (LEC), pelo Programa de Melhoramento da Qualidade da Soja do BIOAGRO, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a caracterização bioquímico-nutricional dessa linhagem. Foram avaliadas a qualidade nutricional da proteína e as alterações morfológicas no intestino de ratos Wistar alimentados com dietas à base de soja e de caseína. A atividade de inibição de tripsina nos genótipos KTI+LEC+ (Variedade de soja comercial Monarca) foi cerca de 2,8 vezes a do genótipo KTI-LEC- (Isolinha de Monarca livre de KTI e LEC). Os resultados dos valores de PER, NPR e NPU foram melhores na variedade comercial após processamento térmico. A digestibilidade proteica da soja KTI-LEC- foi superior à da variedade comercial. Os valores de digestibilidade para os animais alimentados com dieta à base de farinha de soja KTI-LEC- processada termicamente foram próximos aos observados para animais alimentados com dieta à base de caseína. Verificou-se, também, que os animais alimentados com a soja KTI+LEC+ apresentaram maior nível de alterações na morfologia das microvilosidades intestinais, quando comparados àqueles alimentados com a soja KTI-LEC-. A retirada genética do KTI e LEC teve um impacto positivo na digestibilidade das proteínas da soja, no entanto não melhorou a sua qualidade nutricional.

Simultaneous α-amylase and protease production by the soil bacterium Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 under submerged culture using whey protein concentrate and corn steep liquor: compatibility of enzymes with commercial detergents

Protease and α-amylase production by a thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing 0.25% (w/v) starch as a carbon source reached a maximum at 18 hours (47 U.mg-1 Protein) and 36 hours (325 U.mg-1 Protein), respectively. Culture medium supplementation with whey protein concentrate (0.1%, w/v) and corn steep liquor (0.3%, w/v) not only improved the production of both enzymes but also enabled them to be produced simultaneously. Under these conditions, α-amylase and protease production reached a maximum in 18 hours with levels of 401 U.mg-1 protein and 78 U.mg-1 protein, respectively. The compatibility of the enzymes produced with commercial laundry detergent was investigated. In the presence of Campeiro® detergent, α-amylase activity increased while protease activity decreased by about 27%. These enzymes improved the cleaning power of Campeiro® detergent since they were able to remove egg yolk and tomato sauce stains when used in this detergent.

Potential of quixaba (Sideroxylon obtusifolium) latex as a milk-clotting agent

There are several obstacles to the use of chymosin in cheese production. Consequently, plant proteases have been studied as possible rennet substitutes, but most of these enzymes are unsuitable for the manufacture of cheese. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of latex from Sideroxylon obtusifolium as a source of milk-clotting proteases and to partially characterize the enzyme. The enzyme extract showed high protease and coagulant activities, with an optimal pH of 8.0 and temperature of 55 °C. The enzyme was stable in wide ranges of temperature and pH. Its activity was not affected by any metal ions tested; but was inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and pepstatin. For the coagulant activity, the optimal concentration of CaCl2 was 10 µmol L- 1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed four bands, with molecular weights between 17 and 64 kDa. These results indicate that the enzyme can be applied to the cheese industry.

Prevention of enzymatic browning of yacon flour by the combined use of anti-browning agents and the study of its chemical composition

Yacon roots present functional properties because of the high levels of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are considered as prebiotic fibers. In addition, yacon roots are rich in phenolic compounds. During the processing of yacon, the freshly cut surface undergoes rapid enzymatic browning. Control of enzymatic browning during processing is very important to preserve the appearance of yacon flour. In this study, it was evaluated the combined effect of anti-browning agents (ascorbic acid, citric acid and L-cysteine) on the inhibition of enzymatic browning of yacon, using Response Surface Methodology. The yacon pre-treated with anti-browning agents in concentrations of 15.0 mM for ascorbic acid, 7.5 mM for citric acid and 10.0 mM for L-cysteine was used for the processing of flour. Yacon flour presented an attractive color and good sensory properties, without residual aroma. The contents of FOS and phenolic compounds obtained in yacon flour were 28.60 g.100 g- 1 and 1.35 g.100 g- 1. Yacon flour can be considered as a potential functional food, especially due to high levels of FOS, which allows for its use in formulation of various foods.

ACE-I inhibitory properties of hydrolysates from germinated and ungerminated Phaseolus lunatus proteins

Phaseolus lunatus protein concentrates and the proteases Alcalase(R) and Pepsin-Pancreatin were used for the production of protein hydrolysates that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE). Protein concentrate obtained from germinated and ungerminated seeds flour was hydrolyzed with Alcalase(R) at enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S) 1/10 and during 0.5 and 2.0 h, respectively. On the other hand, protein concentrate obtained from ungerminated (E/S: 1/10) and germinated (E/S: 1/50) seeds flour was sequentially hydrolyzed with Pepsin-Pancreatin during 1.0 and 3.0 h, respectively. Peptide fractions with ACE inhibitory activity in a range of 0.9 to 3.8 µg/mL were obtained by G-50 gel filtration chromatography and high- performance liquid chromatography C18 reverse phase chromatography. The observed amino acid composition suggests a substantial contribution of hydrophobic residues to the peptides’ inhibitory potency, which potentially acts via blocking of angiotensin II production. These results show that P. lunatus seed proteins are a potential source of ACE inhibitory peptides when hydrolyzed with Alcalase(R) and Pepsin-Pancreatin.

Chemical composition and nutritive value of hot pepper seed (Capsicum annuum) grown in Northeast Region of China

Chemical composition and nutritive value of hot pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum) grown in Northeast Region of China were investigated. The proximate analysis showed that moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein and total dietary fiber contents were 4.48, 4.94, 23.65, 21.29 and 38.76 g/100 g, respectively. The main amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid (above 2 g/100 g), followed by histidine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, cysteine, leucine, tryptophan, serine, glycine, methionine, threonine and tyrosine (0.8-2 g/100 g). The contents of proline, alanine, valine and isoleucine were less than 0.8 g/100 g. The fatty acid profile showed that linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid (above 0.55 g/100 g) as the most abundant fatty acids followed lauric acid, arachidic acid, gondoic acid and behenic acid (0.03-0.15 g/100 g). Analyses of mineral content indicated that the most abundant mineral was potassium, followed by magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, sodium and manganese. The nutritional composition of hot pepper seeds suggested that they could be regarded as good sources of food ingredients and as new sources of edible oils.

On the effect of molecular structure and composition on the photofragmentation of biomolecules

The research on the interaction between radiation and biomolecules pro-vides valuable information for both radiobiology and molecular physics. While radiobiology is interested in the damage inflicted on the molecule upon irradiation, molecular physics exploits these studies to obtain infor-mation about the physical properties of the molecule and the quantum me-chanical processes involved in the interaction. This thesis work investigated how a small change in the structure or composition of a biomolecule changes the response of the molecule to ioniz-ing radiation. Altogether eight different biomolecules were studied: nucleo-sides uridine, 5-methyluridine and thymidine; amino acids alanine, cysteine and serine; and halogenated acetic acids chloro- and bromoacetic acids. The effect of ionizing radiation on these molecules was studied on molecular level, investigating the samples in gas phase. Synchrotron radiation of VUV or soft x-ray range was used to ionize sample molecules, and the subsequent fragmentation processes were investigated with ion mass spectroscopy and ion-ion-electron coincidence spectroscopy. The comparison between the three nucleosides revealed that adding or removing a single functional group can affect not only the bonds from which the molecule ruptures upon ionization but also the charge localiza-tion in the formed fragments. Studies on amino acids and halogenated acetic acids indicated that one simple substitution in the molecule can dramatical-ly change the extent of fragmentation. This thesis work also demonstrates that in order to steer the radiation-induced fragmentation of the molecules, it is not always necessary to alter the amount of energy deposited on the molecules but selecting a suitable substitution may suffice.