Costa Rica's payment for environmental services program: intention, implementation, and impact.

We evaluated the intention, implementation, and impact of Costa Rica's program of payments for environmental services (PSA), which was established in the late 1990s. Payments are given to private landowners who own land in forest areas in recognition of the ecosystem services their land provides. To characterize the distribution of PSA in Costa Rica, we combined remote sensing with geographic information system databases and then used econometrics to explore the impacts of payments on deforestation. Payments were distributed broadly across ecological and socioeconomic gradients, but the 1997-2000 deforestation rate was not significantly lower in areas that received payments. Other successful Costa Rican conservation policies, including those prior to the PSA program, may explain the current reduction in deforestation rates. The PSA program is a major advance in the global institutionalization of ecosystem investments because few, if any, other countries have such a conservation history and because much can be learned from Costa Rica's experiences.

Trends in hospital librarianship and hospital library services: 1989 to 2006.

OBJECTIVE: The research studied the status of hospital librarians and library services to better inform the Medical Library Association's advocacy activities. METHODS: The Vital Pathways Survey Subcommittee of the Task Force on Vital Pathways for Hospital Librarians distributed a web-based survey to hospital librarians and academic health sciences library directors. The survey results were compared to data collected in a 1989 survey of hospital libraries by the American Hospital Association in order to identify any trends in hospital libraries, roles of librarians, and library services. A web-based hospital library report form based on the survey questions was also developed to more quickly identify changes in the status of hospital libraries on an ongoing basis. RESULTS: The greatest change in library services between 1989 and 2005/06 was in the area of access to information, with 40% more of the respondents providing access to commercial online services, 100% more providing access to Internet resources, and 28% more providing training in database searching and use of information resources. Twenty-nine percent (n = 587) of the 2005/06 respondents reported a decrease in staff over the last 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Survey data support reported trends of consolidation of hospitals and hospital libraries and additions of new services. These services have likely required librarians to acquire new skills. It is hoped that future surveys will be undertaken to continue to study these trends.

SELECTED REPERTOIRE OF THE GILLET COMPETITION FROM 1996 TO 2006

There are many bassoon competitions around the world- and one of the most famous is the Gillet competition, sponsored by the International Double Reed Society. In 1981, it was established as an annual event, the "Femand Gillet Bassoon Competition"- a title expanded in 2000 to the "Femand Gillet-Hugo Fox Bassoon Competition." My goal was to explore the history of the competition, the availability of the repertoire selected for each competition, and the difficulties performing each piece. Through this journey, I was able to discover the variety of material chosen and how it was used, the quality, value, and the importance of the repertoire in each competition. For example, Ferdinand David's Concertino op.12, the style of the piece provides romantic, operatic type lyricism, a flashy presto section and finale, makes it as a standard romantic piece in the bassoon repertoire; Otmar Nussio's Variations on an Air by Pergolesi, contains a slow theme and few diverse variations, which provides a contemporary style music with the traditional music form and descriptive quality. The result of learning this repertoire proves that different styles of music in the competition demonstrate the artistry of the bassoon repertoire and music history in relationship of the development of the instrument. My first dissertation recital featured: Concerto for Bassoon, K. 191 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Concertino by Marcel Bitsch; Metamorphoses by Leslie Bassett; and Sonatine by Alexandre Tansman. My second recital featured: Concerto in E minor, RV 484 by Antonio Vivaldi; On the Summer Map of Stars by Gordon Kerry; Concertino Opus12 by Ferdinand David; Elegie by Jacques Hetu; and Interferences by Roger Boutry. My third recital featured: Cello Suite No.2 in D minor, BWV1008 by Johann Sebastian Bach; Combinaciones: Sonatina para Fagot y Piano by Salvador Ranieri; Andante e Rondo Ungarese Opus 35 by Carl Maria von Weber; and Variations on an Air by Pergolesi for Bassoon and Piano by Otmar Nussio.

Cambios en las representaciones locales de ruralidad en un poblado del periurbano bonaerense ante el avance de la urbanización : el caso de Dique Luján, partido de Tigre (2006 - 2013)

El presente trabajo analiza cómo se han transformado en los últimos años las representaciones de ruralidad de los pobladores de una localidad periurbana de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires (Dique Luján) producida como consecuencia del avance de la urbanización. La localidad ha experimentado un rápido avance de las urbanizaciones cerradas (barrios cerrados/countries) en el último decenio, al igual que la construcción de obras de infraestructura como el asfaltado de calles y la construcción de un puente de acceso, entre otras. Dicho proceso que se está dando en la localidad viene repitiéndose en distintos lugares del Gran Buenos Aires, al igual que en otros poblados periurbanos o cercanos a las grandes ciudades del país. Estas transformaciones traen aparejadas nuevas lógicas propias del mundo urbano, lo que está generando, al menos en parte de la población local, incertidumbre sobre cómo incidirán en las relaciones de sociabilidad tradicional preexistente. Se identifica un proceso de gentrificación suburbana así como la pérdida de servicios ecosistémicos. El relevamiento, de tipo etnográfico, consistió en la realización de trabajo de campo intensivo, mediante observaciones y entrevistas en profundidad a distintos sujetos sociales. El trabajo permitió reconstruir, con alto grado de detalle, la trama social local identificando y diferenciando las posturas adoptadas por distintos sujetos, así como las distintas representaciones sociales construídas por ellos. Se estima que los resultados obtenidos se constituirán en un insumo para la aplicación de programas de intervención del INTA, así como para el esclarecimiento de algunos aspectos ligados al desarrollo local, que contribuyan a las políticas de intervención del municipio en la localidad

Resolución de problemas en los programas de estudio de matemática del Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica

El propósito de esta comunicación es el de analizar los lineamientos contenidos en los programas de estudio de matemática del tercer ciclo y de la educación diversificada del Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica, relacionados con la resolución de problemas.

Etnomatemática: eje central de la recuperación de saberes matemáticos. Experiencia de América latina y retos para Costa Rica

El presente artículo recopila la experiencia de expertos en la etnomatemática, de un grupo de discusión en RELME 27. Sus cuestionamientos se fundamentan, en la etnomatemática y el impacto de esta en el currículo escolar. Se toma en cuenta las características sociales del sistema educativo latinoamericano, los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio y el impacto de ambos, sobre la educación matemática de los pueblos originarios. Se plantean retos futuros y una visión sobre la recuperación de los saberes matemáticos. Metodológicamente se sustenta como una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, con diseño de teoría fundamental, donde sus datos se analizan por codificación abierta axial.

CAA paper 2006/01: a database to record human experience of evacuation in aviation accidents: the aircraft accident statistics and knowledge database (AASK)

This report concerns the development of the AASK V4.0 database (CAA Project 560/SRG/R+AD). AASK is the Aircraft Accident Statistics and Knowledge database, which is a repository of survivor accounts from aviation accidents. Its main purpose is to store observational and anecdotal data from interviews of the occupants involved in aircraft accidents. The AASK database has wide application to aviation safety analysis, being a source of factual data regarding the evacuation process. It is also key to the development of aircraft evacuation models such as airEXODUS, where insight into how people actually behave during evacuation from survivable aircraft crashes is required. With support from the UK CAA (Project 277/SRG/R&AD), AASK V3.0 was developed. This was an on-line prototype system available over the internet to selected users and included a significantly increased number of passenger accounts compared with earlier versions, the introduction of cabin crew accounts, the introduction of fatality information and improved functionality through the seat plan viewer utility. The most recently completed AASK project (Project 560/SRG/R+AD) involved four main components: a) analysis of the data collected in V3.0; b) continued collection and entry of data into AASK; c) maintenance and functional development of the AASK database; and d) user feedback survey. All four components have been pursued and completed in this two-year project. The current version developed in the last year of the project is referred to as AASK V4.0. This report provides summaries of the work done and the results obtained in relation to the project deliverables.

The Fraud Act 2006: some early observations and comparisons with the former law

Provides a detailed analysis of the Fraud Act 2006 provisions on the offence of fraud by false representation (s.2) and the offence of obtaining services dishonestly (s.11) and assesses the extent to which they address problems arising in connection with the former deception offences under the Theft Acts 1968 and 1978. [From Legal Journals Index]